Computer Networks

CS8591

Introduction – Physical
Layer
 Layering & Protocols

• Computer network – cost effective, fair and robust

connectivity among a large no. of computers.

• Network Designers developed – Network Architecture

• Network Architecture - guides the design &
implementation of networks
 Layered Architecture
• Computer Network – designed using the concept of layered
protocols

• Layered protocols  exchange of data between computers

• In-order to exchange data , following factors should be

considered
• Source system should activate direct data
communication path or inform the communication
network of desired destination system.
• Provide standard interface between network functions.
• Provide symmetry in function
 Protocol Hierarchies
• All networks  series of layers, it reduces design
complexity
• Layer consists of several functions
• Function is a subsystem of layer
• Sub system is made up of entities
• Entity is a specialized module of a layer/subsystem
• Entities comprising the corresponding layers on
different machine  Peers
• Protocol – rules that governs network communication
• A set of layers & protocols  Network Architecture
Interfaces & Services
 Interfaces & Services
• Components are :
– Service Data Unit (SDU)
• Transfer user data by layer N+1  N  N-1
– Protocol Control Information (PCI)  perform
service function – exchange information at different
sites
– Protocol Data Unit (PDU)  SDU + PCI
– Interface Control Information (ICI)  passes
temporary parameter b/w N and N-1  to invoke
service function
– Interface Data Unit (IDU)  total unit of
information transferred across the layer boundaries.
Interfaces & Services
 Connection Oriented &
Connection Less Services

• Connection Oriented
– Direct Path b/w source & Destination
– Eg: telephone system
• Connection Less
– Also called Datagram
– Eg: Mailing a letter
• Connection Less Services

• Connection Oriented
 THE OSI MODEL

•The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a

multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement
on international standards.

•An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network

communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model.

•It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

Seven layers of the OSI model
 A handy way to remember the seven layers is the sentence
"All people seem to need data processing"
“Please do not touch Sachin’s pet animal”

•All-Application layer
•People-Presentation layer
•Seem-Session layer
•To-Transport layer
•Need-Network layer
•Data-Data link layer
•Processing-Physical layer
• At Application, Presentation and Session layers,
data is simply called “DATA”.
• At the Transport layer, data is placed into
Segments.
• At the Network layer, data is placed into Packets.
• At the Data Link layer, data is placed into
Frames.
• Finally at the Physical layer, data takes the form
of Bits, and its all 1s and 0s !
 OSI Architecture

The OSI 7-layer Model

OSI – Open Systems Interconnection
An exchange using the OSI model
 Description of Layers
• The layers 1 ,2 ,3 - network support layers
• The layers 5,6,7 - user support layers
• Physical Layer
– Handles the transmission of raw bits over a communication link
• Data Link Layer
– Collects a stream of bits into a larger aggregate called a frame
– Network adaptor along with device driver in OS implement the
protocol in this layer
– Frames are actually delivered to hosts
• Network Layer
– Handles routing among nodes within a packet-switched network
– Unit of data exchanged between nodes in this layer is called a packet
 Description of Layers
• Transport Layer
– Implements a process-to-process channel
– Unit of data exchanges in this layer is called a message
• Session Layer
– Provides a name space that is used to tie together the potentially
different transport streams that are part of a single application
• Presentation Layer
– Concerned about the format of data exchanged between peers
• Application Layer
– Standardize common type of exchanges

The transport layer and the higher layers typically run only on end-
hosts and not on the intermediate switches and routers
 Physical layer
• Functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical
medium.
• Procedures and functions – physical devices and interfaces
have to perform
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and media - types of
transmission
• Representation of bits – bits must be encoded into signals
• Data Rate – No. of bits per second
• Synchronization of bits – Sender and receiver must be
synchronized
• Line configuration – point to point, Multipoint
• Physical topology – topology how the devices connected to a
network
• Transmission mode – direction of transmission -> simplex,.,
 Data link layer
Node to node(Hop) delivery and error free data delivery to
the upper layer
. Framing – stream of bite into manageable units
. Physical Addressing – the address of the sender and receiver
are placed in header
. Flow Control – Sender and receiver rate -> Flow control Mechanism
. Error Control – to detect and retransmit damaged or the lost frames.
. Access control – Device that has control over the link
at the given time.
Hop-to-hop delivery
 Network layer

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination
host.

1. Logical Addressing- Logical address of the sender and receiver .

2.Routing – Route the packets to their final destination
Source-to-destination delivery
 Transport layer
• The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a
message.
• The whole message should be in order.
Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
1. Service point addressing - to deliver the packets to particular
process
2. Segmentation and reassembly – message is divided into
transmittable segments with a sequence number
3. Connection Control – Connectionless or connection oriented.
4. Flow Control – Sender and receiver rate -> Flow control
Mechanism
5. Error Control – to detect and retransmit damaged or the lost
frames.
 Session layer
The session layer is responsible for
• Dialog control – allows the communication between two process
• Synchronization – add checkpoints
 Presentation layer

The presentation layer is responsible for

• Translation – exchanging the information in common format

• Compression – reduces the no. of bits
• Encryption – to assure privacy
 Application layer
The application layer is responsible for providing services to the
user.
1. Network virtual terminal – allows the user to log onto remote host
2. FTAM- to access the files in a remote computer
3. Mail Services- basis for e- mail forwarding and storage.
4. Directory Services – Distributed data sources for global
information