IoT : OSI Model

Dr. B.Lakshmi, NIT, Warangal

 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI Model)

• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a reference model

• How two systems talk to each other over a network

• how applications communicate over a network

• This model provides a visual design of how each
communications layer is built on top of the other
starting with
• the physical cabling
• all the way to the application that's trying to
communicate with other devices on a network
OSI Model
OSI Model
 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI Model)

• In a given message between users

• there will be a flow of data down through

the layers in the source computer across
the network

• then up through the layers in the

receiving computer
 OSI Model : Application Layer
Layer 7 - Application layer
• Application layer enables
• the user -- human or software –
• to interact with the application or network whenever the user
selects to
• read messages
• transfer files or perform other network-related tasks
Ex: Web browsers and other internet-connected apps
• such as Outlook and Skype
• use Layer 7 application protocols
• The application layer is where most software engineers work
• Application Layer is where the user browsers lives
 OSI Model : Application Layer

• Application Layer Protocols:

• The application layer provides several protocols

• which allow any software to easily send and receive information and
present meaningful data to its users

• Ex: HTTP, TELNET, SMTP, DNS

• Your browser makes a request to a web server using the HTTP
protocol.
• Your email app uses the SMTP protocol to send and receive emails.
• Without the DNS protocol, you would have to type 142.250.150.138
instead of google.com.
 OSI Model : Application Layer- Protocols
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• It is the foundation of the World Wide Web (WWW)

• This protocol was designed particularly

• for the communications between the web browsers and web servers

• HTTP uses port number 80

• Port numbers are part of the addressing information
• that helps identify senders and receivers of information and a particular application on
the devices

• Port numbers consist of 16-bit numbers

 OSI Model : Application Layer- Protocols

• HTTP works on the client server model

• This protocol is used for transmitting

hypermedia documents like HTML

• Hypermedia

• Hypertext providing multimedia

facilities, such as those handling
sound and video
 OSI Model : Application Layer- Protocols
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• HyperText Markup Language

• Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts

• It is the standard markup language for documents designed to be

displayed in a web browser.

• a way to code a document made out of ASCII text that lets an

HTML reader
 OSI Model : Application Layer- Protocols

• Telecommunications Network (TELNET) Protocol

• This protocol is used for managing files over the Internet.

• It allows the Telnet clients to access the resources of Telnet server.

• Telnet uses port number 23

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Protocol
• It is used to transfer electronic mail from one user to another user
• SMTP is used by end users to send emails with ease
• SMTP uses port numbers 25 and 587

Dr. B.Lakshmi, NIT, Warangal

 OSI Model : Presentation layer

• Once the client makes the HTTP request, the request itself get's passed down to the
presentation layer

• also called syntax layer

• This layer handles three main functionalities:

if we want our data to pass down the layer, we

would translate our object into simple data
structures that could be understood in the
lower layers.

lossless compression

Dr. B.Lakshmi, NIT, Warangal

 OSI Model : Presentation layer

Layer 6. Presentation layer

• Presentation layer translates or formats data

• for the application layer based on the semantics or syntax the application
accepts
• This layer also handles the encryption and decryption that the
application layer requires
 OSI Model : Session layer

Layer 5. The session layer

• Session layer sets up
• coordinates and terminates conversations between applications
• Its services include authentication and reconnection after an
interruption.
• This layer determines how long a system will wait for another
application to respond.
• Examples of session layer protocols include X.225 and one
Information Protocol (ZIP).
OSI Model : Session layer
 OSI Model : Transport layer

Layer 4. Transport layer

• Transport layer is responsible for transferring data across a network
and provides error-checking mechanisms and data flow controls

• It determines how much data to send

• where it gets sent and at what rate

• TCP/IP suite

• TCP is the best-known example of the transport layer

• This is where the communications select TCP port numbers to
categorize and organize data transmissions across a network
 OSI Model : Transport layer

• Transport layer is usually defined based on

the protocol that's being used.
• The two most popular ones are:

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Dr. B.Lakshmi, NIT, Warangal

 OSI Model : Transport layer- TCP

• TCP is one of the main protocols in the internet suite

• It is used on top of the IP (internet protocol) to ensure reliable
transmission of packets

• TCP fixes many issues that arise when you use IP such as
• lost packets, out of order packets, duplicate packets, and
corrupted packets

• TCP preferred in applications that require all packets to be error-

free such as text messaging
 OSI Model : Transport layer- TCP\UDP

• UDP is very light making it fast

• it's not reliable, packets can go missing, get corrupted, and so on.

• UDP is mostly used

• when you don't really care if you lose a few packets here and there

• Ex: Video streaming

• Conclusion: TCP is reliable but slow, while UDP is unreliable but fast

Dr. B.Lakshmi, NIT, Warangal

 OSI Model : Network layer
Layer 3- Network layer

• The primary function is to move data into and through

other networks using the Internet Protocol (IP)

• Network layer protocols accomplish this by

• packaging data with correct network address
information
• selecting the appropriate network routes
• forwarding the packaged data up the stack to the
transport layer

• From a TCP/IP perspective

• this is where IP addresses are applied for routing
purposes
Dr. B.Lakshmi, NIT, Warangal
• Data in this layer are called packet
• IP basically takes the segments from the transport protocol, and adds meta-
data that helps identify where your client is in a local network
• The network layer is responsible for sending packets from network to network

Dr. B.Lakshmi, NIT, Warangal

 OSI Model : Layer 2 - Data-link layer

• Data link layer defines how data is transmitted between two systems
• Data Link layer handles
• how long two systems talk to each other, how much data can be sent
• what happens if there are any errors
• moving data into and out of a physical link
in a network
 OSI Model : Data-link Layer

• Packets are taken from the network layer

• encapsulated with the addition of new

headers for the MAC address of the
client and server

• There is also another subset of data added at

the end of the packet called tail

• which is used for error detection

• Once these meta-data are added, the data is

now called a frame
 OSI Model : Data-link Layer

Data-link layer can be further divided into

two sublayers

• The higher layer, which is called logical

link control (LLC)

• responsible for multiplexing, flow

control, acknowledgement and
notifying upper layers

• if transmit/receive (TX/RX) errors

occur
 OSI Model : Data-link Layer

Media access control Layer

• sublayer of Data link layer
• Responsible
• for assigning a unique id number
• based on network card called a MAC address
• for tracking data frames
• using MAC addresses of the sending and receiving hardware
• no two devices have the same MAC addresses

Dr. B.Lakshmi, NIT, Warangal

 OSI Model : Data-link Layer

Media access control layer

• responsible

• for organizing each frame

• marking the starting and ending bits

• organizing timing regarding when each

• frame can be sent along the physical layer medium

OSI Model : Layer 1-Physical Layer

This layer is responsible for sending

computer bits from one device to another
along the network

• The function of this layer is

• to simply transform frames into bytes (8 bits)
• send them over some transport method
• electricity, waves, light

• Finally the request will get transmitted to the server

• the server will go through the same process but in reverse

Dr. B.Lakshmi, NIT, Warangal

IoT Stack