WELDING ETC

EDGE PREPARATION
BACKUP PLATE
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Weldability is the ability of any material
(usually metals and its alloys) to weld with
similar materials. Many metals and
thermoplastics can be welded together to
fabricate a final material that is required
further in the fabrication process or any other
industrial process
Heat input calculation
Example 1: If a welder takes 2 minutes to complete an 18
inches long weld. He keeps the voltage at 24 volts and
the current 120 amps. What is your heat input?
Answer:
Given data parameters are;
Travel Speed = Length of Weld/Time to weld = 18
inches/2 minutes = 9 in/min
Voltage = 24 volts
Current = 120 amps
Heat Input = (24 X 120 X 60)/ 9 = 19200 J/in
= 19.2 KJ/in (Divided by 1000 to obtain the result in
KJ/in.)
Why Heat input is so important?
Heat input affects the cooling rates in welds and thereby
it affects the microstructure of the weld metal and that of
the heat-affected zone (HAZ). A change in microstructure
directly affects the mechanical properties of weld metal
and heat-affected zone (HAZ). Therefore, it’s very
important to control the heat input to achieve a sound
microstructure and a good quality weld.
Note: The heat input (as calculated by ASME standards)
is referred to as “arc energy” under the European
system. Hence the following formula holds true with
regard to the European system;
Heat input = Thermal efficiency X Arc energy
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ASTM grain size number(n) is related with the number of
grains that you can count in 100X magnification (N) by the
relation, N=2(n-1). So ASTM grain size number increases
with decreasing grain size.
Metallography sample preparation

https://youtu.be/3vcwyVhtcNc
Welding and its allied process
“Hardfacing” and “cladding” are two terms that are
often used synonymously, not realizing they are
distinctly different applications. If so, you are in good
company, as it is a common misconception. Hardfacing
is a welding process that applies a high-wear surface to
add protection and extend the life of the object.
Cladding is a weld overlay process yielding an entirely
new surface that can be used with a large variety of
overlay materials in different forms such as powder,
wire, or cored wire. Again, traditional overlay processes
can be used as listed above. Just like laser
hardfacing, laser cladding has benefits over the other
processes primarily because it is a welding process that •What type of environment is the
has lower heat and lower dilution. This all enables the surface in question subjected to?
ability to achieve very thin clad overlays. •What kind of materials need to be
Laser hardfacing and cladding are used in almost every involved?
industry market with applications such as: •What kind of characteristics do you
•Oil and gas want imparted by the process?
•Automotive
•Construction equipment
•Agriculture
•Mining
•Military
•Energy generation
•Repair and refurbishment of tools, turbine blades, and
engines
Defects and rectification methods
PLASMA CUTTING

WATER JET CUTTING

WIRE - EDM
LASER CUTTING
 POWER HACKSAW CUTTING

MANUAL CUTTING
 CNC MILLING MACHINE

DISC CUTTING MACHINE

END