MANAGEMENT EVOLUTION

The first known management idea was recorded in 500 BC when Sumerian traders develop
written records for government and commercial use. The application of management is also
evident in the Egyptian civilization from as early as 4000 – 3000 BC. The pyramid of Egypt
built with millions of stone blocks by utilizing people's services are the testimonials of a
coordinated effort on a vast scale. The creation of such a large structure would have certainly
required extensive planning, decision-making, organizing men and materials as well as
supervision.

Roman also made a significant contribution to management, which is reflected in the western
military hierarchy and public administration systems. It would not be possible to manage the
sizeable Roman Empire without the application of sound management principles. The army
commander developed techniques to motivate their army and slaves to perform the assigned
task by their actual potential.

Early management theory consisted of numerous attempts at getting to know this newcomer's
to modern life at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century
in Europe and the United States.

The contributions of civilization to administrative thought

a.  Sumerian civilisation

it was developing a written language, documenting Sumerian information and writing down
issues that affected them through paintings, pottery and administrative control under the
system of temples and priests.

b. Civilisation of the Ancient Egyptian

They divided the Pharaonic State into provinces each with a ruler answerable to the Pharaoh
and shared the workers’ army into large teams. A responsible director supervised each group
and each division was divided into groups of workers - a president who monitored its work
up to building of the pyramids.

c. Babylonian civilisation

Focused on the management, oversight of production, completion of the hanging gardens the
Tower of Babel.

d. The ancient Chinese civilisation

They focused on the principle of merit, approved exams and competitions as the basis for
appointment to public office.

e. Greek civilisation

The state system focused on the existence of councils and courts, popular bodies, and
administrative employees.

  f. Roman civilisation

Divide the empire into one hundred provinces and each province into smaller units.

g. Islamic civilisation

They were famous for practicing Shura and achieved great success in the East and West
Islamic conquests and focused on architecture, and were interested in building castles, forts,
towers, fences, gates, palaces, schools, and mosques.

The Trade of Somali Empire

Somalia was once a global superpower.

By the l4th century, Somalia was a modern state with government infrastructure, economy
and military comparable to other world power, the time. In the 15" Century, Vasco Da Gama
passed by Mogadishu and wrote that it was a large city that had buildings of four or five
storeys, large palaces and many mosques with cylindrical minarets.

For centuries, the Somali Empire was one of the main players in the Indian Ocean trade
between East and West. Historians use the term “Somali Empire “Awdal Sultanate’, or
“Ajuran Empire” to refer to the dozens of kingdom, empires, and sultanates that existed at
various times in history in the area currently occupied by the Somali-speaking people of
Somalia, Ethiopia, and Djibouti.

Their strategic location next to the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea gave them immense power
and control over the nature and volume of trade that took place between East and West.
Centuries before the Christian era, Somali traders were doing business with Egypt Greece,
Phoenix (present-day Lebanon), Babylon (present-day Iraq), Persia (present-day Iran),
Levant (present-day Syria), and the Roman Empire.

But the golden age of Somali Empire was between the 13th and 17th centuries when Somali
ports flourished as a result of lucrative international trade. During this period, Somali ports
operated like today’s port of Dubai Ships from India and the Far East offloaded their cargo on
Somali ports, and Somali traders re-exported it to Europe and the Arab world.

During the 16th Century, Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese sailor, stopped over in Mogadishu on
his way to the far-east. He wrote that during his stay there were many ships from India and
China which brought fabrics and spices, and returned with gold, ivory, giraffes, and zebras.

Most of the items that the ships carried back to the East were sourced by Somali traders from
Egypt, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Yemen, Mozambique’ Madagascar, and other Indian Ocean
islands.

So strong was the Somali economy during this period that they had their own currency that at
times served as legal tender in the Arab world and the Far East. Its economic power was
reinforced by a powerful navy that called shots in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden,
The Somali Empire's economic strength enhanced their international prestige so much that
they had diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire and with China. Their close ties with
the Ottoman Empire helped them acquire the arms they used to repulse several Portuguese
attempts to colonize them. Their relationship with China also gave Somali traders easy access
to Chinese goods and markets.

When the Berlin Conference of 1885 to 1886 was called to partition Africa, most of the
European powers wanted to colonize Somalia because of its strategic location, but only three
of them managed to divide among themselves. France took French Somalia (today’s
Djibouti), Britain took British Somaliland, and Italy took Italian Somaliland. By that time, the
Somali Empire had become weak. Although Somali people tried to fight off the attempts to
colonize them, they were defeated.

Administrative thought (School)

the Concept of an administrative school refers to a group of specialists or Scholars who share
their vision, definition and interpretation of a specific  Phenomenon in management and do
not mean the end of a historical era or a Specified place.

Administrative thoughts can be classified into the following contributions and administrative
schools:

1. the administrative of Islamic civilization.

2. The Classical School of management.

3. Behavioural School of management.

4. Modern schools of management.

The administrative of Islamic civilization

Islamic civilization contributed to administrative thought, Muslims have applied various

principles and concepts of administration in managing the state’s political, economic, social
and military affairs.

The administrative contributions of Islamic civilization

a) the incident of prophetic migration, which is one of the examples of planning, and the
emergence of different administrative levels when the Islamic State expands; What led to the
creation of the position of the deputy caliph, the post of judge, and the emergence of
ministries, all of which are considered examples of organization.

b) The presence of specialized administrative bodies in monitoring the powers entrusted to

them, called the bureaus is an example of censorship.

c) The mentoring process emerged by focusing on communication, motivating and leading

others.
CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL
The classical school is the oldest formal school of management thought. The classical
management theory developed during the industrial revolution when new problems related to
the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many
of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction so,
they began to look for solutions.
Three areas of study grouped under the classical school are ;
1. Scientific management
2. Administrative management
3. Bureaucratic management
Freederick Taylor Studies
Taylor, often called the father of scientific management, believed that Organizations should
study tasks and develops precise procedures. Taylor calculated how much iron from rail cars
Bethlehem Steel plant workers could be unloading if they were using the correct movements,
tools, and steps. The result was an astonishing. Taylor was able to increase the length of work
time and decrease the number of people shovelling from 500 to 140. he developed an
incentive system that paid workers more money to meet the new standard,

Contributions of Frederick Taylor in Management

1. Developing new standard methods for doing each job.
2. Selecting, training and developing workers instead of allowing them to choose their
tasks and train themselves.
3. Developing a spirit of cooperation between workers and management to ensure that
work is carried out by devised procedures.
4. Dividing work between workers and management in almost equal shares with each
group taking over the work for which it is best fitted.
5. Payment of wages based on the number of units completed.

Henri Fayol Studies

He was another leader in classical management theory who also focused on the efficiency of
workers, However, Henry Fayol looked at it from a managerial perspective—i.e., he focused
on improving management efficiency rather than improving each employee's efficiency.
He was the first management thinker who provided the conceptual framework of
management's functions. He created six functions of management, which are now taught as
the four essential functions of management:
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Leading
4. Controlling.
According to Henry Fayol, managers should be flexible in the application of these principles.
Fayol divided general and industrial management into the following six groups:

a. Technical activities - production, manufacture, adaptation.

b. Commercial activities - buying, selling, and exchange.
c. Financial activities - search for optimum use of capital.
d. Security activities - protection of property and persons.
e. Accounting activities - stock-taking, balance sheet, cost, and statistics.
f. Managerial activities - planning, organizing, command, coordination, and control.

14 Principles of Management in Henry Fayol.

1. Division of Work —
2. Authority
3. Discipline
4.Unity of Command
5. Unity of Direction
6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest
7. Remuneration
8. Centralization
9. Scalar Chain
10.Order
11.Equity

Max Weber Studies

He was the first pioneer in developing the concept of bureaucracy, he Studies the
bureaucratization of society. His critical study became one of the, ' enduring parts of his
work. It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the
popularization of this term. According to Max Weber, bureaucracy is defined as any
administration system conducted by trained professionals according to fixed rules.
Bureaucracy is a type of business structure popular among governments and public
administrations

Weber believed that all bureaucracies have the following characteristics:

1. A well-defined hierarchy
2. Division of labor and specialization.
3. Rules end regulations
4.Impersonal relationships between managers and employees.
5. Competence
6.Records

Principles of bureaucratic theory

1, Job specialization
2. Authority hierarchy
3, Formal selection
4 Formal rules and regulations
5. Impersonality
6, Career orientation