Український математичний вiсник

Том 15 (2018), № 3, 418 – 430

About one extremal problem

for projections of the points on unit circle
Andrey L. Targonskii

(Presented by O. A. Dovgoshey)

Abstract. Sharp estimates of product of inner radii for pairwise dis-

joint domains are obtained. In particular, we solve an extremal problem
in the case of arbitrary finite number of free poles on the system points
on the rays.

2010 MSC. 30C70, 30C75.

Key words and phrases. Inner radius of domain, quadratic differ-

ential, piecewise-separating transformation, the Green function, radial
systems of points, logarithmic capacity, variational formula.

1. Introduction

This paper belongs to the theory of extremal problems on classes of

non-overlapping domain, which is a separate direction in geometric theory
of functions of a complex variable. The begin of these investigations
associated with the paper of M. A. Lavrent’ev [1] in 1934. He found
the maximum of some functional with respect to two simply connected
domains with two fixed points. We note that this result was needed him
for applying to some aerodynamics problems. In 1947, G. M. Goluzin
solved a similar problem for three fixed points on the complex plane
[2]. Then the topic began to evolve rapidly. In this connection we may
recall papers of many authors, including Y. E. Alenitsin, M. A. Lebedev,
J. Jenkins, P. M. Tamrazov, P. P. Kufarev and others. Using the idea
of P. M. Tamrazov, in 1975 G. P. Bakhtina solved first the problem with
so-called “free poles” on the unit circle, see, e.g., [3].
An important step for the development of this topic was papers of
V. N. Dubinin. He developed a new method of research that is method
Received 25.05.2018
The author is grateful to Prof. Bakhtin for suggesting problems and useful discussions.

ISSN 1810 – 3200. ⃝

c Iнститут прикладної математики i механiки НАН України
 A. L. Targonskii 419

of piecewise-separating transformation. He also first solved numerous of

extremal problems for an arbitrary but multi connected non-overlapping
domains (see, e.g., [4–6]). Now this type of extremal problems is used for
investigations in holomorphic dynamics.
In the last decade actively used Bakhtin’s method of “managing func-
tional”. He managed to solve a series of extremal problems for so-called
“radial systems of points” (see, e.g., [4, 7–15]). In the present paper we
use the mentioned about Bakhtin’s method.
Let N, R – the sets natural
∪ and real numbers conformity, C – the plain
complex numbers, C = C {∞} – the Riemannian sphere, R+ = (0; ∞).
For fix number n ∈ N system points

An = {ak }nk=1

the relations are executed:

0 = arg a1 < arg a2 < ... < arg an < 2π. (1.1)

For such systems of points we will consider the following sizes:

1
σk = (arg ak+1 − arg ak ) , k = 1, 2, ..., n, an+1 := a1 .
π
Let’s consider system of angular domains:

Mk := {w : arg ak < arg w < arg ak+1 } , k = 1, n, an+1 := a1

Let’s consider the following “managing functional” for arbitrary An -

system points ( 1 )
∏n
ak 2σk
T (An ) = χ |ak |,
ak+1
k=1
1 1
where χ(t) = 2 (t
+ t ).
Let {Bk }nk=1 – arbitrary non-overlapping domains such that

ak ∈ Bk , Bk ⊂ C, k = 1, n. (1.2)

Let D, D ⊂ C – arbitrary open set and w = a ∈ D, then D(a) the

define connected component D, the contain point a. For arbitrary system
points An = {ak ∈ C : k = 1, n} , the satisfied condition (1.1), and∩open
set D, An ⊂ D the define Dk (as ) connected component set D (as ) Mk ,
the contain point as , k = 1, n, s = k, k + 1, an+1 := a1 .
The open set D, An ⊂ D satisfied condition meets the condition of
unapplied in relation to the system of points An if a condition is executed
∩
Dk (ak ) Dk (ak+1 ) = ∅, (1.3)
420 About one extremal problem for projections...

k = 1, n, on all corners Mk .
Let
1
gB (z, a) = hB,a (z) + log
|z − a|
generalized Green’s function of domains B with respect to a point a ∈ B.
If a = ∞, then
1
gB (z, ∞) = hB,∞ (z) + log .
|z|
The value of
r(B, a) := exp (hB,a (z))
the define of inner radius domain B ⊂ C with respect to a point a ∈ B
(see [4–6, 16–18]).
We use the concept of a quadratic differential. Recall that a quadratic
differential on a Riemann surface S is a map

φ : TS → C

satisfying
φ(λυ) = λ2 φ(υ)
for all υ ∈ T S and all λ ∈ C, T S – tangent space. If z ∈ U → C, is a
chart defined on some open set U ⊂ S then φ is equal on U to

φU (z)dz 2

for some function φU defined on z(U ).

Suppose that two charts z : U → C and w : V → C on S overlap, and
let
h := w ◦ z −1
be the transition function. If φ is represented both as φU (z)dz 2 and
φV (w)dw2 on U ∩ V , then we have
( )2
φV (h(z)) h′ (z) = φU (z).

One way to say this is that quadratic differentials transform under pull-
backs by the square of the derivative. As the main results associated with
it can be found in [19].
{ }
Definition 1.1. A set of points aek = |aakk | : ak ∈ C, k = 1, 2, ..., n is
called projections of the points on the unit circle.
 A. L. Targonskii 421

Subject of studying of our work are the following problems.

Problem 1. Let n ∈ N, n ≥ 2, α ≥ 0. Maximum functional be found
∏
n
( )
|]
ak+1 − aek |α · r (Bk , ak ) ,
k=1

where An = {ak }nk=1 – arbitrary system points on the rays, the satisfied
condition (1.1), {aek }nk=1 – projections of the points on the unit circle,
{Bk }nk=1 – arbitrary set non-overlapping domains, the satisfied condition
(1.2), ak ∈ Bk ⊂ C, and all extremal the describe (k = 1, n).
Problem 2. Let n ∈ N, n ≥ 2, α ≥ 0. Maximum functional be found
∏
n
( )
|]
ak+1 − aek |α · r (D, ak ) ,
k=1

where An = {ak }nk=1 – arbitrary system points on the rays, the satisfied
condition (1.1), {aek }nk=1 – projections of the points on the unit circle, D
– the open set, the satisfied condition (1.3), ak ∈ D ⊂ C, and all extremal
the describe (k = 1, n).

2. The case of non-ovellapping domains

Lemma 2.1. The function

πτ
P (τ ) = ln sin
2
is convex for τ ∈ (0, 2).
Proof. Find the second-order derivative
π ( πτ )′ ( π )2 1
P ′′ (τ ) = · ctg =− · .
2 2 2 sin2 πτ
2

Consequently,
P ′′ (τ ) < 0, for 0 < τ < 2.

Theorem 2.1. Let n ∈ N, n ≥ 2. Then for all system points An =

{ak }nk=1 , the satisfied condition (1.1) and arbitrary set non-overlapping
domains {Bk }nk=1 , the satisfied condition (1.2), be satisfied inequality
∏
n ( )n
2α+2 π
(|ag
k+1 − aek | · r (Bk , ak )) ≤
α
· sinα · T (An ) .
n n
k=1
422 About one extremal problem for projections...

The equality obtain in this inequality, when points ak and domains Bk

are, conformity, the poles and the circular domains of the quadratic dif-
ferential
wn−2
Q(w)dw2 = − dw2 . (2.1)
(wn − 1)2
Proof. The theorem of the proof leans on a method of the piece-dividing
transformation developed by Dubinin (see [4–6]).
Function
( )1
ζk (w) = −i e−i arg ak w σk , k = 1, 2, . . . , n (2.2)

realizes univalent and conformal transformations of domain Mk to the

right half-plane Reζ > 0, for all k = 1, n.
From a formula (2.2) we receive the following asymptotic expressions
1 1
−1
|ζk (w) − ζk (am )| ∼ |am | σk |w − am | ,
σk
w → am , k = 1, 2, ..., n, m = k, k + 1. (2.3)
It’s obvious that
1 1
ζk (ak ) = −i|ak | σk , ζk (ak+1 ) = i|ak+1 | σk , k = 1, 2, ..., n. (2.4)

Family of functions {ζk (w)}nk=1 , set by equality (2.2),

{ it is possible}for
by piece-dividing transformation (see [4–6]) domains Bk : k = 1, n in
relation to the system of corners {Mk }nk=1 . For any domain ∆ ∈ C the de-
{ }
fine (∆)∗ := w ∈ C : w ∈ ∆ . Let Gk the define connected component
(1)
( ∩ )∪( ( ∩ ))∗ (2)
ζ k Bk M k ζk Bk M k , containing a point (−i), Gk−1 – the
( ∩ )∪( ( ∩ ))∗
define connected component ζk−1 Bk M k−1 ζk−1 Bk M k−1 ,
(2) (2)
containing a point i, k = 1, n, M 0 := M n , ζ0 := ζn , G0 := Gn . It
(s)
is clear, that, Gk generally speaking, domains are multiconnected do-
(2) (1)
mains, k = 1, n, s = 1, 2. Pair of domains Gk−1 and Gk grows out of
piece-dividing transformation domains Bk concerning families {Mk−1 , Mk },
{ζk−1 , ζk } in point ak , k = 1, n.
From the Theorem 1.9 [16] (see also [5,6]) and the formulae (2.3), we
have the inequalities
[ ( )
1− 1 (1)
r (Bk , ak ) ≤ |ak | σk · σk · r Gk , ζk (ak ) · σk−1

1− σ 1 ( )] 12
(2)
× |ak | k−1 ·r Gk−1 , ζk−1 (ak ) , k = 1, 2, ..., n. (2.5)
 A. L. Targonskii 423

From the condition that the points ak , k = 1, 2, .., n, we get that

πσk
|ag
k+1 − aek | = 2 sin , k = 1, 2, ..., n. (2.6)
2
Using formulas (2.5), (2.6) it is received the following ratio:
∏
n ∏
n
σk |ak |
(|ag
k+1 − aek | · r (Bk , ak )) ≤ 2
α nα
· 1 1
k=1 k=1 |ak | 2σk
· |ak | 2σk−1
∏ πσk ∏ ( ( (1) ) ( )) 1
n n
(2) 2
× sinα
· r Gk , ζk (ak ) · r Gk , ζk (ak+1 ) . (2.7)
2
k=1 k=1
Inequalities Lavrent’ev using [1] and (2.4), we get:
( ) ( )
(1) (2)
r Gk , ζk (ak ) · r Gk , ζk (ak+1 )
( 1 1 )2
≤ |ak | σk + |ak+1 | σk , k = 1, 2, ..., n.
Taking into account the last inequality, the expression (2.7) can be
written as follows:
∏
n
(|ag
k+1 − aek | · r (Bk , ak ))
α

k=1
1 1
∏
n
πσk ∏ |ak | σk + |ak+1 | σk
n
≤2 nα
· σk sin · α
1 1 |ak | .
2
k=1 |ak | 2σk · |ak | k−1
2σ
k=1

It’s obvious that

1 1
∏
n
|ak | σk + |ak+1 | σk
1 1 |ak | = 2n · T (An ) .
k=1 |ak | 2σk
· |ak | 2σk−1

Also,
∏
n ( )n
2
σk ≤ .
n
k=1
The equality obtain in this inequality, if and only if
2
σ1 = σ2 = ... = σn = .
n
Then, we have:
∏
n ( )n ∏
n
2α+2 πσk
(|ag
k+1 − aek | · r (Bk , ak )) ≤
α
· T (An ) · sinα . (2.8)
n 2
k=1 k=1
424 About one extremal problem for projections...

The equality obtain in this inequality, when points ak and domains Bk

are, conformity, the poles and the circular domains of the quadratic dif-
ferential
dζ 2
Q(ζ)dζ 2 = . (2.9)
(ζ 2 + 1)2
Using the Lemma 2.1 that the function α ln sin πσ2 k , is convex for
σk ∈ (0; 2) , α ≥ 0. Hence, when σk ∈ (0; 2), then
( )
α ∑ π 1∑
n n
πσk
· ln sin ≤ α ln sin · σk .
n 2 2 n
k=1 k=1

Given that
∑
n
σk = 2,
k=1
we obtain
∏
n
πσk π
sinα ≤ sinnα . (2.10)
2 n
k=1
The equality obtain in this inequality, if and only if
2
σ1 = σ2 = ... = σn = .
n
Then from (2.8) using formulas (2.10) it is received the following ratio

∏
n ( )n
2α+2 π
(|ag
k+1 − aek | · r (Bk , ak )) ≤
α
· T (An ) · sinnα .
n n
k=1

The equality obtain in this inequality, when points ak and domains

Bk are, conformity, the poles and the circular domains of the quadratic
differential (2.1). It is derived from the square of the quadratic differen-
tial (2.9) conversion using
n
ζ = −iw 2 .

As a consequence, at α = 0.

Corollary 2.1. [4] Let n ∈ N, n ≥ 2. Then for all system points An =

{ak }nk=1 , the satisfied condition (1.1), and arbitrary set non-overlapping
domains {Bk }nk=1 , the satisfied condition (1.2), be satisfied inequality

∏
n ( )n
4
r (Bk , ak ) ≤ · T (An ) .
n
k=1
 A. L. Targonskii 425

The equality obtain in this inequality, when points ak and domains Bk

are, conformity, the poles and the circular domains of the quadratic dif-
ferential (2.1).

As a consequence, at α = 0, T (An ) = 1 we obtain the well known

result.

Corollary 2.2. [4–6] Let n ∈ N, n ≥ 2. Then for all system points

An = {ak }nk=1 , the satisfied condition (1.1) and

T (An ) = 1,

and arbitrary set non-overlapping domains {Bk }nk=1 , the satisfied condi-
tion (1.2), be satisfied inequality

∏
n ( )n
4
r (Bk , ak ) ≤ .
n
k=1

The equality obtain in this inequality, when points ak and domains Bk

are, conformity, the poles and the circular domains of the quadratic dif-
ferential (2.1).

3. The case of open set

Theorem 3.1. Let n ∈ N, n ≥ 2. Then for all system points An =

{ak }nk=1 , the satisfied condition (1.1), arbitrary open set D, the satisfied
condition (1.3), ak ∈ D ⊂ C, k = 1, n, be satisfied inequality

∏
n ( )n
2α+2 π
(|ag
k+1 − aek | · r (D, ak )) ≤
α
· sinα · T (An ) .
n n
k=1

∪
n
The equality obtain in this inequality, when D = Bk , where points ak
k=1
and domains Bk are, conformity, the poles and the circular domains of
the quadratic differential (2.1).

Proof. At once we will note that from the condition of unapplying fol-
lows that cap C\D > 0 and set D possesses Green’s generalized function
gD (z, a), where


 g (z, a), z ∈ D(a),
 D(a)
gD (z, a) = 0, z ∈ C\D(a),


 lim gD(a) (ζ, a), ζ ∈ D(a), z ∈ ∂D(a)
ζ→z
426 About one extremal problem for projections...

– Green’s generalized function open set D concerning a point a ∈ D, and

gD(a) (z, a) – Green’s function domain D(a) concerning a point a ∈ D(a).
Further, we will use methods of works [4, 6, 7]. Sets we will consider
E0 = C\D; E(ak , t) = {w ∈ C : |w − ak | 6 t}, k = 1, n, n > 2, n ∈ N,
t ∈ R+ . The condenser we will enter into consideration for rather small
t>0
C (t, D, An ) = {E0 , E1 } ,
where
∪
n
E1 = E(ak , t).
k=1

Capacity of the condenser C (t, D, A2n,2m−1 ) is called as ( [4], [6])

∫ ∫
[ ′ 2 ]
capC (t, D, An ) = inf (Gx ) + (G′y )2 dxdy,

where an infimum undertakes on all continuous and to the lipschicevym

in C functions G = G(z), such that G = 0, G = 1.
E0 E1

Let is named the module of condenser C, reverse the capacity of

condenser
|C| = [capC]−1
From a theorem 1 [16] get

1 1 1
|C (t, D, A2n,2m−1 ) | = · · log + M (D, An ) + o(1), t → 0, (3.1)
2π n t
where

1 [∑ ∑ ]
n
1
M (D, An ) = · 2· log r(D, ak ) + 2 gD (ak , aq ) . (3.2)
2π n
k=1 k̸=q

Function (2.2) and definition ζk (ak ) , ζk (ak+1 ), an+1 , ζ0 , M 0 , ∆,

(∆)∗ , using, by us the theorems entered at proof 1. Let, too, Ωk de-
(1)
( ∩ )∪( ( ∩ ))∗
fine connected component ζk D M k ζk D M k , containing a
(2) ( ∩ )∪
point ζk (ak ), a Ωk−1 – connected component ζk−1 D M k−1
( ( ∩ ))∗ (2)
ζk−1 D M k−1 , containing a point ζk−1 (ak ), k = 1, n, Ω0 :=
(2) (s)
Ωn . It is clear, that Ωk generally speaking, domains are multicon-
(2) (1)
nected domains, k = 1, n, s = 1, 2. Pair of domains Ωk−1 and Ωk
grows out of piece-dividing transformation open set D concerning fami-
lies {Mk−1 , Mk }, {ζk−1 , ζk } in point ak , k = 1, n.
 A. L. Targonskii 427

Let’s consider condensers

( )
(k) (k)
Ck (t, D, An ) = E0 , E1 ,

where ( ∩ ) ∪ [ ( ∩ )]∗
Es(k) = ζk Es P k ζk Es P k ,

k = 1, n, s = 0, 1, {Mk }nk=1 – the system of corners corresponding to

system of points An ; operation [A]∗ compares to any the set A ⊂ C a
set, symmetric a set A is relative unit circle |w| = 1. From this it follows
that to the condenser C (t, D, An ), at dividing transformation is relative
{Pk }nk=1 and {ζk }nk=1 , there corresponds a set of condensers the system of
corners corresponding to system of points An ; operation [A]∗ compares
to any the set A ⊂ C a set, symmetric a set A is relative unit circle |w| =
1. From this it follows that to the condenser C (t, D, An ), at dividing
transformation is relative {Mk }nk=1 and {ζk }nk=1 , there corresponds a set
of condensers {Ck (t, D, An )}nk=1 , symmetric relatively {z : |z| = 1}.
According to works [4, 16], we will receive

1∑
n
capC (t, D, An ) > capCk (t, D, An ) . (3.3)
2
k=1

From here follows

( )−1
∑
n
−1
|C (t, D, An ) | 6 2 |Ck (t, D, An ) | . (3.4)
k=1

The formula (3.1) gives a module asymptotics C (t, D, An ) at t → 0,

and M (D, An ) is the given module of a set D relatively An . Using
formulas (2.3) and that fact that a set D meets the condition of unapplied
in relation to the system of points An , for condensers we will receive
similar asymptotic representations Ck (t, D, An ), k = 1, n
1 1
|Ck (t, D, An ) | = log + Mk (D, An ) + o(1), t → 0, (3.5)
4π t
where
 ( ) ( )
(1) (2)
1  r Ωk , ζk (ak ) r Ωk−1 , ζk−1 (ak ) 
Mk (D, An ) = · log + log .
8π 1
−1 1
−1
1
σk |ak | σk 1
σk−1 |ak | σk−1

By means of (3.5), we receive

( ( ))−1
−1 4π 4π 1
|Ck (t, D, An )| = · 1+ Mk (D, An ) + o =
log 1t log 1t log 1t
428 About one extremal problem for projections...

( )2 ( )2 
4π 4π 1
= − Mk (D, An ) + o   , t → 0. (3.6)
log 1t log 1t log 1t

Further, from (3.6), follows that

∑
n
|Ck (t, D, An )|−1 =
k=1

( )2 ( )2 
4πn 4π ∑
n
1
− · Mk (D, An ) + o  , t → 0. (3.7)
log 1t log 1t k=1
log 1t

In turn, allows (3.7) to receive the following asymptotic representa-

tion ( n )−1
∑ −1
|Ck (t, D, An )|
k=1
( ( ))−1
log 1t 4π ∑
n
1
= · 1− · Mk (D, An ) + o
4πn n log 1t k=1 log 1t

1 ∑
n
log 1t
= + 2· Mk (D, An ) + o(1), t → 0. (3.8)
4πn n
k=1

Inequalities, (3.3) and (3.4) taking into (3.1) and (3.8) allow to notice
that

log 1t 2 ∑
n
1 1 1
· ·log +M (D, An )+o(1) 6 + · Mk (D, An )+o(1). (3.9)
2π n t 2πn n2
k=1

From (3.9) at t → 0 we receive that

2 ∑
n
M (D, An ) 6 2 · Mk (D, An ) . (3.10)
n
k=1

Formulas (3.2), (3.5) and (3.10) lead to the following expression

1 [∑ ∑ ]
n
1
· 2· log r(D, ak ) + 2 gD (ak , aq )
2π n
k=1 k̸=q
 ( ) ( )
(1) (2)
1 ∑ n r Ω k , ζ k (ak ) ∑n r Ω , ζ
k−1 k−1 (ak ) 
≤ · log + log .
4πn 2 1
−1 1
−1
k=1
1
σk |a k | σk
k=1 σ
1
|a k | σk−1
k−1
 A. L. Targonskii 429

Thus, taking into (2.6), we receive

∏
n ∏
n
σk |ak |
(|ag
k+1 − aek | · r (D, ak )) ≤ 2
α nα
· 1 1
k=1 k=1 |ak | 2σk
· |ak | 2σk−1
∏ πσk ∏ ( ( (1) ) ( )) 1
n n
(2) 2
× sinα
· r Ωk , ζk (ak ) · r Ωk , ζk (ak+1 ) .
2
k=1 k=1
Further, the proof of the theorem comes to an end in the same way, as
well as the proof of the theorem 2.1.

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Contact information
Andrey Targonskii Zhitomir State University,
Department of Mathematics,
Zhitomir, Ukraine
E-Mail: targonsk@zu.edu.ua