Chapter 1 - Copy After Editing 2

Statistics
Chapter 1
Introduction ●
Content
Statistics and DCOVA definition ●
Operational Definitions ●
Types of variables ●
Measurement Scales ●
Population and Samples ●
Sources of Data ●
Data Formatting ●
Data Cleaning ●
Statistics and DCOVA
Statistics: is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing,

and interpreting numerical data to make decisions based on such
.analysis
:Statistics apply DCOVA framework that consist of Five Tasks
Define the variables that you want to study in order to solve a •
.problem or meet an objective
.Collect the data for those variables from appropriate sources •
.Organize the data collected by developing tables •
.Visualize the data collected by developing charts •
Analyze the data collected to reach conclusions and present those •
.results
Operational Definitions
.Variable: Characteristic of an item or individual
.Data: The set of individual values associated with a Variable
Types of variables
Quantitative variable (Numerical): A variable that can be measured )1

.numerically and divided into Discrete variables &Continuous variables
.Discrete variable: A variable whose values are countable ●
Page | 2
Amr Tarek
.Ex: No. of houses, Cars, Items purchased
Continuous Variable: A variable that can assume any numerical value ●
.over a certain interval or intervals
.Ex: length, age, height, weight, time, money
Qualitative variable (Categorical): A variable that cannot assume a )2

numerical value but can be classified into two or more nonnumeric
.categories. Ex: Colors, opinions, Gender, Yes or no
:Measurement Scales
Quantitative Qualitative
(Numerical) (Categorical)
Page | 3
Amr Tarek
Ratio Interval Ordinal Nominal
Nominal Scale: data is classified into distinct categories in which no

.ranking is implied
.Ex: Favorite soft drink, gender, car type
Ordinal Scale: data is classified into distinct categories in which
.ranking is implied
.Ex: Course grade, Student Class designation, Product satisfaction
Interval Scale: is an ordered scale in which the difference between
measurements is a meaningful quantity but the measurements do not
.have a true zero point
.Ex: Temperature, ACT or SAT Scores, IQ
Ratio Scale: is an ordered scale in which the difference between the
measurements is a meaningful quantity and the measurements have a
.true zero point
.Ex: Height, Weight, Age, File download time, Cost of computer system
Population and Samples

Population: All the items or individuals about which you want to draw
"a conclusion. Population is the "Large group
.Parameter: Descriptive measure of a population ●
Page | 4
Amr Tarek
Sample: Portion of a population selected for analysis. Sample is the
""Small group
Statistic: Descriptive measure of a sample that is used to make ●
.inferences about a population
Page | 5
Amr Tarek
Sources of Data
Primary Sources: The data collector is the one using the data for
.analysis
Ex: Observed data, Data collected from an Experiment, Data from a
.Political Survey
Secondary Sources: The person performing data analysis is not the
.data collector
Ex: Analyzing census data, Analyzing data from print journals or data
.published on the internet
Note: census survey is a survey that include every element of the target
population (the population that is being studied)
:From slides: You collect data by using any of the following
Data distributed by an organization or individual •
The outcomes of a designed experiment (testing) •
The responses from a survey (polls) •
The results of conducting an observational study •
Data collected by ongoing business activities •
Data Formatting
Structured data: is data that follows some organizing principle or plan,
.typically a repeating pattern
.Ex: Simple Stock ticker ,Data from tables and forms
.Unstructured data: follows no repeating pattern
.Ex: Emails from five people concerning stock trades
Page | 6
Amr Tarek
Data Cleaning
Necessary when collecting data because you often find -
“irregularities” in the data due to
.Typographical or data entry errors ●
.Values that are impossible or undefined ●
Missing values is a value that was not able to be collected. (And ●
.therefore, not available to analysis)
Outliers values that seem excessively different from most of the rest ●
.of the Values
.When found these irregularities should be reviewed / addressed -
Recoding Variables
Recoding a variable can either supplement or replace the original ●
.variable
.Recoding a categorical variable involves redefining categories ●
Recoding a quantitative variable involves changing this variable into a ●
.categorical variable
When recoding be sure that the new categories are mutually exclusive ●
(categories do not overlap) and collectively exhaustive (categories
.cover all possible values)
Page | 7
Amr Tarek
Page | 8
Amr Tarek
QQuestions
?Which of the following is a discrete quantitative (numerical) variable .1

a) The Dow Jones Industrial average
b) The volume of water released from a dam
.c) The distance you drove yesterday
d) The number of employees of an insurance company
ANSWER: d
?Which of the following is a continuous quantitative (numerical) variable .2

a) The color of a student’s eyes
b) The number of employees of an insurance company
.c) The amount of milk in a 2-liter carton
d) The number of gallons of milk sold at the local grocery store yesterday
ANSWER: c
To monitor campus security, the campus police office is taking a survey of the .3
number of Students in a parking lot each 30 minutes of a 24-hour period with the goal
of determining when patrols of the lot would serve the most students. If X is the
number of students in the lot each period of time, then X is an example of
.a) a categorical variable
.b) a discrete variable
.c) a continuous variable
.d) a statistic
ANSWER: b
Researchers are concerned that the weight of the average American school child is .4
increasing implying, among other things, that children’s clothing should be
manufactured and marketed in larger sizes. If X is the weight of school children
sampled in a nationwide study, then X is an example of
.d) a table of random numbers
Page | 9
Amr Tarek
ANSWER: c
The classification of student class designation (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) .5

is an
example of
ANSWER: a
The classification of student major (accounting, economics, management, marketing, .6

other) is an example of
ANSWER: a
The chancellor of a major university was concerned about alcohol abuse on her .7
campus and wanted to find out the proportion of students at her university who visited
campus bars on the weekend before the final exam week. Her assistant took a random
sample of 250 students. The answer on “whether you visited campus bars on the
weekend before the final exam week” from students in the sample is an example of
.__________
ANSWER: a
SCENARIO 1-1
The manager of the customer service division of a major consumer electronics company
is interested in determining whether the customers who have purchased a Blu-ray
.player made by the company over the past 12 months are satisfied with their products
Page | 10
Amr Tarek
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "How many Blu-ray .8
players made by other manufacturers have you used?" are values from a
.a) discrete variable
.b) continuous variable
.c) categorical variable
.d) table of random numbers
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "Are you happy, .9
indifferent, or unhappy with the performance per dollar spent on the Blu-ray player?"
are values from a
.a) discrete numerical variable
.b) continuous numerical variable
ANSWER: c
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "What is your .10
annual income rounded to the nearest thousands?" are values from a
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "How much time .11
do you use the Blu-ray player every week on the average?" are values from a
ANSWER: b
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "How many people .12
are there in your household?" are values from a
Page | 11
Amr Tarek
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "How would you .13
rate the quality of your purchase experience with 1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = decent, 4 =
poor, 5 = terrible?" are values from a
ANSWER: c
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "What brand of .14
Blu-ray player did you purchase?" are values from a
ANSWER: c
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "Out of a 100 point .15
score with 100 being the highest and 0 being the lowest, what is your satisfaction level
on the videocassette recorder that you purchased?" are values from a
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "In which year .16
"?were you born
are values from a
Page | 12
Amr Tarek
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "How many Blu- .17
ray players made by other manufacturers have you used?" result in
.a) a nominal scale variable
.b) an ordinal scale variable
.c) an interval scale variable
.d) a ratio scale variable
ANSWER: d
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "Are you happy, .18
indifferent, or unhappy with the performance per dollar spent on the Blu-ray player?"
result in
ANSWER: b
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "What is your .19
annual income rounded to the nearest thousands?" result in
ANSWER: d
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "How much time .20
do you use the Blu-ray player every week on the average?" result in
ANSWER: d
Page | 13
Amr Tarek
are there in your household?" result in
ANSWER: d
rate the quality of your purchase experience with 1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = decent, 4 =
poor, 5 = terrible?" result in
ANSWER: b
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "What brand of .23
Blu-ray player did you purchase?" result in
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "Out of a 100 point .24
score with 100 being the highest and 0 being the lowest, what is your satisfaction level
with the Blu-ray player that you purchased?" result in
ANSWER: c
Referring to Scenario 1-1, the possible responses to the question "What is your age .25
at last birthday?" result in
Page | 14
Amr Tarek
ANSWER: d
SCENARIO 1-2
A Wall Street Journal poll asked 2,150 adults in the U.S. a series of questions to find out
.their view on the U.S. economy
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the population of interest is .26
.a) all the males living in the U.S. when the polled was taken
.b) all the females living in the U.S. when the polled was taken
.c) all the adults living in the U.S. when the poll was taken
.d) all the people living in the U.S. when the poll was taken
ANSWER: c
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the 2,150 adults make up .27

a) the population
b) the sample
c) the primary data source
d) the secondary data source
ANSWER: b
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "How satisfied are .28
you with the U.S. economy today with 1 = very satisfied, 2 = moderately satisfied, 3 =
neutral, 4 = moderately dissatisfied and 5 = very dissatisfied?” are values from a
.a) discrete variable
.b) continuous variable
ANSWER: c
in your household are unemployed currently?" are values from a
Page | 15
Amr Tarek
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "What do you .30
think is the current number of people unemployed in the country?" are values from a
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "How many more .31
months do you think the U.S. economy will require to get out of a recession?" are
values from a
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "How many out of .32
every 10 U.S. voters do you think feel that the U.S. economy is in a good shape?" are
values from a
ANSWER: a
rate the condition of the U.S. economy with 1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = decent, 4 =
poor, 5 = terrible?" are values from a
Page | 16
Amr Tarek
ANSWER: c
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "Are you 1. .34
Currently employed, 2. Unemployed but actively looking for job, 3. Unemployed and
quit looking for job?" are values from a
ANSWER: c
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "In which year do .35
you think the last recession in the U.S. started?" are values from a
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "On the scale of 1 .36
to 100 with 1 being extremely anxious and 100 being total not anxious, rate your level
of anxiety in this U.S. economy" are values from a
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "How satisfied are .37
you with the U.S. economy today with 1 = very satisfied, 2 = moderately satisfied, 3 =
neutral, 4 = moderately dissatisfied and 5 = very dissatisfied?” result in
Page | 17
Amr Tarek
ANSWER: b
in your household are unemployed currently?" result in
ANSWER: d
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "What do you .39
think is the current unemployment rate?" result in
ANSWER: d
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "How many out of .40
every 10 U.S. voters do you think feel that the U.S. economy is in a good shape?" result
in
ANSWER: d
rate the condition of the U.S. economy with 1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = decent, 4 =
poor, 5 = terrible?" result in
ANSWER: b
Page | 18
Amr Tarek
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "Are you 1. .42
Currently employed, 2. Unemployed but actively looking for job, 3. Unemployed and
quit looking for job?" result in
ANSWER: a
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "In which year do .42
you think the last recession in the U.S. started?" result in
ANSWER: c
Referring to Scenario 1-2, the possible responses to the question "On the scale of 1 .43
to 100 with 1 being extremely anxious and 100 being totally not anxious, rate your level
of anxiety in this U.S. economy" results in
ANSWER: c
The universe or "totality of items or things" under consideration is called .44

.a) a sample
.b) a population
.c) a primary data source
.d) a secondary data source
ANSWER: b
The portion of the universe that has been selected for analysis is called .45
.a) a sample
.b) a frame
Page | 19
Amr Tarek
.c) a primary data source
.d) a secondary data source
ANSWER: a
?Which of the following is most likely a population as opposed to a sample .46

.a) respondents to a newspaper survey
.b) the first 5 students completing an assignment
.c) every third person to arrive at the bank
.d) registered voters in a county
ANSWER: D
A study is under way in Yosemite National Forest to determine the adult height of .47
American pine trees. Specifically, the study is attempting to determine what factors aid
a tree in reaching heights greater than 60 feet tall. It is estimated that the forest
contains 25,000 adult American pines. The study involves collecting heights from 250
randomly selected adult American pine trees and analyzing the results. Identify the
.population from which the study was sampled
.a) The 250 randomly selected adult American pine trees
.b) The 25,000 adult American pine trees in the forest
.c) All the adult American pine trees taller than 60 feet
.d) All American pine trees, of any age, in the forest
ANSWER: b
Researchers suspect that the average number of units earned per semester by .48
college students is rising. A researcher at Calendula College wishes to estimate the
number of units earned by students during the spring semester at Calendula. To do so,
he randomly selects 100 student transcripts and records the number of units each
student earned in the spring term. He found that the average number of semester units
completed was 12.96 units per student. Identify the population of interest to the
.researcher
.a) All Calendula College students
.b) All college students
.c) All Calendula College students enrolled in the spring
.d) All college students enrolled in the spring
ANSWER: c
Page | 20
Amr Tarek
A summary measure that is computed to describe a characteristic from only a .49
sample of the population is called
.a) an ordered array
.b) a summary table
.c) a statistic
.d) a parameter
ANSWER: c
A summary measure that is computed to describe a characteristic from only a .50

sample of the population is called
.a) an ordered array
.b) a summary table
.c) a statistic
.d) a parameter
ANSWER: c
Jared was working on a project to look at global warming and accessed an Internet .51
site where he captured average global surface temperatures from 1866. Which of the
?four methods of data collection was he using
a) Published sources
b) Experimentation
c) Surveying
d) Observation
ANSWER: a
Which of the 4 methods of data collection is involved when a person counts the .52
?number of cars passing designated locations on the Los Angeles freeway system
a) Published sources
b) Experimentation
c) Surveying
d) Observation
ANSWER: d
Page | 21
Amr Tarek

Chapter 1 - Copy After Editing 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1 - Copy After Editing 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Statistics

Statistics: is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing,

Quantitative variable (Numerical): A variable that can be measured )1

Qualitative variable (Categorical): A variable that cannot assume a )2

Nominal Scale: data is classified into distinct categories in which no

Population and Samples

?Which of the following is a discrete quantitative (numerical) variable .1

?Which of the following is a continuous quantitative (numerical) variable .2

The classification of student class designation (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) .5

The classification of student major (accounting, economics, management, marketing, .6

Referring to Scenario 1-2, the 2,150 adults make up .27

The universe or "totality of items or things" under consideration is called .44

?Which of the following is most likely a population as opposed to a sample .46

A summary measure that is computed to describe a characteristic from only a .50

You might also like