Network layers

Prepared by:
Hana kakil
 What’s network layers

• To help people understand a networking model, each model breaks

the functions into a small number of categories called layers.

• Each layer includes protocols and standards that relate to that

category of functions,
 TYPE MODELS
• OSI reference MODEL

• TCP/IP MODEL
Type of network layers
 Advantage of network layer

• Interoperability

• Flexibility and Scalability

• Efficient Routing

• Security Features

• Ease of Troubleshooting
 OSI reference Model

• Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model

• OSI model is a framework for network communication. It defines how data is

handled at several different layers.

• The ISO created and it includes seven layers with specific activities, protocols,
and devices working on each.

• One of the primary goals of the OSI Model is operating system independence.
 Application layer

• Application layer provides an interface for users to interact

with application service or networking service such Web
browser, Telnet etc.

• Several protocols operate on the Application layer. such AS

HTTP, FTP, DNS and DHCP
 presentation layer

• Determines how to format and present the

data.

• Major functions of Presentation Layer:

✓ Encoding & Decoding using ASCII, EBCDIC.

✓ -Encryption & Decryption.

✓ -Compression & Decompression.

 session layer

• Responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating sessions.

• A session is simply a lasting connection between two networking

devices.

• Two network protocols that operate on this layer are the Network Basic
Input/output System(NetBIOS) and Remote Procedure Call (RPC).
 Transport layer

• It is responsible for transporting data. this layer divides data into

smaller chunks called segments and then reassembles the received
data. Major Functions: -.
• Segmentation.
• Sequencing & Reassembling.
• Error Correction & Flow Control.
Transport layer
Transport layer
 Transport layer

Transport Layer –Protocols

TCP UDP
 Network layer
• The Network layer is responsible for determining the best route to a
destination.

• It uses routing protocols to build routing tables and uses Internet

Protocol (IP) as the routed protocol.

• IP addresses are used at this layer to ensure the data can get to its
destination.

• Data traveling on the Network layer is referred to as packets. The device

that works at network layer is called Router.
 DataLink layer
• The Data Link layer is concerned with data delivery on a local area network (LAN).

• Data traveling on the Data Link layer is referred to as frames.

• Media Access Control (MAC) defines how packets are placed onto the physical
media at the Physical layer.

• The MAC address is also called a physical address, hardware address, burned-in
address, or Ethernet address.

• Physical devices operating on the Data Link layer include bridges, switches, and
NICs.
DataLink layer
 Physical layer
• Physical layer is responsible for transmitting and
Receiving data over Transmission Media.

• Data is treated as unstructured raw data stream.

• The actual physical Connection between the

devices on a network

Transmission Media Such as( Coaxial Cable, copper Wire, Optical fiber)
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
(TCP/ IP)Reference Model
 (TCP/ IP) Model

• The TCP/IP Model is a four-layer model created in the

1970s by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD).

• The TCP/IP Model works similarly to the OSIModel.

• The TCP/IP model is basically a condensed version of the

OSI model
 (TCP/ IP) Model

• That comprises four instead of seven layers:

• Process/Application layer
• Host-to-Host layer/or Transport
• Internet layer
• Network Access layer/or Link
 (TCP/ IP) Model

Last version TCP/IP MODEL OSI MODEL

 (TCP/ IP) Model

TCP/IP protocol