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GURGAON-122001
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)
SUBMITTED BY
(Batch 2007-11)
CERTIFICATE
Replace this page with the Copy of Certificate received from the Industry duly signed
by the Supervisor/Authorized Signatory...
i
ABSTRACT
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be incom-
plete without paying my gratitude to all the people who have made it possible, whose
constant guidance and encouragement crowned my efforts with success.
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iv
Nevertheless I also have to thank my co-trainees for being encouraging, supportive and
helpful throughout the project.
I would like to dedicate this work of mine to my Parents, God and all those who have
been a part of this.
Certificate i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements iii
Contents v
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
Abbreviations xi
Notations xii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 GSM 2
2.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Technical Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 GSM-BASED NETWORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Network Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4.1 Operation and Support System(OSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4.2 Switching System(SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4.3 Base Station System(BSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.3.1 BSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.3.2 BTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5 AIR INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.1 Channel Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.2 LOGICAL CHANNELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.2.1 Traffic Channels(TCH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.2.2 Control Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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3 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDS 13
3.1 Telecommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Telecommunication Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.2 Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.3 Formal And de facto Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.4 Types Of Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.4.1 Voluntary Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.4.2 Mandatory Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.4.3 Definition Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.4.4 Performance Specification Standards Management Sys-
tem Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.5 Standards Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.5.1 Standardization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3 Some Standards Organizations and Institutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.1 ITU-T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.1.2 Primary Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.2 ETSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.2.1 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3.2.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.3 ANSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3.3.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.3.2 Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.3.3 Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.4 Telcordia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.4.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.4.2 Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3.4.3 Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4 Standards Discussed in detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.1 ETSI 300019-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.1.2 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4.1.3 Environmental classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4.1.4 Class 1.2: Weather protected, not temperature-controlled
storage locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4.2 ETSI 300019-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.4.2.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.4.2.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4.2.3 Environmental classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4.2.4 Class 2.3: Public transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4.3 ETSI 300019-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
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3.4.3.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4.3.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4.3.3 Environmental classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4.3.4 Class 3.2: Partly temperature-controlled locations . . . . 37
3.4.4 ETSI 300019-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.4.2 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.4.3 Environmental classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.4.4 Class 4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.5 ETSI 300019-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.5.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.5.2 Environmental test specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4.6 GR 487 core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4.6.1 General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4.6.2 Operating Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4.6.3 Telecommunications Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.4.7 Bellcore GR 63 core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4.7.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4.8 MIL-STD 810E method 506.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4.8.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4.8.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4.8.3 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4.9 UL50 4X(ANSI/UL50) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4.9.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4.10 ASTM D610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4.10.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4.10.2 Significance And Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4.10.3 Interferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4.10.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4.10.5 Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.4.11 IEC 68-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4.11.1 Scope and object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4.11.2 Terms and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4.12 IEC 68-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4.12.1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4.13 IEC 68-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4.13.1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4.13.2 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4.14 IEC 68-2-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.15 IEC 68-2-30/test Db . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.15.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.15.2 Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
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3.4.15.3 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.15.4 Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.16 IEC 68-2-52/Test Kb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.16.1 Scope and Applicable field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.16.2 Summary of Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.16.3 Sample requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4.17 IEC 68-2-56/Test Cb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.17.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.17.2 Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.17.3 Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.18 IEC 60950-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.18.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.18.2 Additional requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.19 Ingress Protection Standard IEC 529 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References 62
Index 63
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Switching System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Base Station System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Multiplexing of BCCH + CCCH + 4 SDCCH/4 on TS0 . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1 Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Head Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4 Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5 Main Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.6 Main Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7 Functional Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.8 Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.9 Main Building & Standard Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.10 Logo & Bell-core Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.11 AT & T Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.12 Block diagram tests A: Cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ix
LIST OF TABLES
x
ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations Description
xi
NOTATIONS
Symbols Description
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER 2
GSM
2.1 History
In 1982, the Nordic PTT sent a proposal to Confrence Europenne des Postes et Tlcom-
munications (CEPT) to specify a common European telecommunication service at 900
MHz. A Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standardization group was
established to formulate the specifications for this pan-European mobile cellular radio
system. During 1982 through 1985, discussions centered around whether to build an
analog or a digital system. Then in 1985, GSM decided to develop a digital system.
The next step in the GSM evolution was the specification of Personal Communication
Network (PCN) for the 1800 MHz frequency range, Digital Cellular System (DCS) 1800
(or GSM 1800), and Personal Communication Services (PCS) 1900 (or GSM 1900) for
the 1900 MHz frequency range.
2
CHAPTER 2. GSM 3
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for
cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro,
micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to
the implementation environment.
Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast
or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is
under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small
cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors.
Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and
connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella
cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage
between those cells.
The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometres
(22 mi).
Different frequency bands are used for GSM 900/1800 and GSM 1900 (Figure 2-1). In
some countries, an operator applies for the available frequencies. In other countries (e.g.
United States), an operator purchases available frequency bands at auctions.
CHAPTER 2. GSM 4
3.pdf
Every cellular system has hardware that is specific to it and each piece of hardware
has a specific function. The GSM based systems comply with the GSM standard while
varying from it for the purpose of overall system improvement. The system solutions
integrate existing Ericsson hardware and new technology to provide a ”total” solution
for the mobile telephony market. The major systems in the network are:
CHAPTER 2. GSM 5
• Switching System
15.pdf
Figure 2.1: Architecture
For GSM system administration, the OSS supports the network operator by providing:
CHAPTER 2. GSM 6
16.pdf
Figure 2.2: Switching System
• Gateway MSC(GMSC) The Gateway MSC (GMSC) supports the function for
routing incoming calls to the MSC where the mobile subscriber is currently regis-
tered. It is normally integrated in the same nodes as MSC/VLR.
The Base Station System (BSS) is comprised of two major components. They are:
2.4.3.1 BSC
The Base Station Controller (BSC) is the central point of the BSS. The BSC can manage
the entire radio network and performs the following functions:
• Traffic concentration
17.pdf
Figure 2.3: Base Station System
2.4.3.2 BTS
The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) includes all radio and transmission interface equip-
ment needed in one cell.Each BTS operates at one or several pairs of frequencies. One
frequency is used to transmit signals to the mobile station and one to receive signals
from the mobile station. For this reason at least one transmitter and one receiver is
needed.
CHAPTER 2. GSM 10
The carrier separation in GSM is 200 kHz. That yields 124 carriers in the GSM 900
band. Since every carrier can be shared by eight MSs, the number of channels is 124
times eight = 992 channels. These are called physical channels. The corresponding
number of carriers for GSM 800 and GSM 1900 are 374 and 299, respectively.
On every physical channel, a number of logical channels are mapped. Each logical
channel is used for specific purposes, e.g., paging, call set-up signaling or speech.
There are eleven logical channels in the GSM system. Two of them are used for traffic
and nine for control signaling.
• Full rate channel, Bm This channel can be used for full rate or enhanced full
rate speech (13 kbit/s after speech coder) or data up to 9.6 kbit/s.
• Half rate channel, Lm This channel can be used for half rate speech (6.5 kbit/s
after speech coder) or data up to 4.8 kbit/s.
• Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) Used for frequency correction of the MS,
downlink only.
CHAPTER 2. GSM 11
• Access Grant Channel (AGCH) Used to allocate SDCCH to a MS, downlink only.
• Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) Used for signaling during the
call set-up or registration, up and downlink.
Several logical channels can share the same physical channel or Time Slot (TS). On TS0
(on one carrier per cell, the BCCH carrier) the broadcast channels and the common
control channels are multiplexed.
Eight SDCCHs can share the same physical channel, normally TS 1 on the same fre-
quency as the BCCHs and the CCCHs. A SACCH will be associated with every SDCCH
and they will share the same TS.
CHAPTER 2. GSM 12
The SDCCH can be mapped together with the BCCH and CCCH on TS 0. TS 1 can
then be used as a TCH. In this way we increase the capacity on the traffic channels, but
the capacity will decrease on the SDCCH. This mapping is useful in cells with only one
carrier.
18.pdf
Figure 2.4: Multiplexing of BCCH + CCCH + 4 SDCCH/4 on TS0
CHAPTER 3
TELECOMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
3.1 Telecommunication
3.1.1 Overview
The first breakthrough into modern electrical telecommunications came with the push
to fully develop the telegraph starting in the 1830s. The use of these electrical means
of communications exploded into use on all of the continents of the world during the
19th century, and these also connected the continents via cables on the floors of the
13
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 14
ocean. The use of the first three popular systems of electrical telecommunications, the
telegraph, telephone and teletype, all required the use of conducting metal wires.
Telecommunications play an important role in the world economy and the worldwide
telecommunication industry’s revenue was estimated to be 3.85 trillion dollars in 2008.
The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.7
trillion in 2008, and is expected to touch $2.7 trillion by 2013.
3.2.1 Definition
Telecommunications standards (wire and wireless) are the underlying laws that govern
the emerging Global Information Highway and the existing telephone system. Telecom-
munications networks in every country in the world utilize formal telecommunications
standards to physically interwork. Without public agreements and the telecommunica-
tions standards that codify such agreements, wide-area voice and data communications
would not be possible. A telecommunication standard can be aliased with a protocol.
A communications protocol is a formal description of digital message formats and the
rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in telecom-
munications. Protocols may include signalling, authentication and error detection and
correction capabilities. A protocol describes the syntax, semantics and synchronization
of communication and may be implemented in hardware or software, or both.
3.2.2 Need
Little more than a decade ago, a discussion of telecommunication standards would have
been out of place in a journal issue devoted to publishing standards. Now, however,
such standards are crucial, since authors, libraries, and publishers all communicate elec-
tronically. There are standards that apply to the use of modems, public data networks,
local area networks, and computer-to-computer communication etc.
can translate into formidable economies of scale and lower development and hardware
costs, they mean lower prices to end-users. Global standards protect users from incom-
patibility problems between rival systems.
The need for protocol standards can be shown by looking at what happened to the
bi-sync protocol (BSC) invented by IBM.BSC is an early link-level protocol used to
connect two separate nodes. It was originally not intended to be used in a multi node
network, but doing so revealed several deficiencies of the protocol. In the absence of
standardization, manufacturers and organizations felt free to enhance the protocol, cre-
ating incompatible versions on their networks. In some cases, this was deliberately done
to discourage users from using equipment from other manufacturers. There are more
than 50 variants of the original bi-sync protocol. One can assume, that a standard would
have prevented at least some of this from happening.
It is often difficult to tell whether a standards committee is a formal one. In the US,for
instance, formal standards committees are accredited by American National Standards
Institute (ANSI). The accreditation process is complex but offers some specific values
to potential users and implementers of standards:
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR, i.e., patent or pending patents) are identified
(but not resolved) during the standards creating process.
Today there are some non-accredited standards groups (e.g., ATM Forum and Frame Re-
lay Forum) that develop their work and then introduce it into formal standards groups.
This can be a good balance. And very rarely, as in the case of the Internet Engineering
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 16
Task Force (IETF), informal standards work is so desirable that it becomes acknowl-
edged as formal by force of use. However, the IETF now has ties to formal standards
organizations. But the rest of the non-accredited standards groups are often attempting
to drape a manufacturer’s proprietary approach in finer garb. The proprietary approach
may be desirable (e.g., Microsoft MAPI), but it cannot meet the four values of formal
standards work outlined above.
At CSR, the term telecommunications standard body refers to formal authorized telecom-
munications standardization bodies.
In some cases, protocols gain market dominance without going through a standardization
process. Such protocols are referred to as de facto standards. De facto standards are
common on emerging markets, niche markets, or markets that are monopolized (or
oligopolized). They can hold a market in a very negative grip, especially when used to
scare away competition. From a historical perspective, standardization should be seen
as a measure to counteract the ill-effects of de facto standards. Positive exceptions exist;
a ’de facto standard’ operating system like GNU/Linux does not have this negative grip
on its market, because the sources are published and maintained in an open way, thus
inviting competition. Standardization is therefore not the only solution for open systems
interconnection.
These are standards the use of which is theoretically voluntary, but in practice is widely
adopted for the sake of ease of manufacture, interchangeability, and safety. Virtually
all industrial standards are voluntary standards. In the past, such standards have been
used in an exclusionary way, to favor one group or organization over its rival.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 17
Those standards which are, in effect, laws. Failure to follow such standards would result
in legal penalties and liability. They are generally adopted out of concern for safety, and
promulgated by the Federal government or one of its agencies or departments. Codes
are groups of standards on the same topic, generally created for government agencies,
and thus mandatory standards.
Some of the standards organizations of relevance for communications protocols are the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Telecommuni-
cations Union (ITU), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).The ITU is an umbrella organization of
telecommunications engineers designing the public switched telephone network (PSTN),
as well as many radio communication systems.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 18
• The CCS WG or NSP WG will conduct study and prepare proposal for consider-
ation by the Telecommunications Standards Advisory Committee (TSAC). In the
process of study, the CCS WG or NSP WG may invite inputs from any parties
with interest in the concerned standard or policy.
• The TSAC will examine the working group’s proposal and make recommendation
to the TA.
• The TA will consider the adoption of the standard or policy based on the recom-
mendation by the TSAC and mandate the effective date or any other implemen-
tation requirements, if necessary.
• OFTA will notify the World Trade Organization (WTO) of adoption of the stan-
dard or policy, if necessary.
• The adopted standard or policy will be converted to the HKTA series as follows:-
• OFTA will notify the members of the TSAC, CCS WG and NSP WG officially of
the adoption of the standard or policy.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 19
3.3.1 ITU-T
1.pdf
Figure 3.1: Logo
of ITU dates back to 1865, with the birth of the International Telegraph Union. It
became a United Nations specialized agency in 1947, and the International Telegraph
and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT), (from the French name Comit Con-
sultatif International Tlphonique et Tlgraphique) was created in 1956. It was renamed
ITU-T in 1993. ITU has been an intergovernmental public-private partnership organi-
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 20
2.pdf
Figure 3.2: Head Building
zation since its inception and now has a membership of 191 countries (Member States)
and over 700 public and private sector companies as well as international and regional
telecommunication entities, known as Sector Members and Associates, which undertake
most of the work of the Sector. ITU has three sectors, namely:
3.3.1.1 History
Although the ITU itself dates back to 1865, the formal standardization processes are
more recent. Two consultative committees were created by the ITU’s 1925 Paris con-
ference to deal with the complexities of the international telephone services (known as
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 21
13.pdf
Figure 3.3: Structure
CCIF, as the French acronym) and long-distance telegraphy (CCIT). In view of the
basic similarity of many of the technical problems faced by the CCIF and CCIT, a de-
cision was taken in 1956 to merge them to become the single International Telegraph
and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, in the French acronym). In 1992, the
Plenipotentiary Conference (the top policy-making conference of ITU) saw a reform of
ITU, giving the Union greater flexibility to adapt to an increasingly complex, interac-
tive and competitive environment. It was at this time that CCITT was renamed the
Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T).
The ITU-T mission is to ensure the efficient and timely production of standards covering
all fields of telecommunications on a worldwide basis, as well as defining tariff and
accounting principles for international telecommunication services. The international
standards that are produced by the ITU-T are referred to as Recommendations (with
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 22
the word ordinarily capitalized to distinguish its meaning from the ordinary sense of
the word recommendation), as they become mandatory only when adopted as part of a
national law.
Since the ITU-T is part of the ITU, which is a United Nations specialized agency, its
standards carry more formal international weight than those of most other standards
development organizations that publish technical specifications of a similar form.
3.3.2 ETSI
3.pdf
Figure 3.4: Logo
9.pdf
Figure 3.5: Main Building
3.3.2.1 Function
ETSI plays a major role in developing a wide range of standards and other technical
documentation as Europe’s contribution to world-wide ICT standardization. This ac-
tivity is supplemented by inter-operability testing services and other specialism. ETSI’s
prime objective is to support global harmonization by providing a forum in which all
the key players can contribute actively. ETSI is officially recognized by the European
Commission and the EFTA secretariat. ETSI’s Members determine the Institute’s work
programme, allocate resources and approve its deliverables. As a result, ETSI’s activities
are closely aligned with market needs and there is wide acceptance of its products.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 24
4.pdf
Figure 3.6: Main Building
ETSI produce globally applicable standards for Information & Communications Tech-
nologies including fixed, mobile, radio, broadcast, internet, aeronautical and other areas.
ETSI is recognized as an official European Standards Organization by the European
Union, enabling valuable access to European markets.
High quality and low time-to-market are our constant aims and we continually strive to
collaborate with research bodies. We are active in vital complementary areas such as
inter-operability and we offer event services related to standardization including forum
hosting.
12.pdf
Figure 3.7: Functional Organization
3.3.2.2 Scope
ETSI inspired the creation of, and is a partner in 3GPP. 3G Mobile System based on
evolved GSM core networks and the radio access technologies that they support. With
LTE the work now takes on a new focus, as a way to provide a 3G greater than 4G
System for the major cellular standards to converge upon.
• Up to 100MHz Bandwidth
– Data rates of 100Mbps with high mobility and 1Gbps with low mobility
3.3.3 ANSI
5.pdf
Figure 3.8: Logo
that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the
same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also
accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance
with requirements defined in international standards. The organization’s headquarters
6.pdf
Figure 3.9: Main Building & Standard Work
are in Washington, DC. ANSI’s operations office is located in New York City. The ANSI
annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees,
accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standards programs.
3.3.3.1 History
ANSI was originally formed in 1918, when five engineering societies and three govern-
ment agencies founded the American Engineering Standards Committee (AESC). In
1928, the AESC became the American Standards Association (ASA). In 1966, the ASA
was reorganized and became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI).
The present name was adopted in 1969.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 28
had been members of the United Engineering Society (UES). At the behest of the AIEE,
they invited the U.S. government Departments of War, Navy and Commerce to join in
founding a national standards organization.
In 1931, the organization (renamed ASA in 1928) became affiliated with the U.S. Na-
tional Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which had
been formed in 1904 to develop electrical and electronics standards.
3.3.3.2 Members
3.3.3.3 Process
Though ANSI itself does not develop standards, the Institute oversees the development
and use of standards by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organiza-
tions. ANSI accreditation signifies that the procedures used by standards developing
organizations meet the Institute’s requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and
due process.
ANSI also designates specific standards as American National Standards, or ANS, when
the Institute determines that the standards were developed in an environment that is
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 29
• availability of an appeal by any participant alleging that these principles were not
respected during the standards-development process
3.3.4 Telcordia
3.3.4.1 History
The company was created on January 1, 1984 as part of the 1982 Modification of Fi-
nal Judgment that broke up the Bell System. Bellcore was a consortium established
by the Regional Bell Operating Companies upon their separation from AT&T. Since
AT&T retained Bell Laboratories, the operating companies wanted to have their own
R&D facility. Bellcore, the tenth company to register a .com domain, provided joint
R&D, standards setting, and centralized government point-of-contact functions for its
co-owners, the seven Regional Holding Companies that were themselves divested from
AT&T as holding companies for the 22 local Bell Operating Companies.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 30
7.pdf
Figure 3.10: Logo & Bell-core Lab
Although Bellcore’s R&D and standard setting were of considerable importance to the
telecommunications industry in general, the asset value of the company was largely cen-
tered in ownership of the approx. 6,000 pieces of network software, many of enormous
size, that functionally ran the US telephone system. Additionally, Bellcore held owner-
ship of the Bell name and logo on behalf of the seven owner companies together with
Cincinnati Bell and Southern New England Telephone.
In 1992 issues related to the management of the software systems led to the formation of a
Study Group of senior business and legal representatives of the seven Owner Companies,
commonly referred to as the OC’s, together with the executive leadership of Bellcore.
8.pdf
Figure 3.11: AT & T Building
was subsequently sold in November 2004 to Providence Equity Partners and Warburg
Pincus, who currently both hold equal stakes in the company.
3.3.4.2 Activities
Telcordia is a chief architect of the telecommunications system in the U.S., and has
pioneered many of the telecommunications services used today, including Caller ID,
Call Waiting, Mobile number portability and Toll-free telephone number (800) service.
Telcordia’s expertise lies in managing large, complex projects across the operations and
communications spectrum.
Telcordia offers products and services in the area of network planning and engineering,
service assurance, delivery, fulfillment and data management and operations support.
Telcordia’s software products are designed to solve communications problems, support
complex operations missions and system interoperability issues. Telcordia also writes
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 32
Telcordia has its headquarters in Piscataway, New Jersey, USA and has a Software
Development Lab in Chennai,India. Telcordia is pioneer in the field of prepaid Charg-
ing system commonly called as Intelligent network. Most of the development work in
Intelligent network now comes from the labs in India and the US.
3.3.4.3 Innovation
Telcordia research has yielded more than 1,800 patents across ADSL, ATM/SONET, Ad-
vanced Intelligent Network (AIN), optical networking/Wavelength-division multiplexing
(WDM), wireless (3G/4G, cellular, mobility), security and more.
3.4.1.1 Scope
The present document defines classes of environmental conditions and their severities
to which telecommunication equipment may be exposed during storage. The severities
specified are those which will have a low probability of being exceeded; generally less
than 1%.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 33
3.4.1.2 Definition
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:-
• Absolute humidity: mass of water vapour in grammes which is associated with one
cubic metre of dry air in an air/water vapour mixture
• Relative humidity: ratio of the partial pressure of the water vapour in moist air
at a given temperature, to the partial pressure of the water vapour in saturated
air at the same temperature
• Storage: certain site where the equipment is placed for long periods but is not
intended for use during these periods
• Class 1.3: Non-weather protected storage locations; class 1.3E: non-weather pro-
tected storage locations-extended
• where equipment may be exposed to solar radiation and temporarily to heat ra-
diation. They may also be exposed to movements of the surrounding air due to
draughts, e.g. through doors, windows or other openings.They may be subjected
to condensed water, dripping water and to icing. They may also be subjected to
limited wind-driven precipitation including snow;
• unattended buildings;
3.4.2.1 Scope
The purpose of this sub-part of this standard is to define the classes of environmental
conditions and their severities to which equipment may be exposed when being trans-
ported. Only severe conditions, which may be harmful to the equipment, are included.
The severities specified are those which will have a low probability of being exceeded;
generally less than 1%.This sub-part applies to equipment being transported from one
place to another after being made ready for dispatch from the manufacturer’s works.
The most commonly used methods of transportation have been taken into account, i.e.
ground, water and air transport. Loading and unloading as well as temporary storage,
have been included. Where the equipment is packaged the environmental conditions
apply to the packaging protecting the equipment.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 35
3.4.2.2 Definitions
This class applies to transportation, where no special precautions have been taken.
The conditions covered include transportation in unventilated enclosures and in non-
weatherprotected conditions with restrictions on the general open-air climates, excluding
cold climates. Transportation by air covers equipment carried in heated, pressurised
holds.
Class 2.3 covers the conditions of classes 2.1 and 2.2. In addition class 2.3 has a lower
cold-temperature limit. Continuous or repeated solar radiation, precipitation and splash-
ing of water may occur. Class 2.3 also includes all types of transport in areas without
well-developed road systems. Rough handling is included.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 36
3.4.3.1 Scope
The purpose of this sub-part is to define the classes of environmental conditions and
their severities to which equipment may be exposed at specified locations. The severities
specified are those which will have a low probability of being exceeded; generally less
than 1%.
3.4.3.2 Definitions
• Heating system: A system that controls or influences climate by increasing the air
temperature only. This can decrease the relative humidity.
• Cooling system: A system that controls or influences climate by decreasing the air
temperature only. This can decrease the absolute humidity.
• Air conditioning system: A system that fully and automatically controls the cli-
matic parameters air temperature and humidity by heating, cooling, humidifying
and dehumidifying.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 37
• Relative humidity: The ratio of the partial pressure of the water vapour in moist air
at a given temperature t, to the partial pressure of the water vapour in saturated
air at the same temperature t.
Heating may be used to raise low temperatures especially where there is a significant
difference between the conditions of this class and the open-air climate. Building con-
struction is designed to avoid extremely high temperatures.
• where installed equipment may be exposed to solar radiation and heat radiation.
They may also be exposed to movements of the surrounding air due to draughts
in buildings, e.g. through open windows. They may be subjected to condensed
water and to water from sources other than rain and icing. They are not subjected
to precipitation;
• with vibration of low significance, e.g. for products fastened to light supporting
structures subjected to negligible vibrations.
• garages;
• cellars;
• certain workshops;
• ordinary storage rooms for frost resistant products and farm buildings, etc.
3.4.4.1 Scope
3.4.4.2 Definition
• absolute humidity: mass of water vapour in grammes which is associated with one
cubic metre of dry air in an air/water vapour mixture
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 39
• relative humidity: ratio of the partial pressure of the water vapour in moist air at
a given temperature, to the partial pressure of the water vapour in saturated air
at the same temperature
Classes 4.1 apply to general climatic conditions - applies to climatic conditions in most
of Europe, along with class 4.1E.
3.4.5.1 Scope
The present document specifies test methods and severities for verification of the required
resistibility of equipment according to the relevant environmental class. The tests defined
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 40
in Part 2-4 of this multi-part standard apply to stationary use of equipment at non-
weatherprotected locations covering the environmental conditions stated in EN 300 019-
1-4(1).
The equipment under test is assumed to be in its operational state throughout the test
conditions described in the present document unless otherwise stated. The required
performance before, during and after the test need to be specified in the product spec-
ification. Input and load conditions of the equipment shall be chosen to obtain full
utilization of the equipment under test. The heat dissipation shall be maximized, ex-
cept for the steady state, low temperature test, where it shall be minimized.
The Telcordia view represents the expressed needs and interests of the funding companies
of the Telcordia Technical Forum members for this GR and may meet the needs of other
telecommunications service providers. The stated requirements are intended to provide
a suitable environment for telephone company electronic and broadband equipment that
is housed in above ground cabinets, typically pad or pole mounted, in an outside plant
environment. The equipment housed in these cabinets is accessible to the craftsperson
through surface mounted doors. This document does not cover large cabinets that can be
entered by the craftsperson. Although some or all of the requirements in this document
may be applicable to a variety of other closures or housings, alternate GR documents
may exist for particular applications and shall be considered to provide the relevant
criteria for such specific applications. Thus, partially buried pedestal type terminals,
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 41
Optical Network Units, or cabinets containing Building Entrance Terminals that serve as
a point between the public telephone network and the customer premises are specifically
covered by other documents. In general, GR-487-CORE and these documents take
precedence over other documents that may indicate requirements for cabinets deployed
in the outside plant environment. Similarly, GR-63-CORE[1], Network Equipment-
Building System (NEBS) Requirements: Physical Protection, defines requirements for
equipment used within the Central Office environment.
Considering the complexity of many present day loop electronic carrier systems and
broadband systems, these cabinets may be separated into discrete compartments to
accommodate different craftspersons work activities and different equipment. Various
sections, possibly isolated, may be required for certain applications including a compart-
ment or section for: Electronic equipment Commercial power entrance Back-up battery
power Generator set Cable splicing Cross-connect field
with varying degrees of solar loading, and humidity levels ranging from below 10% up
to 100%, can be encountered. These temperatures are examples and do not necessarily
encompass all possible climatic or deployment conditions. Some locations or applications
may experience higher temperatures or lead to more severe thermal conditions; some
geographic locations may be prone to earthquakes or particularly severe lightning storms.
In some cases, requirements for specific areas are provided as conditional requirements.
Cabinet applications range from housings for active equipment such as Digital Loop
Carrier, Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL), broadband, or electro-optic interfaces, to power
and repeater cabinets, to cabinet enclosures containing passive hardware such as cross-
connect fields between feeder and distribution cables designated as Feeder Distribution
Interfaces (FDIs).
Although there are many requirements in Electronic Equipment Cabinets, we have dis-
cussed two as follows:
Some customers require that the cabinet prevent water intrusion after exposure to a
simulated wind driven rain test. This test shall be conducted on the same cabinet
used for the Thermal Shock test (R3-191) and shall be conducted immediately
following that test. There shall be no evidence indicating that water may come in
contact with the cabinet electronics. The maximum total accumulation of water in
the cabinet shall not exceed 1 cm3 (1 gram of water) per 0.028 m3 (1 ft3) of cabinet
volume. Note: This requirement does not apply to the battery compartment.
For the battery compartment, R3-138 applies.Test Procedure - This test shall be
performed in accordance with MIL-STD-810E[35], Method 506.3, Procedure 1,
using the following test parameters:
The simulated wind shall be directed horizontally to blow through the water spray
and drive it against the surfaces of the cabinet. The cabinet shall be rotated so
that each surface is exposed for 30 minutes. The doors shall then be opened, one
at a time, and the interior shall be examined.
• Firearms Resistance:
– Resistance to a 30-06 caliber, 180 grain sharp-nosed soft point bullet fired at
a distance of 46 m (50 yards).
3.4.7.1 Description
GR-63-CORE has two basic test categories: the product must be classified as either
a shelf-level product or a frame-level product. A shelf-level product is defined as a
chassis or unit designed to be mounted into either a cabinet or an uneven-flange rack.
A frame-level product includes a full frame or rack. GR-63-CORE encompasses all of
the information needed to perform qualification testing, from test methodologies to test
severity levels.
3.4.8.1 Scope
3.4.8.2 Application
The test methods of this standard are intended to be applied in support of the following
objectives:
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 45
3.4.8.3 Limitations
UL stands for Underwriters Laboratories Inc.UL Standards for Safety are developed and
maintained in the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). SGML being an
international standard (ISO 8879-1986) – is a descriptive markup language that describes
a documents structure and purpose, rather than its physical appearance on a page. Due
to formatting differences resulting from the use of ULs new electronic publishing system,
please note that additional pages (on which no requirements have been changed) may
be included in revision pages due to relocation of existing text and reformatting of the
Standard.
3.4.9.1 Scope
These requirements cover electrical equipment enclosures for use in accordance with
the National Electrical Code, NFPA 70.Specific applications covered by this standard
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 46
include cabinets and cutout boxes and junction and pull boxes. Each type of enclosure
covered by this standard is described in general and functional terms where practicable,
and omits reference to structural details and specific applications except where they are
essential to the identification of the enclosure type. A product that contains features,
characteristics, components, materials, or systems new or different from those covered
by the requirements in this standard, and that involves a risk of fire or of electric shock
or injury to persons shall be evaluated using appropriate additional component and
end-product requirements to maintain the level of safety as originally anticipated by
the intent of this standard. A product whose features, characteristics, components,
materials, or systems conflict with specific requirements or provisions of this standard
does not comply with this standard. Revision of requirements shall be proposed and
adopted in conformance with the methods employed for development, revision, and
implementation of this standard.
3.4.10.1 Scope
This practice covers the evaluation of the degree of rusting on painted steel surfaces.
The visual examples which depict the percentage of rusting given in the written spec-
ifications form part of the standard. In the event of a dispute, the written definition
prevails. These visual examples were developed in cooperation with SSPC: The Society
for Protective Coatings to further standardization of methods. The photographs can
be used to estimate the percentage of other coating defects on various substrates. This
standard does not include evaluation of rust propagation around an initially prepared
scribe, score, or holiday.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 47
The amount of rusting beneath or through a paint film is a significant factor in deter-
mining whether a coating system should be repaired or replaced. This practice provides
a standardized means for quantifying the amount and distribution of visible surface rust.
The degree of rusting is evaluated using a zero to ten scale based on the percentage of
visible surface rust.
The distribution of the rust is classified as spot rust, general rust, pinpoint rust or hybrid
rust.
3.4.10.3 Interferences
• Some finishes are stained by rust. This staining must not be confused with the
actual rusting involved.
• Accumulated dirt or other material may make accurate determination of the degree
of rusting difficult.
• Certain types of deposited dirt that contain iron or iron compounds may cause
surface discoloration that should not be mistaken for corrosion.
• Failure may vary over a given area. Discretion must therefore be used when select-
ing a single rust grade or rust distribution that is to be representative of a large
area or structure, or in subdividing a structure for evaluation.
• The color of the finish coating should be taken into account in evaluating surfaces
as failures will be more apparent on a finish that shows color contrast with rust,
such as used in these reference standards, than on a similar color, such as an iron
oxide finish.
3.4.10.4 Procedure
• Determine the type of rust distribution using definitions in Table 1 and visual
examples in the figures.
• Estimate percentage of surface area rusted using the visual examples in the figures,
by electronic scanning techniques or other method agreed upon by contracting
parties.
• Use percentage of surface area rusted to identify rust grade (see Table 1). As-
sign rust rating using rust grade of 0-10 followed by the type of rust distribution
identified by S for spot, G for general, P for pinpoint or H for Hybrid.
• The visual examples are not required for use of the rust-grade scale since the scale
is based upon the percent of the area rusted and any method of assessing area rust
may be used to determine the rust grade.
3.4.10.5 Report
• Report rust distribution using S for Spot, G for General,P for Pinpoint and H for
Hybrid.
Rust Distribution Types: S: Spot RustingSpot rusting occurs when the bulk of the rust-
ing is concentrated in a few localized areas of the painted surface. The visual examples
depicting this type of rusting are labeled 9-S through 1-S (See Figures). G: General
RustingGeneral rusting occurs when various size rust spots are randomly distributed
across the surface. The visual examples depicting this type of rusting are labeled 9-G
through 1-G. (See Figures). P: Pinpoint RustingPinpoint rusting occurs when the rust
is distributed across the surface as very small individual specks of rust. The visual
examples depicting this type of rusting are labeled 9-P through 1-P. (See Figures). H:
Hybrid RustingAn actual rusting surface may be a hybrid of the types of rust distribu-
tion depicted in the visual examples. In this case, report the total percent of rust to
classify the surface. 9-H through 1-H.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 49
1.pdf
Visual Examples
Spot(s) General Pinpoint (P)
S. NO. Rust Grade Percent of Surface (G)
Rusted
1 10 Less than or equal None
to 0.01 percent
2 9 Greater than 0.01 9-S 9-G 9-P
percent and up to
0.03 percent
3 8 Greater than 0.03 8–S 8-G 8-P
percent and up to
0.1 percent
4 7 Greater than 0.1 7-S 7-G 7-P
percent and up to
0.3 percent
IEC 60068-2-1 deals with cold tests applicable to both non heat-dissipating and heat
dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ab and Ad do not
deviate essentially from earlier issues. Test Ae has been added primarily for testing
equipment that requires being operational throughout the test, including the condition-
ing periods. The object of the cold test is limited to the determination of the ability
of components, equipment or other articles to be used, transported or stored at low
temperature. Cold tests cover by this standard do not enable the ability of specimens
to withstand or operate during the temperature variations to be assessed. In this case,
it would be necessary to use IEC 60068-2-14. The cold tests are subdivided as follows:
• low air velocity in the working space: velocity of conditioning airflow within a
working space which is sufficient to maintain conditions but low enough so that
the temperature at any point on the test specimen is not reduced by more than
5 K by the influence of the circulation of the air (if possible, not more than 0,5
m/s).
• Fixes the margins,high air velocity in the working space: velocity of conditioning
airflow within a working space, which in order to maintain conditions, also reduces
the temperature at any point on the test specimen by more than 5 K by the
influence of the circulation of the air.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 51
14.pdf
Figure 3.12: Block diagram tests A: Cold
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 52
This publication deals with dry heat tests applicable both to heat-dissipating and non
heat-dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ba and Bb do
not deviate essentially from earlier issues.
The object of the dry heat test is limited to the determination of the ability of com-
ponents, equipment or other articles to be used or stored at high temperature. These
dry heat tests do not enable the ability of specimens to withstand or operate during
temperature variations to be assessed. In this case, it would be necessary to use Test N:
Change of temperature.
The procedures given in this publication are normally intended for specimens which
achieve temperature stability during the performance of the test procedure. The dura-
tion of the test commences at the time when temperature stability of the specimen has
been reached. For the exceptional cases when the specimen does not reach temperature
stability during the performance of the test procedure, the duration of the test com-
mences at the time when the test chamber reaches the test temperature. The relevant
specification shall define:
• the time at which the specimens are introduced into the test chamber;
Solar radiation is often the major cause of brittleness and colour changes in materials
and structures.
The amount of ultraviolet radiation (300 - 400 nm) reaching the surface of the earth has
an effect on e.g. the dyes used in different materials. The heat effect of solar radiation
causes, not only an increased overall temperature of the product, but also differences of
temperature inside the product. This often causes more stress in the structure than a
constant temperature would.
3.4.13.2 Description
The IEC Standard 68-2-5 allows us to vary testing conditions. The method most often
used by Solar Simulator Finland Ltd is to irradiate (1120 W/m) the samples for ten
days. The temperature profile is chosen on the basis of the quality being tested. The
maximum temperature of 40 C is suitable for testing dye durability. The functional
durability of a product is tested in a maximum temperature of 55 C. The heat stress
in the inner parts of the sample is then greater. The temperature profile and radiation
period can be seen in the graph above.
The radiation entering the surface of the earth is about 1000 W/m at its strongest
(surface perpendicular to the rays).
The greatest radiation power is reached only when the weather is clear and the sun is
its highest position. The total annual amount of energy from the sun to a horizontal
surface depends on the location and weather conditions.
During our test, the overall energy radiated to the sample is about 90 kWh/m2. Through-
out the entire irradiation period, the intensity is about 15% higher than the highest daily
value. The effective stress is thus much higher. The testing conditions are equal to about
four to six months of solar radiation in natural conditions.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 54
3.4.14.1 Introduction
• values of high and low conditioning temperature between which the change is to
be effected;
• the conditioning times for which the test specimen is kept at these temperatures;
3.4.15.1 Scope
This part of IEC 60068 determines the suitability of components, equipment or other
articles for use, transportation and storage under conditions of high humidity combined
with cyclic temperature changes and, in general, producing condensation on the surface
of the specimen.If the test is being used to verify the performance of a specimen whilst
it is being transported or stored in packaging then the packaging will normally be fitted
when the test conditions are being applied.
For small, low mass specimens, it may be difficult to produce condensation on the surface
of the specimen using this procedure; users should consider the use of an alternative
procedure such as that given to IEC 60068-2-38.
3.4.15.2 Conditions
3.4.15.3 Purpose
This test demonstrates that the specimen can be operated in a location with high humid-
ity combined with moderate changes in temperature that could produce condensation.
This test also demonstrates (by extension of the temperature to 40C) that the speci-
men can be stored in conditions of high humidity combined with moderate changes in
temperature that could produce condensation.
Thermotron SM-16 climatic chamber, with 4800 controller and 2 input channels for
temperature and humidity monitoring. PC and video splitter used to supply video to
specimens.
BS EN 60068-2-52 and IEC 68-2-52 are alternative names for the same method which
is intended to measure how well components or equipment can withstand a salt-laden
atmosphere. The method is designed to reproduce the corrosive effect of salt on metals
where the mechanism is primarily electrochemical. It is also designed to reproduce the
degradation of non-metallic materials by salt. In this case degradation is due to complex
chemical reactions between salt and the materials involved.
We use this method mainly for testing electrical components and switchgear. If you need
to test paints, coatings etc, you may wish to consider the prohesion test as a possible
alternative.
The method involves the use of two different test chambers one where the samples are
exposed to salt spray and the other where they are stored under hot humid conditions.
The salt spray uses a 5% aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The cabinet may be
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 56
The test method enables samples to be tested to six different levels of severity. These are
intended to replicate different service conditions . ”Severity 1” for example corresponds
to a marine environment in close proximity to the sea and would be appropriate for a
sonar buoy or a ship’s radar antenna. Severities 3 to 6 are intended for situations where
there are frequent changes between salt-laden and dry atmospheres and are intended
to replicate the use of vehicles on roads treated with salt during the winter months.
Severities 3 to 6 include periods of storage outside the test chambers at 23 C and
between 45 and 55% Relative Humidity.
Each level of severity is defined in terms of the time which the sample spends in each
of the cabinets. In practice this involves alternating the sample between the salt spray
and the controlled temperature / humidity cabinets with the option of storage periods
at 23 C and between 45 and 55% Relative Humidity.
This method, i.e. Salt mist, cyclic(Sodium Chloride Solution), can be used to test the
relative resistance to corrosion of components or equipment, when exposed to a changing
climate of a salt mist (spray), followed by a high humidity, at an elevated temperature.
Test specimens are placed in an enclosed chamber (a separate salt mist chamber and
controlled humidity chamber are generally used), and exposed to a changing climate
that comprises of the following 2 part repeating cycle. 2.0 hours exposure to a contin-
uous indirect spray of neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.2) salt water solution, which falls-out on to
the specimens at a rate of 1.0 to 2.0ml/80cm/hour, in a chamber temperature of +15
to+35C. This is followed by either 7 days or 20 to 22 hours (depending on the test
severity) exposure to a high humidity climate of 93%RH, in a chamber temperature of
+40C. The number of cycle repeats is variable depending on the test severity.
The size of any object we can test is limited by the capacity of the salt spray chamber.
In practice this means that the test object must be capable of fitting inside a cube with
500 mm sides.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 57
3.4.17.1 Purpose
This test demonstrates that the specimen can be operated in a location with high hu-
midity,the specimen can be transported in conditions of high humidity,and the specimen
can be stored in conditions of high humidity.
3.4.17.2 Conditions
Thermotron SM-16 climatic chamber, with 4800 controller and 2 input channels for
temperature and humidity monitoring. PC and video splitter used to supply video to
specimens.
3.4.18.1 Scope
This standard is also applicable to components and subassemblies intended for incorpo-
ration in information technology equipment. It is not expected that such components
and subassemblies comply with every aspect of the standard, provided that the complete
information technology equipment, incorporating such components and subassemblies,
does comply. Information technology equipmentas follows are also applicable:
This standard specifies requirements intended to reduce risks of fire, electric shock or
injury for the OPERATOR and layman who may come into contact with the equipment
and, where specifically stated, for a SERVICE PERSON.
This standard is intended to reduce such risks with respect to installed equipment,
whether it consists of a system of interconnected units or independent units, subject to
installing, operating and maintaining the equipment in the manner prescribed by the
manufacturer.
• equipment intended for use where ingress of water is possible; for guidance on such
requirements and on relevant testing
• List of Figures,
• List of Tables,
• Bibliography
• power supply systems which are not an integral part of the equipment, such as
motor-generator sets, battery backup systems and transformers;
The protection of enclosures against ingress of dirt or against the ingress of water is de-
fined in IEC529 (BSEN60529:1991). Conversely, an enclosure which protects equipment
against ingress of particles will also protect a person from potential hazards within that
enclosure, and this degree of protection is also defined as a standard.
The degrees of protection are most commonly expressed as IP followed by two numbers,
e.g. IP65, where the numbers define the degree of protection. The first digit shows
the extent to which the equipment is protected against particles, or to which persons
are protected from enclosed hazards. The second digit indicates the extent of protection
against water. The wording in the table is not exactly as used in the standards document,
but the dimensions are accurate.
CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 60
2.pdf
61
REFERENCES
Mendel, J.: 2001, Uncertain rule-based fuzzy logic systems: introduction and new direc-
tions, Prentice Hall
Mendel, J. M.: 2003, in IEEE Connect., Newsletters IEEE Neural Networks Society,
Vol. 1, pp 10–13
Saini, J. S., Gopal, M., and Mittal, A. P.: 2004, IETE Journal of Reseach 50(3), 179
Singh, S. and Saini, J.: 2006, in Power India Conference, 2006 IEEE, p. 7, IEEE
62
INDEX
eBooks, 6
figures, 13
freeware, 7
Grammatical Mistakes, 10
Personalize, 8
remember, 6
tables, 14
Thesis, 16
63