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UPSC ENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION

Main Examination

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Mechanical Engineering
Topicwise Conventional Solved Questions

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Topicwise Conventional Solved Questions : Paper-1
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Mechanical Engineering: Paper-I
Conventional Solved Questions
of UPSC Engineering Services Examination
1. Thermodynamics��������������������������������������� 1-69
1. Basic Concepts, Work and Heat........................1
2. First Law of Thermodynamics...........................9
3. Second Law of Thermodynamics.................. 20
4. Entropy................................................................... 27
5. Properties of Pure Substances....................... 38
6. Thermodynamic Relations.............................. 42
7. Availability............................................................. 59
8. Air Standard Cycle.............................................. 61
9. Properties of Gas and Gas Mixture............... 64
2. Refrigeration & Air-conditioning��70-116
1. Air-Refrigerating Cycle...................................... 70
2. Vapour Compression Cycle............................. 78
3. Vapour Absorption System............................. 92
4. Refrigerant and Component of
Refrigeration System......................................... 96
5. Phychrometry....................................................101
6. Air-Conditioning System...............................111
3. Internal Combustion Engines������ 117-144
1. Combustion in SI and CI Engines................117
2. Carburetor, Ignition and Supercharging..122
3. Fuel and Emission Control.............................129
4. Performance and Testing of IC Engine......132
4. Power Plant Engineering��������������� 145-209
1. Gas Turbine.........................................................145
2. Vapour Power Cycle.........................................159
3. Steam Turbine....................................................166
4. Boiler.....................................................................183
5. Compressible Fluid Flow................................192
6. Nozzle...................................................................204
7. Nuclear Power Plants......................................209
Contents
5. Heat Transfer���������������������������������������� 210-274
1. Conduction.........................................................210
2. FINS........................................................................222
3. Transient Conduction.....................................228
4. Convection..........................................................234
5. Condensation and Boiling.............................253
6. Radiation.............................................................253
7. Heat Exchangers...............................................265
6. Fluid Mechanics���������������������������������� 275-350
1. Fluid Properties and Pressure
Measurement.....................................................275
2. Fluid Statics and Buoyancy...........................275
3. Fluid Kinematics................................................281
4. Fluid Dynamics..................................................283
5. Flow Measurement..........................................293
6. Flow Through Pipes.........................................306
7. Boundary Layer Theory, Drag and Lift......314
8. Laminar Flow......................................................323
9. Turbulent Flow..................................................329
10. Dimensional Analysis......................................333
7. Turbo Machinery�������������������������������� 351-410
1. Impulse Turbine................................................351
2. Reaction Turbine...............................................365
3. Centrifugal Pump.............................................377
4. Reciprocating Pump........................................388
5. Reciprocatng Air Compressor......................394
6. Centrifugal Compressor.................................400
7. Axial Compressor..............................................402
8. Theory of Jet Propulsion................................410
8. Renewable Sources of Energy.....411-418
nnnn
 4 Power Plant Engineering

Revised Syllabus of ESE: Rankine and Brayton cycles with regeneration and reheat, Fuels and their properties,
Flue gas analysis, Boilers, Steam turbines and other power plant components like condensers, air ejectors,
electrostatic precipitators and cooling towers – their theory and design, types and applications.

1. Gas Turbine
Q.1 A simple open cycle gas turbine has a compressor turbine and a free power turbine.
It develops electrical power output of 250 MW MW.. The cycle takes in air at 1 bar and 288 K. The total
compressor pressure ratio is 14. The turbine inlet temperature is 1500 K. The total to total isentropic
ef ficiency of compr
efficiency essor and turbine at 0.86 and 0.89, rrespectively
compressor espectively
espectively.. The mechanical ef ficiency of
efficiency
each shaft is 0.98. Combustion efficiency is 0.98 while combustor pressure loss is 3% of compressor
deliver
delivery y pr essur
pressur e. The exhaust pr
essure. essur
pressur
essure e loss is 0.03 bar
bar.. Alter nator ef
Alternator ficiency is 0.98. T
efficiency ake calorific
Take
value of fuel equal to 42,000 kJ/kg, cpa = 1.005 kJ/kgK and c pg = 1.15 kJ/kgK.
Calculate the following: (i) air -fuel ratio, (ii) specific work output, (iii) specific fuel consumption,
air-fuel
(iv) mass flow rate of air
(iv)mass air,, (v) cycle ther mal ef
thermal ficiency
ficiency..
efficiency [20 marks : 2004]
Solution:
r
ba

3
P
6
.6
12

ar 5′
.5 8b
13 5
4′
2′
2 4
r
3 ba
1.0

Electrical power = 250 MW

Electrical power
∴ Power output at turbine shaft =
alternator efficiency × mechanical efficiency
250
= ⇒ 260.308 MW
0.98 × 0.98
146 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering • Paper-I

γ −1 0.4
γ
T2 = T1(14) = 288(14)1.4 = 612.15 K
(T2 − T1) (612.15 − 288)
T2′ = T1 + = 288 + = 664.92 K
ηc 0.86

In combustion chamber:
m acpaT2′ + m f .cv  a + mf )cpg. T3
. . × 0.98 = (m
m f
(c.v. × 0.98 − cpg T3 ) = (cpg .T3 − cpaT2′)
m a
m f 1.15 × 1500 − 1.005 × 664.92
= = 0.02679
ma (42000 × 0.98 − 1.15 × 1500)
Compressor is run by compressor turbine.
m acpa (T2′ − T1) a + m
 f )cpg (T3 − T5′)
= (m
ηshaft
1.005 × (664.92 − 288)
= (1 + 0.02679) × 1.15(1500 − T5′)
0.98
T5′ = 1172.651
T3 − T5′
ηt = T − T
3 5

1500 − 1172.651
0.89 =
1500 − T5
T5 = 1132.193
T3 0.33

T5 = (rp′ ) 1.33

0.33
1500
= (rp′ ) 1.33
1132.193
rp′ = 1.0722
p3
p5 = 1.0722 ⇒ p5 = 12.665 bar
T5′
During process 3 to 4 T4 = 0.33
= 629.242 K
⎛ 12.66 ⎞ 1.33
⎜⎝ ⎟
1.03 ⎠

T3 − T4′
From turbine efficiency ηt = T − T
3 4

T4′ = 1500 – 0.89 (1500 – 629.242) = 725.025 K

a + m
Turbine shaft power = (m  f )cpg (T5′ − T4′)
260.3082 × 103 = m a (1 + 0.02679) × 1.15 × (1172.651 − 725.025)
m a = 492.485 kg/s

m f = 0.02679 × 492.485 kg/s = 13.1936 kg/s

 Power Plant Engineering 147

poweroutput 250 × 103

(ii) Specific work output = = = 507.629 kJ/kg
mass flow rate of air 492.485
m f 13.1936 × 3600
(iii) Specific fuel consumption = = = 0.18998 kg/kWh
poweroutput 250 × 103
(iv) Mass flow rate of the air, m a = 492.485 kg/s

Net output 250 × 103

(v) Thermal efficiency of cycle, ηth = × 100 =
Heat supplied m f × cv
. . × 0.98
250 × 103 × 100
= = 46.036%
13.1936 × 42000 × 0.98
Q.2 An open cycle gas turbine employs a regenerative arrangement. The air enters the compressor at
1 bar and 288 K and is compressed to 10 bar with a compression efficiency of 85%. The air is heated
in regenerator and then in combustion chamber till its temperature is raised to 1700 K and during the
pr ocess the pr
process essur
pressure falls by 0.2 bar
essure bar.. The air is then expanded in the turbine and passes to rregenerator
egenerator
which has 75% ef fectiveness and cause a pr
effectiveness essur
pressur e dr
essure op of 0.2 bar
drop bar.. The isentr opic ef
isentropic ficiency of
efficiency
turbine is 86%. By sketching the gas turbine system and showing the pr ocess
process on T - s diagram. Calculate
ther mal ef
thermal ficiency and power output if mass flow rate of air is 100 kg/s. T
efficiency ake mechanical and alter
Take nator
alternator
efficiency as 98%, cpg = 1.15 kJ/kgK and c pa = 1.005 kJ/kgK [20 marks : 2005]
Solution:

H.E.
5 T 3 1700 K
r
ba
CC x 9.8 1.2 bar
x 4
2 10 bar 2′
3
bar 4′
2 0.2 4
Compressor Turbine
0.2 bar

1 1 bar, 288 K
1
s

Given data: Regenerative arrangement

P1 = 1 bar; T1 = 288 K; P2 = 10 bar, Maximum temperature = 1700 K
Effectiveness of regenerator, ε = 75%, ηt = 86%, ηthermal = ?, Power output = ?, Mass = 100 kg/s
ηm = 98%, ηg = 98%, cpg = 1.15 kJ/kgK, cpa = 1.005 kJ/kgK
γ −1
T2 ⎛P ⎞ γ
= ⎜ 2⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
0.4
T2
= ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
10 1.4
288 ⎝ 1⎠
T2 = 556.04 K
T2 − T1
ηc ⇒ 0.85 =
T2′ − T1
556.04 − 288
0.85 =
T2′ − 288
T′2 = 603.24 K
148 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering • Paper-I

γ −1
T3 ⎛ P3 ⎞ γ
also = ⎜ ⎟
T4 ⎝ P4 ⎠
γ −1 ⎡∴ R = cpg − cv g , 0.287 = 1.15 – cvg ⎤
1700 ⎛ 9.8 ⎞ γ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎜
T4 ⎝ 1.2 ⎟⎠ ⎢ cvg = 0.863 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
0.33 ⎢ cpg ⎥
1700 ⎛ 9.8 ⎞ 1.33 ⎢∴ γ =
cvg
= 1.33 ⎥
= ⎜⎝ ⎟ ⎣ ⎦
T4 1.2 ⎠
T4 = 1009.6 K

T3 − T4′ 1700 − T4′

But η t = 0.86 = ⇒ = 0.86
T3 − T4 1700 − 1009.6
T4′ = 1106.26 K
So, ε = 0.75
Tx − T2 T x − 603.43
0.75 = =
T4 − T2 1106.26 − 603.34
Tx = 980.53 K
So, Wcompressor = m air × (cp)air × (T2 − T1) = m air × 1.005 × (603.34 − 288)

= m air × 316.91 kJ/kg

Wturbine = ( m a + m f ) × 1.15 × (1700 − 1106.26)

= 682.8 ( m a + m f ) kJ/kg
But, ηmechanical = 98%
ηalternator = 98%
Hence net work done by compressor
316.9 × mair
= = 323.37 m air
0.98
Net work done by Turbine = 682.8( m a + m f ) × 0.98 = 669.14( m a + m f )
Given, m air = 100 kg/s

m f = ?
Heat supplied in the combustion chamber:
Qs = ( m f × C.V.) × ηcombustion
Also = ( m a + m f )cpgT3 − m a cpaTx
(Assume C.V. = 42000 kJ/kg)
( m f × C.V.) × ηcombustion = ( m a + m f ) × 1.15 × 1700 − 100 × 1.005 × 980.53

m f × 42000 × 0.85 − m f × 1.15 × 1700 = 100 × 1.15 × 1700 − 100 × 1.005 × 980.53

m f = 2.8732 kg/s
⎛ Air ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
∴ ⎜⎝ ⎟ = ⎜⎝ ⎟ = 34.804
Fuel ⎠ ratio 2.8732⎠
 Power Plant Engineering 149

Net work done W − Wc

(i) ηthermal = = T
Heat supplied m F × C.V .

⎛ 669.14 × 102.42 − 323.37 × 100⎞

= ⎜ ⎟⎠ × 100% = 30.246%
⎝ 2.8732 × 42000
(ii) Power output = WTurbine − Wcompressor
= 669.14( m a + m f ) − 323.37 m air
= 669.14(102.8732) − 323.37 × 100 = 36196 kW = 36.499 MW

Q.3 Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100 kPa, 300 K with a volumetric flow rate of 5 m 3/s. The
air is compressed in two stages to 1200 kPa with intercooling to 300 K between stages at a pressure
of 350 kPa. The turbine inlet temperature is 1400 K and the expansion occurs in two stages with
reheat to 1340 K between the stages at a pressure of 350 kPa. The compressor and turbine stage
ef ficiencies ar
efficiencies aree 87% and 85% rrespectively
espectively
espectively.. Deter mine
Determine
(i) the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
(ii) the back work ratio,
(iii) the net power developed in kWkW..
Draw the schematic diagram of the cycle and indicate the pr ocess on T - s diagram. Assume
process
effectiveness of the regenerator as 80%. Assume c p = 1.0045 kJ/kgK for air and gas.
[20 marks : 2006]
Solution:
Given data: P1 = 100 kPa; P2 = 350 kPa; P4 = 1200 kPa;
T
T1 = T3 = 300 K; T5 = 1400 K; T7 = 1340 K; ηc = 0.87;
5
ηt = 0.85; ε = 0.8 7

γ −1 0.4 a 6′ 8′
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ γ ⎛ 350 ⎞ 1.4 6
=⎜ 4′ 8
T1 = ⎜⎝ P ⎟⎠
1
⎝ 100 ⎟⎠ 4
2
T2 = 300 × 1.43 = 429.11 K 2′ b

T2 − T1 3 1
Now = 0.87 ηc
T2 ′ − T1
S
429.11− 300
⇒ = 0.87 = ηc
T2′ − 300
T2′ = 448.4 K
0.4
T4 ⎛ 1200 ⎞ 1.4
= ⎜
T3 ⎝ 350 ⎟⎠
⇒ T4 = 300 × 1.422 = 426.6 K
T4 − T3
= 0.87 = ηc
T4′ − T3
426.6 − 300
⇒ = 0.87
T4′ − 300
T4′ = 445.50 K
Now T5 = 1400 K
0.4 0.4
T6 ⎛ P ⎞ 1.4 ⎛ 350 ⎞ 1.4
= ⎜ 6⎟ = ⎜
⎝ 1200 ⎟⎠
= 0.703
T5 ⎝ P5 ⎠
150 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering • Paper-I

T6 = 1400 × 0.703
= 984.55 K
T5 − T6′
= 0.85 = ηt
T5 − T6

1400 − T6′
= 0.85
1400 − 984.55
T6′ = 1046.87 K
T7 = 1340 K
0.4

= ⎛⎜
T8 100 ⎞ 1.4
⇒ T8 = 936.82 K
T7 ⎝ 350 ⎟⎠
T7 − T8′
= 0.85 = ηt
T7 − T8
⇒ T7 – T8′ = 342.703 K
T8′ = 997.30 K
m = ρv
P 100 × 103
ρ= = = 1.161 kg/m3
RT 287 × 300
Work done by turbine = m cp (T5 – T6′) + m cp (T7 – T8′)
= 1.161 × 5 × 1.005 × [(1400 – 1046.87) + (1340 – 997.3)]
= 1.161 × 5 × 1.005 × [353.13 + 342.703] = 4059.50 kJ/s
= 4059.507 kW
Work done by compressor = m cp (T2′ – T1) + m cp (T4′ – T3)
= m cp [(448.4 – 300) + (445.50 – 300)]
= 1.161 × 5 × 1.005 [148.4 + 145.50] = 1.161 × 1.005 × 293.92 × 5
= 1714.737 kJ
Ta − T4′
Now for regeneration ε =
T8′ − T4′
Ta − 445.52
0.8 =
997.29 − 445.50
Ta = 886.94 K
 acp (T5 − Ta ) + m acp (T7 − T6′)
Heat supplied = Q = m
= 1.161 × 5 × 1.005[1400 − 886.94 + 1340 − 1046.87]
= 4703.3 kW
WT − Wc 4059.50 − 1714.73
(i) Thermal efficiency = = = 49.85%
Qs 4703.3
Net work done 4059.50 − 1714.73
(ii) Work ratio = = = 0.5776
work done by turbine 4059.50
Work done by compressor 1714.73
(iii) Back work ratio = = = 0.4223
Work done by turbine 4059.50
(iv) Net power developed: P = 4059.50 − 1714.73 = 2344.77 kW
 Power Plant Engineering 151

Q.4 In an open-cycle gas turbine plant, the air enters at 15°C and 1 bar
bar,, and is compr essed in a compr
compressed essor
compressor
to a pressure ratio of 15. The air from the exit of compressor is first heated in a heat exchanger
which is 75% efficient by turbine exhaust gas and then in a combustor to a temperature of 1600 K.
The same gas expands in a two stage turbine such that the expansion work is maximum. The exhaust
gas from h.p. turbine is reheated to 1500 K and then expands to l.p.
.p. turbine. The isentropic efficiencies
of compr essor and turbine may be taken as 86% and 88% rrespectively
compressor espectively
espectively.. The mechanical ef ficiencies
efficiencies
for compressor and turbine are 97% each. The alternator efficiency is 98%. The output of turbo-
alter nator is 250 MW
alternator MW.. W ork out the following:
Work
(i) Sketch the system and show the pr ocess on T -s diagram.
process
(ii) The cycle ther mal ef
thermal ficiency
ficiency..
efficiency
(iii) The work ratio.
(iv) The specific power output.
(v) The mass flow rate of air air.. [15 marks : 2007]

Solution:
Given data: T3 = 1600 K 3

P2 T5 = 1500 K 5
T1 = 288 K, P1 = 1 bar, = 15

Temperature
P1 4
15 bar 4s
Effectiveness = 75%, Maximum temperature = 1600 K a
2 6
Ta 6s
Entry temperature of second stage 2s
Turbine =1500 K; ηc = 86%, ηt = 88%, 1 bar

(ηmechanical)turbine = (ηmechanical)compressor = 97% T1 = 288 K

1
ηalternator = 98%, S

Output of turbo alternator = 250 MW

γ −1 0.4
T2s ⎛P ⎞ γ T2s ⎛ 15 ⎞ 1.4
= ⎜ 2s ⎟ ; = ⎜ ⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠ 288 ⎝ 1⎠
T2s = 624.33 K
T2s − T1 624.33 − 288
ηcompressor = 0.86 = =
T2 − T1 T2 − 288
T2 = 679 K
P4 = P5 = P2P1

P5 = P4 = 15
P5 = P4 = 3.87 bar
(3 − 4s) and (5 − 6s)
γ −1
T3 ⎛ P3 ⎞ γ
= ⎜
T4s ⎝ P4s ⎟⎠
0.4

= ⎛⎜
1600 15 ⎞ 1.4
∴ ⇒ T4s = 1086.6 K
T4s ⎝ 3.87 ⎟⎠
γ −1
T5 ⎛P ⎞ γ
= ⎜ 5⎟
T6s ⎝ P6s ⎠
0.4

= ⎛⎜
1500 3.87 ⎞ 1.4
⇒ T6s = 1018.9 K
T6s ⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
152 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering • Paper-I

At η t = 88%
⎛ T −T ⎞
η t = 0.88 = ⎜ 3 4 ⎟
⎝ T3 − T4s ⎠
1600 − T4
0.88 = ⇒ T4 = 1148.2 K
1600 − 1086.6
T5 − T6
= 0.88
T5 − T6s
1500 − T6
0.88 = ⇒ T6 = 1076.6 K
1500 − 1018.9
Ta − T2
Effectiveness = 0.75 =
T6 − T2
Ta − 679
0.75 =
1076.7 − 679
Ta = 977.24 K
cp (T2 − T1) 1.005(679 − 288)
∵ wcompressor = = = 405.10 kJ/kg
ηmech 0.97
wTurbine = [cp(T3 − T4) + cp(T5 −T6)] ηmech
= [1.005(1600 − 1148.2) + 1.005(1500 −1076.6)] × 0.97 = 853.18 kJ/kg
Heat supplied:
∴ qsupplied = mcp(T3 − Ta) + mcp (T5 – T4)
= 1 × 1.005 [(1600 – 977.24) + (1500 – 1148.3)]
= 979.33 kJ/kg
Wnet WT − WC 853.18 − 405.10
(ii) η = = = = 0.4575 = 45.75%
QS QS 979.33
Net work done 853.18 − 405.10
(iii) Work ratio = = = 0.5252 = 52.52%
work done by turbine 853.18
(iv) Specific power output = Net work done = 853.18 − 405.10 = 448.08 kJ/kg
250 × 103
(v) Mass flow rate = m × net work done
ηalternator
250 × 103
= m × 448.08
0.98
m = 569.32 kg/s
Q.5 A two stage compression with intercooling in between stages and a single stage turbine with
regeneration is employed in an open cycle gas turbine plant. Air at 1 bar and 15°C enters the
compressor and the maximum pressure ratio is 5 and the maximum temperature in the cycle is
800°C. The rate of air flow through the cycle is 250 kg/sec and the calorific value of the fuel used is
42 MJ/kg. The isentropic efficiencies of both the compressors is 0.8 and the effectiveness of the
regenerator is 0.7, and the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 0.9. The combustion efficiency
is 0.95, the mechanical ef ficiency is 0.96 and the generator ef
efficiency ficiency is 0.75. T
efficiency ake c p of
Take
air = 1.005 kJ/kgK and γ = 1.4 and for gases cp = 1.08 kJ/kgK and γ = 1.33.
Assuming perfect intercooling and neglecting pressure and heat losses, determine
(i) the air fuel ratio
(ii) the cycle efficiency
(iii) the power supplied by the plant
(iv) the specific fuel consumption and the fuel consumption per hour [15 marks : 2008]
 Power Plant Engineering 153

Solution:
Given: P1 = 1 bar, Maximum pressure ratio = 5 bar, T1 = 288 k, T5 = 800°C = 1073 K

m a = 250 kg/s, C.V. = 42 MJ/kg,ηcombustion = 0.95; ηc = 0.8, ηmechanical = 0.96, ηt = 0.9

ηgenerator = 0.75; ∈ = 0.7
T
For air cpa = 1.005; η = 1.4
For gases cpg = 1.08; η = 1.33 Ts = 1073 K 5
1 - 2 = 1st stage compression
3 - 4 = 2nd stage compression
5 bar 6
5 - 6 = Turbine works
a 6s
2 - 3 = Intercooling process 4
4s
Ta 1 bar
4 - a = Heat provided by Regenerator
2
2s
a - 5 = Actual heat addition combustion process
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 Real process
Due to perfect intercooling 288 K = T1 = T3 1 - 2s - 3 - 4s - 5 - 6s Ideal process
3 1
P2 = P3
S
= P1P4 = 1 × 5 = 2.23 bar
T1 = T3 = 288 K
Case-II:
Isentropic compression process
γ −1 0.4
⎛P ⎞ γ T2s
= ⎛⎜
T2s 2.23 ⎞ 1.4
= ⎜ 2⎟
⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
;
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠ 288
T2s = 362.14 K
T2s − T1 362.14 − 288
ηc = 0.8 = ⇒ = 0.8
T2s − T1 T2 − 288
T2 = 380.67 K
∴ Similarly (3 − 4s) → Isentropic process
γ −1/ γ 0.4/1.4
T4s ⎛ P4s ⎞ T4s ⎛ 5 ⎞
= ⎜ ; = ⎜⎝ ⎟
T3 ⎝ P3 ⎟⎠ 288 2.23 ⎠
T4s = 362.14 K
⎛ T4s − T3 ⎞ 362.14 − 288
ηc = 0.8 = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.8 =
⎝ T4 − T3 ⎠ T4 − 288
T4 = 380.67 K
∴ Now (5 − 6s) → Isentropic expansion process
γ −1 0.33
T5 ⎛ P5 ⎞ γ
= ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
5 1.33
= ⎜
T6s ⎝ P6s ⎟⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
0.33
1073 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 1.33
= ⎜ ⎟
T6s ⎝ 1⎠
T6s = 719.73 K
⎛ T5 − T6 ⎞ ⎛ 1073 − T6 ⎞
η t = 0.9 = ⎜ T − T ⎟ ⇒ 0.9 = ⎜⎝ ⎟
⎝ 5 6s ⎠ 1073 − 719.73⎠
T6 = 755.05 K
154 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering • Paper-I

Ta − T4 Ta − 380.67
So, effectiveness 0.7 = =
T6 − T4 755.05 − 380.67
Ta = 642.736 K
Work done by compressor = WCI + WCII = m a cpair (T2 − T1) + m a cpair (T4 − T3)

= m a cpair [(T2 − T1) + (T4 − T3)] = 250 × 1.005 [(380.67 − 288) + (380.67 − 288)]
= 46566.675 kW
ηmech = 0.96
46566.675
Net work done by compressor = = 48506.95 kW
0.96
Heat supplied = m f × C.V. ×106 × ηcombustion = m f × 42000 × 0.95
By energy balance equation, the
m f × c.v . × ηcombustion = ( m a + m f )cpgT5 − macpa(Ta)

m f × 42000 × 0.95 = (250 + m f ) × 1.08 ×1073 − 250 × 1.005 × 642.736

∴ 1158.8 m f + 128222.58 = m f × 42000 × 0.95

m f = 3.3097 kg/s
Wturbine = (m a + m f )cpg (T6 − T5) = (250 + 3.3097) × 1.08 (1073 – 755.05)
= 86.983 MW
Wnet = WT – WC = 86.983 – 48.506 = 38.477 MW
m a 250
(i) = = 75.5355
m f 3.3097
Wnet 38.477 38.477
(ii) cycle efficiency = = = ≈ 0.29 = 29.20%
Qs m f × ηcomb × C.V . 3.3027 × 0.95 × 42
(iii) Power supplied by plant = Wnet × ηgenerator = 38.477 × 0.75 = 28.857 MW
m f 3.3097 × 3600
(iv) Specific fuel consumption = = = 0.3096 kg/kWh
Wnet 38.477 × 103
Q.6 Define air rate, specific power and the cycle work ratio in a gas turbine. What is the significance of
these parameters? [5 marks : 2012]
Solution:
Air Rate: Mass of air supplied per second and in gas turbine cycle for combustion of fuel is called as air
rate.
Specific Power: Specific power is defined as power output per unit mass of air supplied/sec.
Work Ratio: In gas turbine cycle work is produced in turbine at the same time work is also consumed in
compressor. So network output is given as
Wnet = WT – Wc
Work ratio is ratio of network to turbine work
Wnet
WR =
WT
Air rate in significant is deciding the size of the compressor and specific power decides the efficiency of the
combustion process. Also it tells complete combustion is taking place or not work ratio is significant in
deciding the ratio between compressor work and turbine work and hence efficiency of the cycle.
 Power Plant Engineering 155

Q.7 A gas turbine utilizes two-stages centrifugal compr essor

essor.. The pr
compressor essur
pressur
essuree ratios for the first and second
stages ar e 2.5 and 2.1 rrespectively
are espectively
espectively.. The flow of air is 10 kg/s, this air being drawn at 1.013 bar and
20°C. If the temperature drop in the intercooler is 60°C and the isentropic efficiency is 90% for each
stage, calculate:
(i) the actual temperature at the end of each stage and
(ii) the total compr essor power
compressor power..
Assume γ = 1.4 and c p = 1.005 kJ/kgK for air [10 marks : 2012]
Solution:
P2 P3
Given: m = 10 kg/s, = 2.5, = 2.1, P1 = 101.3 kPa, T1 = 293 K, T2 – T3 = 60°C and ηc = 0.9
P1 P2
=
For isentropic compression P3
C′
=
γ −1 P2 C
⎛P ⎞ γ =
293 ( 2.5)
0.4 / 1.4
T2s = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ P3, T4 T2s P1
⎝P ⎠ T2
1 T4s
or T2s = 380.68 K

T2s − T1 380.68 − 293 P2, T3 P1, T 1

= 0.9 ⇒ T − 293 = 0.9
T2 − T1 2

T2 = 390.43 K
T3 = (390.43 – 60) = 330.43 K
γ −1
⎛P ⎞ γ T4s − T3
T4s = T3 ⎜ 3 ⎟ = 408.45 K ; = 0.9 = ηc
⎝P ⎠
1 T4 − T3
T4 = 417.12 K

 p ⎡(T2 − T1 ) + (T4 − T3 )⎤ = 10 × 1.005[390.43 – 293 + 417.12 – 330.43]

Compressor power = mc ⎣ ⎦
= 1850.3055 kW

Q.8 A gas turbine engine with regeneration operates with two stages of compression and two stages of
expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of compressor and turbine is 3.5. The air enters
each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K. The compressor
and turbine ef ficiencies ar
efficiencies aree 78 and 86 per cent, rrespectively
percent, espectively
espectively.. The ef fectiveness of the rregenerator
effectiveness egenerator is
72 percent. Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming constant
specific heats for air at room temperature. [20 marks : 2013]
[10 marks : 2016]

Solution:
T6 = T8 6
Given: T1 = T3 = 300 K, T6 = T8 = 1200 K, rp = 3.5 8
1200 K
(for each compression and expansion stage) 9
ηc = 0.78, ηt = 0.86, ∈ = 0.72 7
9s
T 7s
T2s γ −1 1.4 −1
= (r ) γ = ( 3.5) 1.4 = ( 3.5)0.286
T1 5
∴ T2s = 300 × (3.5)0.286 = 429.11 K 4 2
4s 2s
T − T1
ηc = 2s
T2 − T1
300 K
T3 = T1 3 1
T −T 429.26 − 300
So, T2 = 2s 1 + T1 = + 300 s
ηc 0.78
156 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering • Paper-I

or T2 = 465.52 K
γ −11.4 −1
T4s
T3
( )
= rp γ = (3.5) 1.4 = (3.5)
0.286

⇒ T4s = 429.11 K
T4s − T3
0.78 = T − T
4 3

T4 = 465.52 K
T5 − T4
∈=
T9 − T4

T5 − 465.52
0.72 = ...(i)
T9 − 465.52

T6 0.4
= (3.5)1.4
T7s
⇒ T7s = 838.9 K
T6 − T7 1200 − T7
ηT = T − T ; 0.86 =
6 7s 1200 − 838.9
T7 = 889.49 K = T9 = 889.49 K
T5 − 465.52
∴ 0.72 =
889.49 − 465.52
T5 = 770.78 K

( ) ( )
Wnet = WT1 + WT2 − WC1 + WC2 = ⎡⎣(h6 − h7 ) + (h8 − h9 )⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣(h2 − h1 ) + (h4 − h3 )⎤⎦

= 2cp ⎡⎣(T6 − T7 ) − (T2 − T1 )⎤⎦ = 2 × 1.005 [(1200 – 889.49) – (465.52 – 300)]

= 291.42 kJ/kg
QS = (h6 – h5) + (h8 – h7) = cp[T6 – T5 + T8 – T7]
= 1.005[1200 – 770.78 + 1200 – 889.49] = 743.42 kJ/kg
WC 2 (T2 − T1 ) 465.52 − 300
(i) Back work ratio = = = = 0.533
WT 2 (T6 − T7 ) 1200 − 889.49

Wnet 291.42
(ii) η= = × 100% = 39.19%
QS 743.42

Q.9 In a gas turbine plant, air at 10°C and 1.0 bar is compressed to 12 bar with isentropic efficiency of
80%. The air is heated first in the regenerator and then in the combustion chamber till its temperature
is raised to 1400°C, and during this pr ocess the pr
process essur
pressur
essuree falls by 0.2 bar
bar.. The air is then expanded
in the turbine, and then passes thr ough the rregenerator
through egenerator
egenerator,, which has an ef fectiveness of 0.75 and
effectiveness
causes a pr essur
pressur
essuree dr
drop bar.. Isentr
op of 0.2 bar opic ef
Isentropic ficiency of the turbine is 85%. Deter
efficiency mine the ther
Determine mal
thermal
efficiency of the plant. Assume addition of heat at constant pressure. [10 marks : 2015]
Solution:
Given data: T1 = 10°C = 283 K; P1= 1 bar; P2 = 12 bar; P4 = 12 – 0.2 = 11.8 bar;
P5 = 1 + 0.2 = 1.2 bar; T4 = 1400°C = 1673 K; ηc = 0.8; ηt = 0.85, ∈ = 0.75
 Power Plant Engineering 157

γ −1/ γ
T2 ⎛P ⎞
= ⎜ 2⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
T 12 bar
11.8 bar
3 4
0.4/1.4 1.2 bar
⎛ 12 ⎞ 2
2′
T2 = 283 ⎜ ⎟ = 575.6 K
⎝ 1⎠ 5′
1 bar
5

T2 − T1
ηc = T ′ − T 1
2 1
S

575.6 − 283
0.8 = T ′ − 283
2

T2′ = 648.75 K
γ −1
T4 ⎛ P4 ⎞ γ
T5 = ⎜⎝ P5 ⎟⎠

1673 0.4/1.4
⎛ 11.8 ⎞
T5 = ⎜
⎝ 1.2 ⎠⎟

T5 = 870.69 K
T4 − T5 ′
ηt = T − T
4 5

1673 − T5 ′
0.85 =
1673 − 870.69
T5′ = 991.042
T3 − T2 ′
∈ = T ′ −T ′
5 2

T3 − 648.75
0.75 =
991.04 − 648.75
T3 = 905.47 K
Wnet = WT – WC = cp [(T4 – T5′) – (T2′ – T1)]
= 1.005 [(1673 – 991.04) – (648.75 – 283)] = 317.79 kJ/kg
Heat supplied, Qs = cp (T4 – T3) = 1.005 (1673 – 905.47) = 771.3676 kJ/kg
Wnet 317.79
∴ η = = = 0.4119 = 41.19%
Qs 771.3676

Q.10 On the basis of a cold-air-standar

cold-air-standar
-standardd analysis, show that the ther mal ef
thermal ficiency of an ideal rregenerative
efficiency egenerative
gas turbine can be expressed as
⎛ γ −1⎞
⎛T ⎞ ⎜ γ ⎟⎠
η =1 – ⎜ 1 ⎟ (rp )⎝ ,
⎝ 3⎠
T
where, γ is the compressor pressure ratio and T 1, T 3 denote the temperatures at the compressor
and turbine inlets rrespectively
espectively
espectively.. [10 marks : 2016]
158 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering • Paper-I

Solution:
Process in which turbine exhaust gases are utilized to increase the temperature of compressed air before
entering the combustion chamber and heat exchanger.
It is heated in regenerator in between compressors and combustion chamber (CC).

b
a 3
CC
2 4
Regenerator

Compressor Turbine

T4 > T2 for regeneration

T

QS 3

a
2 4
b

1
QR

s
Effectiveness is ratio of actual temperature rise of air to the maximum possible rise in a regenerator.

Actual temperature rise T − T2

∈ = = a
maximum temperature rise T4 − T2

In ideal regenerative cycle work on ideal regenerator with an effectiveness of 100% and in that case
compressed air is heated upto turbine exit temperature in regenerator.
∈ = 1
∴ Ta = T4 and Tb = T2
QR (T − T1) (T − T1)
η = 1− = 1− b = 1− 2
QS (T3 − Ta ) (T3 − T4 )

⎛T ⎞
T1 ⎜ 2 − 1⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠
η = 1− ... (i)
⎛ T ⎞
T4 ⎜ 3 − 1⎟
⎝ T4 ⎠

∴ ⎛ T2 ⎞ = ⎛ T3 ⎞
⎜⎝ T − 1⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ T − 1⎟⎠
1 4

∴ equation (i) becomes

γ −1
T1 ⎛ T ⎞ ⎛T ⎞ T γ
η = 1− = 1 − ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟ = 1 − 1 (rp )
T4 ⎝ T3 ⎠ ⎝ T4 ⎠ T3
 Power Plant Engineering 159

Q.11 Discuss the effect of regeneration in gas turbine cycle. Draw the cycle efficiency vs. pressure ratio
curve and explain why efficiency drops with increase in pressure ratio.
[20 marks : 2017]
Solution:
Ef fect of Regeneration in Gas T
Effect urbine Cycle: The exhaust
Turbine P2
T 3
temperature of gas leaving the turbine is usually quite high. The
exhaust gas from the gas turbine can be utilized to preheat the
2s P1
air at temperature T2 before it goes to the combustion chamber. 5
2 4
6
This is called regeneration and the regenerator effectiveness ∈ 4s
is defined as:

Actual temperature rise of air 1

∈ = s
Maximum temperature rise possible
T5 − T2
i.e. ∈ = T −T
4 2
ηt
Effects:
(1) Net heat addition i.e. Q1 = ma cp (T3 – T5) and heat
rejection Q2 = ma cp (T6 – T1) both of which decrease.
(2) Net work output (Wnet = WT – WC) remains unchanged
due to regeneration.
⎛ Wnet ⎞
(3) Thus cycle efficiency ⎜ η = Q ⎟ increases with regeneration.
⎝ 1 ⎠ rp
Cycle efficiency vs pressure ratio curve for regeneration Brayton cycle:
The efficiency of Brayton cycle with regeneration decreases as the pressure ratio (rp ) increases. With the
increase in pressure ratio, the temperature of air at the end of compression increase and becomes greater
than the temperature of gases at the end of turbine expansion. Hence, if a regenerator is used the compressed
air gets cooled and exhaust gases get heated. Thus it increases the net heat addition in the cycle and
therefore efficiency reduces.

2. Vapour Power Cycle

egenerative feed water heating cycle on T -s diagram. Highlight their
Q.12 Show the Reheat cycle and rregenerative
significance on the performance of steam power plant. [5 marks : 2002]
Solution:

T 3 5 T
1
8 1 kg

7
P1
m1
6 2
4
2
5
6
1 4 1 – m1 3
P2

S S
Reheat cycle Regenerative cycle

Significance of Reheat: The reheat cycle has been developed to take advantage of the increased efficiency
with higher pressure but the chief advantage is in decreasing to a safe value the mixture content in the low-
pressure stages of the turbine.
160 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering • Paper-I

Significance of Regenerative cycle:

• Average temperature of heat addition is increased.
• Heating process in the boiler tends to become reversible.
• less amount of steam is passed through the low pressure stages so blade height will be less resulting is
low cost of L.P. turbine.
Q.13 What is the basic principle of regenerative feed heating in steam power plant cycle? Sketch a practical
feed heating system for a 500 MW steam turbine and label it. [10 marks:2004]
Solution:
Principle of Regenerative feed heating: In a regenerative feed heating the mean temperature of heat addition
is increased and the heat transfer becomes reversible due to which the thermal efficiency increases. In
regeneration energy is exchanged internally between the expanding fluid in the turbine and compressed fluid
before heat addition. The feed water is heated by steam extracted or bled from intermediate stages of turbine.
1 kg p1,tsat Wt

1
Boiler Turbine
T
Q1
p4
m1 2 3 4
1 kg 1 p2 m2
p3 1 – m1 – m2
1 kg C.V.
10 m1
9 2
8 m2 FWH 2
FWH 1
7 3 Q2
6 1–m1–m2

1–m1
5 4 9 8 7 6 5
10 1 kg
1 kg
s
Wp3 Wp2 Wp1
Fig. (1) Fig. (2)

Q.14 A smaller power plant pr oduces steam at 3 MPa, 600°C in the boiler
produces boiler.. It keeps the condenser at 45°C
by transfer for 10 MW out as heat transfer
transfer.. The first turbine section expands to 500 kPa and then flow
is reheated followed by the expansion in the flow pressure turbine. Find the reheat temperature so
the turbine output is saturated vapour
vapour.. For this rreheat
eheat find the total turbine power output and the
boiler heat transfer
transfer.. Pr oper
Proper ties of water ar
operties are e given in the T able below:
Table
t, °C p, kPa v1, m3/kg vg , m3/kg h1, kJ/kg hv, kJ/kg s1, kJ/kgK sv, kg/kgK

45 9.59 (Psat) 0.00101 15.252 188.42 2583.19 0.63861 8.1647

233.85 3000 (Psat) 0.0012167 0.66664 1008.29 2803.99 2.6455 6.1870

600 3000 – 0.13245 – 3682.34 – 7.5084

[10 marks : 2014]

Solution:
From the given table, T 5
3
At 1 : 45°C,
3 MPa
x = 0, h1 = 188.42 kJ/kg
500 kPa 4
v1 = 0.00101 m3/kg
Psat = 9.59 kPa 2
At state 3, 3 MPa, 600°C
45°C 6
h 3 = 3682.34 kJ/kg 1
s3 = 7.5084 kJ/kgK
S
 Power Plant Engineering 161

At state 6, 45°C
x = 1, h6 = 2583.19 kJ/kg
s6 = 8.1647 kJ/kgK
h2 = h1 + wpump = 188.42 + v1(p2 – p1) = 188.42 + 0.00101 (3000 – 9.59)
= 191.44 kJ/kg
For process 3 → 4, s3 = s4 (for HP turbine)
Properties at 500 kPa: (state 4) from steam table
Tsat = 151.83°C = 424.98 K
h l = 640.21 kJ/kg, hv = 2748.7 kJ/kg
s l = 1.8606 kJ/kgK, sv = 6.8212 kJ/kgK,
cp = 2.41267 kJ/kgK
3-4 is isentropic
s3 = s4
s3 = sl + x (sv – sl)
7.5084 = 1.8606 + x (6.8212 – 1.8606)
x = 1.1385
∴ Point 4 is in superheated region
⎛T ⎞
∴ s3 = sv + cpv ln ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ Tsat ⎠

⎛ T4 ⎞
7.5084 = 6.8212 + 2.4126 ln ⎜
⎝ 424.98⎟⎠
T4 = 565 K
h4 = h4v + cp (T4 – Tsat)
= 2748.7 + 2.4126 (565 – 424.98)
h4 = 3086.58 kJ/kg
5-6 isentropic process
∴ s5 = s6
⎛T ⎞
∴ s6 = s5v + cp ln ⎜ 5 ⎟
⎝ Tsat ⎠

⎛ T5 ⎞
8.1647 = 6.8212 + 2.4126ln⎜⎝ ⎟
424.98⎠
T5 = 741.6 K
h5 = h5v + cp (T5 – Tsat)
h5 = 2748.7 + 2.4126 (741.6 – 424.98)
h5 = 3512.75 kJ/kg
Heat rejected in condenser 10 MW
∴ m (h6 − h1) = 10 × 103
10 × 103
m = = 4.175 kg/s
(2583.19 − 188.42)
∴ power output = m [(h3 − h4 ) + (h5 − h6 )] = 4.175 (3682.34 – 3086.58 + 3512.75 – 2583.19)
power = 6368.211 kW
Heat supplied in boiler = m [h3 − h2 ] = 4.175 (3682.34 – 191.44)
= 14574.50 kW
Heat supplied in boiler = 14.574 MW
162 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering • Paper-I

Q.15 In a BWR type nuclear rreactor

eactor
eactor,, the heat of nuclear fission is transfer
transferrr ed to water
water.. In a rreactor
eactor
eactor,, water
eactor as saturated vapour at 72 bar
comes out of the rreactor bar.. The steam flows thr ough a turbine and
through
condenser.. The water leaves the condenser at 0.08 bar and 40°C
exhausts at 0.08 bar to a condenser
(h = 176.5 kJ/kg). The liquid water is again pumped thr ough a pump to the nuclear rreactor
through eactor
eactor.. Isentr opic
Isentropic
ef ficiency of the turbine is 70%. The plant has a capacity of 750 MW
efficiency MW.. Calculate the mass flow rate of
steam circulated and the rate of heat generation.
Properties of steam: P = 0.08 bar: h f = 173.9 kJ/kg, hfg = 2403.2 kJ/kg
s f = 0.5926 kJ/kgK, sfg = 7.6370 kJ/k g K, At 72 bar : h g = 2770.9 kJ/kg, sg = 5.8019 kJ/k
kJ/kg kJ/kggK
[10 marks : 2015]

Solution:
Given: ηt = 0.7; Power = 750 MW; hg1 = 2770.9 kJ/kg; sg1 = 5.8019 kJ/kgK; hf = 173.9; kJ/kg
hfg = 2403.2 kJ/kg ; sf = 0.5926 kJ/kgK; sfg = 7.6370 kJ/kgK; s1 = s2
⇒ sg1 = sf2 + x · sfg2 T
⇒ 5.8019 = 0.5926 + x × 7.6370
⇒ x = 0.6821
1 72 bar
h2 = hf + x hfg
4
= 173.9 + 0.6821 × 2403.2
40°C 0.08 bar
3 2
= 1813.15 kJ/kg
h = 176.5 kJ/kg
wt = (h1 – h2) × ηt
s
= (2770.9 – 1813.15) × 0.7 = 670.4 kJ/kg
750000
Mass flow rate of steam m = 670.4
= 1118.7 kg/s
h4 = h 3 = 176.5 kJ/kg (Neglecting pump work)
Heat generated, Q gen = m (h1 – h4 ) = 1118.7 × (2770.9 – 176.5) = 2902.33 × 103 kJ/s
= 2902.33 MW

Q.16 A simple steam power cycle uses solar energy for heat input. Water in the cycle enters the pump as
saturated liquid at 40°C and is pumped to 2 bar
bar.. The water at this pressur
pressur e evaporates in the steam
essure
generator and enters the turbine as saturated vapour
vapour.. At the exit of the turbine, the condition of
steam is 40°C with dryness fraction of 0.9. The flow rate is 150 kg/h. The instantaneous solar input
is 0.58 kW/m2 at a specified time. Obtain the isentropic efficiency of the turbine, net work output,
cycle efficiency and the area of the solar collector needed based on the given solar input.
Following properties of steam are given:
p T hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
(bar) (°C) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)
0.07375 40 167.53 2405.97 2573.5 0.572 7.686 8.258
2 120.2 504.7 2201.6 2706.3 1.530 5.597 7.127

T [10 marks : 2016]

Solution:
h1 = 2706.3 kJ/kg
h3 = h f 3 = 167.53 2 bar
5 1
h4 – h3 = vdp
h4 – 167.53 = vf (200 – 7.375) 4
Since vf is not given so neglecting pump work 40°C
3 2′ 2
so h4 – h3 ≅ 0 (h4 = h3 = 167.53) s
 Power Plant Engineering 163

h2 = hf 2 + x2 hfg2 = 167.53 + 0.9 (2405.97) = 2332.90 kJ/kg

150
m = 150 kg/hr = 3600 = 0.0416 kg/s

Heat supplied,  (h1 − h4 ) = 0.0416(2706.3 – 167.53) = 105.61 kW

Qs = m
Calculating area required
105.61
required area = = 182.09 m2
0.58
Calculating dryness fraction when isentropic expansion occurs in turbine.
sg1 = sf 2 + x2(sfg)2
7.127 = 0.572 + x2[7.686]
x2 = 0.852
∴ h2′ = hf 2 + x2(h fg)2 = 167.53 + 0.852(2405.97) = 2217.42 kJ/kg
h1 − h2 2706.3 − 2332.90
∴ ηisentropic = = = 0.7634 or 76.34%
h1 − h2′ 2706.3 − 2217.42
Net work output = (h1 – h2)actual
= 2706.3 – 2332.90 = 373.4 kJ/kg = 0.0416 × 373.4 = 15.53 kW
(h1 − h2 ) 373.4
cycle η = = = 0.147 = 14.7%
(h1 − h4 ) 2706.3 − 167.53

Q.17 Explain the working of electrostatic precipitator and discuss variation of its collection efficiency with
operating parameters like collector area, migration velocity and mass flow rate.
[20 marks : 2017]
Solution:
Electrostatic Precipitator: The principal components of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) are two sets of
electrodes insulated from each other. The first set is composed of rows of electrically grounded vertical
parallel plates, called the collection electrodes, between which the dust-laden gas flows. The second set of
electrodes consists of wires, called the discharge or emitting electrodes that are centrally located between
each pair of parallel plates. The wires carry a unidirectional negatively charged high-voltage current from an
external DC source. The applied high voltage generates a unidirectional, non-uniform electrical field. When
that voltage is high enough, a blue luminous glow called a corona, is produced around them. Electrical
forces in the corona accelerate the free electrons present in the gas so that they ionize the gas molecules,
thus forming more electrons and positive gas ions.
The positive ions travel to the 40-80 kV DC
negatively charged wire High voltage
transformer Insulators
electrodes. The electrons 440, 50 Hz
follows the electrical field
toward the grounded Clean gas
3 φ supply
electrodes but their velocity
decreases toward the plates. Rectifier
Control Emitting
Gas molecules capture the low cabinet Dirty electrode
velocity electrons and become gas
Collecting
negative ions. electrode
As these ions move to the collecting electrode, the collide with the fly
ash particles in the gas stream and give them negative charge. The
negatively charged fly ash particles are driven to the collecting plate. Collected dust