Basic of Network

Network
 A fully interconnected group of devices is called network.

Networking
 Networking is more than just connecting cables
 Types of Networks
LAN – Local Area Network
 Limited to a small geographical area.
Eg. – home , Office

Man – Metropolitan Area Network

 It covers a geographical area larger than LAN but smaller than WAN
 It is collection of LAN’s
Eg. – City , Town

WAN – Wide Area Network

 It covers a very large geographical area.
 WAN support long distance communication
Eg. – State , Country
OSI and TCP/IP Model
 OSI and TCP/IP Model
 OSI model was developed by International standardisation organization (ISO)
 TCP/IP model was developed by Department of Defence (DOD) of US
 OSI is a reference model and
 TCP/IP is an actual implementation model.
 Encapsulation and De-capsulation
Encapsulation
 A process of adding extra information around data on a particular layer in the form of header
and trailer is called Encapsulation

De-capsulation
 A process of removing extra information(header and trailer) from data on a particular layer is
called De-capsulation.
OSI and TCP/IP Model
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
 The Application Layer
• The application layer enable the user to access the network.

• These applications produce the data, which has to be transferred over the
network.

• This layer also serves as window for the application services to access the
network and for displaying the received information to the user.
 The Presentation Layer
• The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
 The Session Layer
• This layer is responsible for establishment of
connection, maintenance of sessions, authentication
and also ensures security.
 The Session Layer’s Functions
The functions of the session layer are :

• Session establishment, maintenance and termination: The layer

allows the two processes to establish, use and terminate a
connection.

• Dialog Controller : The session layer determines which device will

communicate first and the amount of data that will be sent.
• Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add checkpoints
which are considered as synchronization points into the data.
 The Transport Layer
• Transport layer is responsible for process-to-process
delivery of the entire message
• The data in the transport layer is referred to as
Segments.
 The Transport Layer’s Functions
The functions of the transport layer are :

• Segmentation and Reassembly: This layer accepts the message from the
(session) layer , breaks the message into smaller units . Each of the
segment produced has a header associated with it. At the destination
station it reassembles the message.

• Service Point Addressing: In order to deliver the message to correct

process, transport layer header includes a type of address called service
point address or port address. Thus by specifying this address, transport
layer makes sure that the message is delivered to the correct process.
 TCP Communication Process
Functions of the Three-Way Handshake:
• It establishes that the destination device is present on the network.
• It verifies that the destination device has an active service and is
accepting requests on the destination port number that the
initiating client intends to use.
• It informs the destination device that the source client intends to
establish a communication session on that port number.
After the communication is completed the sessions are closed, and the
connection is terminated. The connection and session mechanisms
enable TCP reliability function.
The Six Control bit flags :
– URG - Urgent pointer field significant
– ACK - Acknowledgment flag used in connection establishment and session termination
– PSH - Push function
– RST - Reset the connection when an error or timeout occurs
– SYN - Synchronize sequence numbers used in connection establishment
– FIN - No more data from sender and used in session termination
SYN, ACK, FIN and RST Flag :- communication Flags
URG and PSH :- Instruction Flags
 Three-Way Handshake
• TCP Connection Establishment
Step 1: The initiating client requests a
client-to-server communication
session with the server.
Step 2: The server acknowledges the
client-to-server communication
session and requests a server-to-client
communication session.
Step 3: The initiating client
acknowledges the server-to-client
communication session.
 Session Termination
• Session Termination
•Step 1: When the client has no more data to
send in the stream, it sends a segment with
the FIN flag set.
•Step 2: The server sends an ACK to
acknowledge the receipt of the FIN to
terminate the session from client to server.
•Step 3: The server sends a FIN to the client
to terminate the server-to-client session.
•Step 4: The client responds with an ACK to
acknowledge the FIN from the server.
 User Datagram Protocol
UDP
• UDP does not establish a connection. UDP provides low overhead data transport
because it has a small datagram header and no network management traffic.
• UDP does not track sequence numbers the way TCP does.
• UDP has no way to reorder the datagrams into their transmission order.
• UDP simply reassembles the data in the order that it was received and forwards it
to the application.
 The Network Layer
• The network layer is responsible for:
– the source- to-destination delivery of packet, possibly
across multiple networks (links).
• The sender & receiver’s IP address are placed in the header
by network layer.

– routing i.e. selection of best path to transmit the

packet, from the number of routes available.
 Network Layer

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
Source-to-Destination Delivery
 The Network Layer’s Functions
The functions of the Network layer are :
• Routing: determining which route is suitable from source to
destination..
• Logical Addressing: In order to identify each device on
internetwork uniquely, network layer defines an addressing
scheme. The sender & receiver’s IP address are placed in the
header by network layer. Such an address distinguishes each
device uniquely and universally.
 The Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is responsible for the node to
node delivery of the message.

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.
 The Data Link Layer
• The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is
error free from one node to another, over the physical layer.
• When a packet arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of
DLL to transmit it to the Host using its MAC address.
 The Data Link Layer’s Functions

The functions of the data Link layer are :

• Framing: providing a way for a sender to transmit a set of bits that
are meaningful to the receiver. This can be accomplished by
attaching special bit patterns to the beginning and end of the frame.

• Physical addressing: After creating frames, Data link layer adds

physical addresses (MAC address) of sender and/or receiver in the
header of each frame.
 The Data Link layer’s Functions
• Error control: providing a mechanism of error control in
which it detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.

• Flow Control: flow control coordinates that amount of data

that can be sent before receiving acknowledgement.

• Access control: When a single communication channel is

shared by multiple devices, data link layer helps to determine
which device has control over the channel at a given time.
 The Physical Layer
• The lowest layer of the OSI reference model.

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
 The Physical Layer
• It is responsible for the actual physical connection between the
devices.

• information  in the form of bits.

• For sending
Bits  signal

• When receiving data

the received signal convert into 0s and 1s.
 The Physical Layer’s Functions
The functions of the physical layer are :
• Bit synchronization:
provides a clock that controls both sender and
receiver thus providing synchronization at bit level.
• Bit rate control:
defines the transmission rate i.e. the number of bits
sent per second.
 The Physical Layer
Topologies
• Bus Topology
• Start Topology
• Ring Topology
• Full Mesh Topology
• Hybrid Topology
• Tree Topology
 The Physical Layer
Transmission Mode :
• Simplex Transmission :- One way and one way only
• Half-Duplex Transmission – Either way, but only one way at a time
• Full-Duplex Transmission – Both ways at the same time.
Summary of Layers
Information about IPv4 Address and MAC
Address
 IPv4 Address and MAC Address
IPv4 Address
 It is 32 bits in size
 IP Address is a logical address
 Divided into 4 octet and separated by dot.
 1 octet = 8 bits/1 byte
 1 octet show in which class this IP address belonging
Classes of IPv4 Address
Private and Public IPv4 address range
 Difference between Private IP and Public IP
Key Private IP Address Public IP Address
Scope Private IP address scope is local to present network. Public IP address scope is global.

Communication Private IP Address is used to communicate within the Public IP Address is used to
network. communicate outside the network.

Format Private IP Addresses differ in a uniform manner. Public IP Addresses differ in varying
range.
Provider Local Network Operator creates private IP addresses Internet Service Provider (ISP)
using network operating system. controls the public IP address.

Cost Private IP Addresses are free of cost. Public IP Address comes with a cost.

Locate Private IP Address can be located using ipconfig Public IP Address needs to be
command. searched on search engine like
google.
 MAC Address
MAC Address
 Mac is 48 bits/6 bytes in size
 Expressed in 12 hexadecimal digits
 MAC address is divided into 6 Octet and separated by colon.
 It is Physical Address