1. A part of each of the sentences below is marked.

Indicate by which of the

following linguistic structures the bold part is being realized:
a. finite verb phrase
b. non - finite verb phrase
c. prepositional phrase
d. noun phrase
e. adjective phrase
f. adverb phrase
g. non-finite clause
h. finite clause
1.Fire (Noun phrase) can cause great damage to any city.
2. The Great Fire of London started in a bakery (prepositional phrase).
3. It burnt furiously (adverb phrase) for four days.
4. Pepys has given us a vivid accountof it (noun phrase).
5. Who has given(non-finite verb phrase) a vivid account of it?
6.The man who has just spoken (Noun phrase) is Benjamin Hall.
7.They suddenly decided to christen the bell Big Ben (non-finite verb phrase).
8.The man who won the contract was Dent (Noun phrase)
9. The next day (Noun phrase) we were sitting in the car
10. Leaving us at the gate (non-finite clause), they disappeared.
11. Leaving us at the gate like that (non-finite clause) was very thoughtless.
12. Hand the man at the gate (noun phrase) your ticket.
13. I thoroughly enjoyed meeting June again (non-finite clause) .
14. Meeting her again has left me very happy (adjective phrase).
15. We doubts whether peace will last (finite clause).
2. Identify NOUN PHRASES, ADJ PHRASES, ADV PHRASES AND
PREP.PHRASES in the following sentences and indicate their
functions
1. They (NP-S) found her presentation on global warming (NP-Od) quite
persuasive (ADJ.PHRASE- Co)
2. What colour (NP- Co) is she (NP-S) going to dye her hair (NP-Od)
3. Young people are now surprised at the belief that people should give the
company their unconditional loyalty (ADJ PHRASES – Cs)
4. The data used by the “green” groups (NP-S) were collected decades earlier
(NP-A)
5. Stocks of fish (NP-S) are declining at a much faster rate (PREP.PHRASES-
A)
6. I (NP-S) considered him (NP-Od) the best art critic to have emerged in
London (NP-Co)
7. He (NP-S) is in a good mood (NP – Cs)
8. They (NP-S) are painted in a variety of methods (NP- A)
9. She (NP-S) has written me (NP- Oi) a very nice letter (NP-Od)
10. I (NP-S) shall never forget the immense sensation of space the first moment
we entered that room (NP -
11. A full moon (NP-S) was rising over Godrevy
12. The surprisingly increasing price of petrol (NP-S)is one of the reasons for
the city’s economic crisis (NP-Cs)

3. Identify the constituent which realises Subject function in each of the

following clauses.
1. The use of caves for smuggling (NP)is as old as the hills.
2. The light of a torch (NP) flickered.
3. What the critics failed to understand (finite clause) is that his art was not
sacrificed to popularity.
4. The list of people (NP) who she says helped her is long.
5. The wind coming down form the snowfields above (non-finite clause) woke
us every night as we lay in our tent.
6. There’s (introductory subject) no way of knowing what goes on in their minds.
7. It’s (empty subject) 5 km away from here.

4. Write sentences as guided

1. S [V-ing P] makes us relaxed after a hard-working day.

Chatting with each other makes us relaxed after a hard-working day

2. S [ preparatory] seems to be a great challenge [real S].

It seems to be a great challenge for John

3. S [finite clause] disappointed his parents.

The previous result he had got disapointed his parents

4. S [non-finite clause] is my hobby.

Listening to music is my hobby

5. S [complex noun phrase] surprised all of us.

The results of my final exam surprised all of us

5. Identify the constituent which functions as Direct Object in each of the following
clauses, and the class of unit which realises this function.

1. Shoppers are flouting the no-sales-on-Sunday trading laws.

2. He banged the door as he went out.
3. He pointed out that foreign doctors were not permitted to practise in that country.
4. The negotiations have achieved very little.
5. A team of divers have discovered what they believe to be sunken treasure.
6. One doubts that many will survive the long trek over the mountains.
7. You might ask what is the use of all this.
8. He shoveled a ton of gravel into the back garden.
9. Do you mind waiting a few minutes?

4. Identify subject complements, object complements in the following sentences

1. Spying on firms has become a multimillion - pound industry.

2. What will they call the baby?
3. Archie’s bar is where it’s at.
4. Life is a series of accidents. That’s what he thinks.
5. He makes his films accessible to a wide public.
6. He kept us laughing all evening with his jokes.
7. The weather has turned unexpectedly cold lately.
8. Make the coffee a bit stronger, would you?
9. I am an animal lover working in a department dedicated to cancer research.
10.I think you have mistaken the gentlemen’s lavatory for the stage door.
11.They found Winston’s sense of humour rather disconcerting.
12.What colour is she going to dye her hair?
13.Any attempt to re-establish control over the liberated areas would prove self-
defeating.
14. They must prove themselves fit for the task.