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on
Complex Analysis
A. Swaminathan
I.I.T. Roorkee, India
and
V.K. Katiyar
I.I.T. Roorkee, India
Stereographic projection
Objective
The real line has two infinities, viz., +∞ and −∞.
What about the situation in the complex plane C?
The complex plane is considered equivalent to a sphere.
The process is called Stereographic projection.
Two cases
(i) Considering a sphere with center at (0, 0, 0) and radius 1. In this
case the sphere will intersect the plane along the unit circle.
(ii) Considering a sphere with center at (0, 0, 1/2) and radius 1/2. In
this case the plane touches sphere through origin.
Both these cases will have the upper most point (0, 0, 1).
Two cases
(i) Considering a sphere with center at (0, 0, 0) and radius 1. In this
case the sphere will intersect the plane along the unit circle.
(ii) Considering a sphere with center at (0, 0, 1/2) and radius 1/2. In
this case the plane touches sphere through origin.
Both these cases will have the upper most point (0, 0, 1).
Our consideration
Theory: First case.
Picture: Second case.
Mathematical construction
Consider the radius of sphere of radius 1 and center at (0, 0, 0). i.e.
n o
S = (α, β, γ) ∈ R3 : α2 + β 2 + γ 2 = 1 .
The plane γ = 0 coincide with the complex plane and at this situation α
and β are coordinates correspond to x axis and y axis respectively. Let
Q(x, y , 0) be any point of the plane. Through the point N = N(0, 0, 1)
draw a straight line NQ, intersecting the sphere at a point (α, β, γ).
Then (α, β, γ) is called a stereographic projection or image of (x, y , 0)
on the surface of the sphere.
Mathematical construction
Now we will express α, β, γ in terms of x and y
The line in R 3 passing through (0, 0, 1) and (x, y , 0) (which contains
the point (α, β, γ)) is given by
Mathematical construction
Thus
Mathematical construction
2
For t 6= 0, t = . Thus
|z|2 +1
2x 2Re z
α = xt =⇒ α=
2
=
|z| + 1 |z|2 + 1
2y 2Im z
β = yt =⇒ β = 2
=
|z| + 1 |z|2 + 1
2 |z|2 − 1
γ = 1 − t =⇒ γ = 1 − 2 = .
|z| + 1 |z|2 + 1
P
β
φ y, α
P̂
x, β
2Im z |z|2 − 1
2Re z
, , .
|z|2 + 1 |z|2 + 1 |z|2 + 1
Hence for every (x, y ) in the finite plane there exist a point
2Im z |z|2 − 1
2Re z
, ,
|z|2 + 1 |z|2 + 1 |z|2 + 1
2Im z |z|2 − 1
2Re z
, , .
|z|2 + 1 |z|2 + 1 |z|2 + 1
Hence for every (x, y ) in the finite plane there exist a point
2Im z |z|2 − 1
2Re z
, ,
|z|2 + 1 |z|2 + 1 |z|2 + 1
α β
x= , y= .
1−γ 1−γ
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 12 / 16
Stereographic projection
Riemannian Sphere
At t = 0, we have γ = 1, α = 0, and β = 0. This is the point N(0, 0, 1).
There exist no point in the finite plane corresponding to it. This point is
generally called the North pole and the sphere S is called the
Riemannian sphere. Mapping this point to points in the entire complex
plane which are not finite, makes a representation for every point on
the Riemannian sphere in the complex plane C.
Note
Unlike the real case, in the complex number system it is regarded that
it has only one point at infinity, with reference to stereographic
projection. Hence in the study of complex plane, even though the
unbounded domain scatter in different directions, they converge
towards the point at infinity. Hence the definition of neighbourhood at
z = ∞ has a meaning. This is nothing but the exterior of all circles
centered at origin.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 13 / 16
Stereographic projection
Example
√
Question. Find the point corresponding to 1 + i 3 in the Riemannian
sphere. √
Answer. Let (x, y ) = (1, 3) in the plane. Let the corresponding point
be (α, β, γ). Then
2Re z
2Im z |z|2 − 1
α= β= , , γ=
|z|2 + 1
|z|2 + 1 |z|2 + 1
√
2 2 3 3
=⇒α = , β = , γ= .
5 5 5
√
Hence the point is (1/5, 2 3/5, 3/5).
Example
Question. Find the image of |z|2 > 1 in the Riemannian sphere.
Answer. z = x + iy , |z|2 > 1 implies
|z|2 − 1
γ= > 0.
|z|2 + 1
A(x 2 + y 2 ) + Bx + Cy + D = 0
Bα + Cβ + (A − C)γ + A + D = 0