TCP/IP Model

Introduction
• The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as
TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols
used for the Internet and other similar networks.
• It is named from two of the most important
protocols in it:
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and

– Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two

networking protocols defined in this standard.
Comparison Between TCP/IP and OSI
model
 Application Layer
• This layer is comparable to the application,
presentation, and session layers of the OSI
model all combined into one
• It provides a way for applications to have
access to networked services
• It is widely-known layer for the exchange of
user information
 Application Layer Contd…
• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is
used to transfer files that make up the Web
pages of the World Wide Web.
• The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for
interactive file transfer.
• The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is
used for the transfer of mail messages and
attachments.
 Application Layer Contd…
• Presentation Layer does Encryption-
Decryption and Compression-Decompression
of Data
• This layer allows a process to add checkpoints
which are considered as synchronization
points into stream of data
Application Layer Contd…
 Transport Layer
• This layer acts as the delivery service used by the
application layer.

• Two protocols used are TCP and UDP.

• The choice is made based on the application's

transmission reliability requirements.

• The transport layer also handles all error detection

and recovery.
 Transport Layer Contd…
• It uses checksums, acknowledgements, and
timeouts to control transmissions and end to end
verification
• Unlike the OSI model, TCP/IP treats reliability as
an end-to-end problem
• TCP provides a one-to-one, connection-oriented,
reliable communications service
• UDP provides a one-to-one or one-to-many,
connectionless, unreliable communications
service
 Transport Layer Contd…
• A message is divided into segments; each
segment contains sequence number, which
enables this layer in reassembling the
message.
 Transport Layer Contd…
• Message is reassembled correctly upon arrival
at the destination and replaces packets which
were lost in transmission
• Connection Control : It includes 2 types :
– Connectionless Transport Layer : Each segment is
considered as an independent packet and delivered
to the transport layer at the destination machine.
– Connection Oriented Transport Layer : Before
delivering packets, connection is made with
transport layer at the destination machine.
 Network Layer
• This layer is also known as Internet Layer. The
main purpose of this layer is to organize or
handle the movement of data on network.
• By movement of data, we generally mean
routing of data over the network
• This layer is responsible for addressing,
packaging, and routing functions
 Network Layer Contd…
• The core protocols of the Internet layer are IP, ARP,
ICMP, and IGMP.

• The Internet Protocol (IP) is a routable protocol

responsible for IP addressing, routing, and the
fragmentation and reassembly of packets.

• The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is

responsible for the resolution of the Internet layer
address to the Network Interface layer address such
as a hardware address.
 Network Layer Contd…
• The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is
responsible for providing diagnostic functions and
reporting errors due to the unsuccessful delivery of
IP packets

• The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is

responsible for the management of IP multicast
groups.
 Network Layer Contd…
• It translates logical network address into physical
address. Concerned with circuit, message or packet
switching.
• Routers and gateways operate in the network layer.
Network Layer Contd…
 Data Link Layer
• Data link layer is most reliable node to node
delivery of data

• It forms frames from the packets that are received

from network layer and gives it to physical layer

• It also synchronizes the information which is to be

transmitted over the data. Error controlling is easily
done.
 Data Link Layer Contd…
• Protocols of this layer determine which of the
devices has control over the link at any given
time, when two or more devices are connected
to the same link.
 Data Link Layer Contd…
• Error control is achieved by adding a trailer at the end of the
frame.

• Duplication of frames are also prevented by using this

mechanism.

• Frames are the streams of bits received from the network

layer into manageable data units.

• This division of stream of bits is done by Data Link Layer.

 Physical Layer
• Physical layer is the lowest layer of all. It is
responsible for sending bits from one computer to
another.

• This layer is not concerned with the meaning of the

bits and deals with the physical connection

• This layer defines electrical and physical details

represented as 0 or a 1.
 Physical Layer Contd…
• This layer defines the rate of transmission which is
the number of bits per second.
• It deals with the synchronization of the transmitter
and receiver. The sender and receiver are
synchronized at bit level.
• Devices must be connected using the following
topologies: Mesh, Star, Ring and Bus.
• Physical Layer defines the direction of transmission
between two devices: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full
Duplex