II/

(Chữ màu xanh là tui giải thích cho bà hiểu á nhe)

 Argument from authority

o Asserts a claim
o Then supports that claim by citing some presumed authority or witness who has said
that the claim is true.
(này là định nghĩa của argument from authority nè)

For example:

My dentist says that to avoid cavities I have to brush my teeth three times a
day and floss after every meal. (này là vd cho cái argument from authority)

o Arguments from authority should normally be treated as inductive.

o Arguments from authority are sometimes deductive.
For example:
Whatever the Bible teaches is true.
The Bible teaches that we should love our neighbors.
Therefore, we should love our neighbors.
(này là vd cho cái sometimes deductive á)
 Causal argument
o Asserts or denies that something is the cause of something else

For example: I can’t log on. The network must be down.(này là ví dụ cho định nghĩa nha)

o Causal arguments are usually best treated as inductive

o It cannot be assumed that causal arguments are always inductive

For example:

Whenever iron is exposed to oxygen, it rusts.

This iron pipe has been exposed to oxygen.

Therefore, it will rust.

(này là vd cho cái chấm thứ 3)