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Mathematics
Quarter 1 - Module 16
Solving Polynomial Equations

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 Lesson
The Solutions of Polynomial
1 Equations

What I Need to Know

This module is designed to solve polynomial equations, specifically:

1. solve the roots of polynomial equations using the different techniques; and
2. create polynomial equations.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1- Finding the Solutions of Polynomial Equations

 Lesson 2- Creating Equations Given Its Roots

Lesson 1 is designed for you to:

1. find the solutions of the polynomial equations;
2. identify the solutions whether it is rational, irrational, or complex number; and
3. develop the confidence in finding the solutions.

What I Know

Pre-assessment

Directions: Find out what you know about this lesson. Take note some items which
are difficult for you. Then answer this again after going through with the
lesson. Skip this lesson if you score at least 12 out of 15 items of this
activity. However, you may continue doing all the activities at your own
desire. Submit the self-rating to your teacher for this lesson.

1. Below is the synthetic division when P(x)= is divided by

.
1 -8 2 20
2
2 -12 -20
1 -6 -10 0
What is the root of the equation?
A. -10 B.
C. D.
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 2. From the synthetic division above, expressed the third row as a polynomial
equation in x?
A. B.
C. 0 D.

3. What kind of root does have?

i. rational ii. irrational iii. imaginary iv. Complex
A. i only B. ii only
C. ii and iii only D. ii and iv only

4. Which of the following is NOT a root of ?

i.-3 ii. -1/3 iii. 0 iv. 2

A. i only B. ii only
C. i and ii only D. iii and iv only

5. How many roots does this equation have?

A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4

6. How many positive roots does have?

A. 1 B. 2 or 0
C. 3 D. 4 or 2

7. If the degree of the polynomial equation is 4 at most how many possible roots
does this equation have?
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4

FOR ITEMS 8 AND 9

8. What is the leading coefficient in the equation ?
A. 3 B. 5
C. 6 D. 8

9. What is the constant term?

A. -5 B. 3
C. 6 D. 8

10. The only rational root of the equation

A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 6

11. Which root of the polynomial equation has a

multiplicity of 2?
A. -2 B. 0
C. 3 D. 4

12. Two roots of are 3 and i . What is the other root?

A. -3 B. -2
C. 2 D.

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 13. A quadratic equation has roots -5i, what is the other root?
A. -5i B. -5
C. 5 D. 5i

14. Find all the real roots of the equation

A. -1, B. 1,
C. 1, D. -1,

15. Find all rational roots of

A. -4, -1, 3 B. -3, -1, 4
C. -1, 3, 4 D. 1, 3, 4

What’s In

Activity 1: Let’s Recall

Directions: The following are the polynomial equations and its factors. Write the
roots on the space provided.

Polynomial Equations Factors Roots

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

A. For equation1-3, all roots are integers, while for equation 4 to7, the roots are
rational. Did you notice that all roots of 1 to 7 equations are also rational? Try
to recall rational numbers.

B. What kind of roots are there in equation 8 to 10 ? If you’ll use the rational root
theorem could you be able to find the roots?

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 What’s New
Activity 2: Let’s Find Out

Find the rational roots of x4 – 3x3 – x2 + 9x – 6 = 0

The leading coefficient is _____and the constant term is _____, so the possible
rational roots are p/q : ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6

Complete the table below to find the roots using the Factor Theorem.

Let P(x) then solve P(p/q).

p/q P(p/q) Roots

1 0 1 is a root

-1

-2

-3

6 660 6 is not a root

-6

A. Were you able to find the rational roots? How many rational roots does this
equation P(x) have? What does it mean?

B. Since the degree of the polynomial equation is 4, what is supposedly be the

number of roots?

C. If the remaining roots cannot be obtained by rational root theorem what

should you possibly do?

D. Which is simpler to use in testing the root, Factor Theorem or synthetic

division?

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 What ‘s It
Detailed Discussion

From the activity 2, all the possible roots are tested using the Factor Theorem,
but it came out to have two possible roots which are 1 and 2. This implies that (x-1)
and (x-2) are factors of the polynomial. Since the degree of the polynomial equation
is 4, there are still 2 possible roots that are not rational. Use synthetic division to get
these roots.
Here is how to do it. Use the roots you obtained by Factor theorem.

1 1 -3 -1 9 6 Test 1 as a root
1 -2 -3 -6
1 -2 -3 6 0

2 1 -2 -3 6 Test 2 as a root
2 0 -6
1 0 -3 0

From the factors obtained above, it has found that there are two rational roots.
Equate

. These roots are irrational.

Therefore, the four roots are: the rational roots -1, 2, and irrational roots

Now supposed the factors you got is what kind of roots

do you get?
We have one rational root, which is 3 and two imaginary roots or complex
roots, which are
How to solve the roots
Let

, to simplify this further let , so

,
,
Irrational numbers are numbers which are non-terminating or no-repeating
decimals, examples Complex numbers are numbers of the form a + bi
where i2 = -1.
Therefore, the roots of polynomial can be rational, irrational, complex or
imaginary number or complex number.
Now, you learned about finding the roots which are rational, irrational and
imaginary. You are now ready to the next activity.

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 What’s More
Activity 3: Let’s Have More

Part 1- Guided Practice

Find the roots of the polynomial equation defined by

The possible roots of the polynomial are

Complete the table below to find the roots using the Factor Theorem.
Let P(x) then solve P(p/q).

p/q P(p/q) Roots

-1

-2

-½

A. After finding one rational root, or one factor, use synthetic division to get the
other factors. Then solve for the other roots.

Part 2- Independent Practice

Solve the following polynomials equations. Use the Factor Theorem,
synthetic division, factoring, etc. in finding the roots.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Let’s Evaluate

Directions: Fill in the blanks below to complete the statement.

1.In finding the possible roots of the polynomial equation, look first the
________coefficient, and the_________ terms. Then list the ___________.

2. In using a Factor Theorem, find the number from the list of possible roots
that would give 0 as the ___________. If the remainder is zero, this number is a
________of the equation. If a root is obtained use ___________division. Repeat the
process until you reached up to a _________ equation . If the other factor is
quadratic, use factoring, quadratic formula or completing the square to get the roots.

3.The roots can be ______________ , _____________ and_____________.

Examples to these sets of roots are: {-1, 2, 5, ½. 3/2}, { , and
.

What I Can Do?

Activity 5: Find My Roots

Directions: Find all the roots of polynomial equations using the following steps:

a. Identify the following items:

i. Leading coefficient
ii. Degree
iii. constant term
iv. possible roots
b. Use the Factor Theorem to find the roots
c. Use synthetic division to find more roots
d. If the last row of the synthetic division is in quadratic form, find the roots by
factoring, completing the square or quadratic formula.
e. Identify the rational, irrational and imaginary roots.

1.

2.
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 3.

4.

5.

Now that you are done with all the activities in lesson 1, proceed to assessment.
If you missed some items or problems on this lesson, go back to the given
example. Study hard and let me know.

ASSESSMENT

Part 1- Guided Assessment

1. Complete the following synthetic division in finding the irrational roots of

:

2 1 1 -9 6
2 ( ) ( )
1 ( ) ( ) ( )

The depressed equation is ___________________.

Solve using the quadratic formula: x = , where

the values of 1, , and

The rational root is 2 and the irrational roots are: ______, and ______.

Part 2- Independent Assessment

Find the roots of the polynomial equation by Factor

Theorem, synthetic division, and the quadratic formula (5 points each).

Now that you are done with your assessment, you can proceed to
additional activities to enhance more your knowledge on finding the roots
polynomial equations. If you have no doubts proceed to lesson 2.

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 ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

Directions: Find the real roots of the following polynomial equation by

a. Factor Theorem (1 point)

b. Proceed to synthetic division to get the depressed equation (1 point), and
c. Find the other roots using the quadratic formula (3 points each).

1.

2.

3.

CONGRATULATIONS! You have done a great job! You can now proceed to
lesson 2 if you get all the items !

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 Lesson
Creating Polynomial Equation
2 Given the Roots
Congratulations for reaching Lesson 2! This means you successfully learned
lesson1. Good Luck!

What I Need to Know

This lesson is designed for you to:

1. recall the multiplication of polynomials;

2. find the polynomial equations given the roots; and

3. develop the confidence in finding the equation of polynomials given the roots.

What I Know

Pretest

Directions: This is a test of your prior knowledge to this lesson. Take note about the
questions that you found hard to answer. Then revisit this again after
you
have gone through with this lesson.

For Item number 1 and 2.

1. What is the degree of the polynomial equation ?

A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
E.
2. What is the constant term?
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
E.
3. Find the equation of a polynomial whose root is .
A. 3x-2=0 B. 3x+2=0
C. 2x-3=0 D. 2x+3=0

4. The root of the equation is what is the equation of the polynomial?

A. B.
C. x2 + 25 = 0 D. x2 – 25 = 0

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 5. What is the multiplicity of 3 as a root of the equation 3x
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4

6. Which of the following is the degree of the polynomial 3x

A. 1 B. 3
C. 4 D. 7

7. Which of the following polynomial equations has the same roots as the roots
of
A. B.
C. D.

8. Write the equation in linear factors with roots { -1, -5, 6}?
A. B.
C. D.

9. How many polynomial equations with these roots 5, -6 and 2?`

A. one B. three
C. many D. infinitely many

10. If the root is , what is the equation of polynomial?

A. B.
C. D.

For Item 8 and 9: refer to the equation below.

11. What is the general form of the equation
A. B.
D. C.

12. What kind of roots does the equation have?

i. Rational ii. Irrational iii. Complex

A. i only B. ii only C. i and ii only d. I and iii only.

13. What kind of roots does have?

A. Rational and complex C. Rational and Irrational

B. Irrational and complex D. complex and imaginary

14. Find a cubic polynomial equation with roots -5, and 2i.
A. C.
B. D.

15. What is the equation of a polynomial in binomial factors with the roots
?

A. C.
B. D.

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 What’s In

Activity 1: Let’s Observe

Directions: Observe the following polynomial equations on the left and the value of x
on the right column.

Polynomial Equation Value of x

1. =0 -2/3

2. 3, -1/2

3. 1(multiplicity 3), -7

4. -2, 3/2, -5

5. 3, -3, 1/2

A. What do you call by the value of x in relation to the polynomial equations?

B. Suppose 1 and -2/3 are the roots of the equation, how do you find the
equation?

What’s New

Activity 2: Let’s Find My Equation

Directions: Rewrite the following as product of linear factors.

Roots of Polynomial
Linear Factors Resulting Polynomial
Equations Equation

1.
2. -1, -2, 1
3. 2, -2/3, -3

A) Were you able to find the equation given the roots? How did you find it?

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 B) If you multiply the resulting equation with any real number say, in equation 1
by 3, will you be able to get the same roots?

C) For item number 4 and 5, were you able to find the polynomial equation with
irrational and complex number as roots?

What Is It

Detailed Discussion

Recall that in the factor theorem, for a polynomial P(x), a number c is a

solution to P(x)=0, if x –c is a factor of P(x).

Now if the roots are given, we can obtain the equation of polynomial P(x)
having these roots by expressing the factors from the given roots. A polynomial P(x)
can be written as

Example find the polynomial equation whose roots are

Therefore, is a polynomial equation with roots equal to 4 and -4.

But we can find another equation with these roots. But how can we do it?
Given x2 – 16=0
n(x2-16)= 0, multiply with any number n.

This equation has the same roots as x2 – 16=0.

Thus, if we let n = any number, we can produce infinitely many polynomial

equations with the same roots as P(x) = x2-16.

For item 4. The roots are: 3 and 1 , substitute this to quadratic equation.

, multiply this by

Thus, our equation is

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 The process use for irrational and complex numbers is the same as of rational
numbers. For complex number. i2= -1.
For item number 5. The roots are

since i2= -1
( -9 )

Our polynomial
equation given the complex roots.
Now that you know how to find polynomial equations given the roots, let us
have more exercises on our next activities.

What’s More

Activity 3. Let’s Have More Equations

Part-1: Guided/Controlled Practice
Directions: Given the roots of polynomial equation below. Find its equation in linear
factors, then in general form. Look for other equations by filling in the
table.
Roots of an Equation in linear factors Equation in general Other equations
Equation form with the given
roots
Example:
-3, -2, 4
1) -1, -5,
6
2) ½ , 1
-1/3,
3) 2, -5 2x2 + 6x -20 = 0

Part-1: Independent Practice

Directions: Given the roots of the polynomial, find its equation in linear and general
form. Then give another equation with the same roots given.
(3points each)
1.
2.
If you got at least a score of 12 points, proceed to activity 4. If NOT go back to
the activity and study harder.

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 4. Answer Me
Directions: Answer the questions as indicated.

A. Polynomial P(x) can be written as P(x) = ( )( )( )…( ) if r1 , r2, r3,…,

rn are roots.
B. If an equation is 3x3 -8x2+3x + 2=0, can you find another equation with the
same roots as this? How?

C. If the roots are can you find its equation just like how we find for the
equation having roots How? How about for complex numbers like ?
D. Discuss how you find the equations when the given is rational, irrational, and
complex number.

How is this activity? If you do it perfectly, proceed to activity 5.

What I Can Do

Activity 5: Can You Make It?

Directions: Answer the questions as indicated.

A) Find the polynomial equation using these clues.

a. P(1)=0

b. The constant term is -6

c. If we divide by x+2, 0 is the remainder

d. P(x) is a polynomial of degree 4.

e. (x-3) is a factor of P(x).

B) Find the polynomial equation with the given roots.

a. 2, -3

b. -1, -3/2, and -2

c. -2, -1, -5, and 1

d. 2/3, ±6i

e. 2 ,4

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 ASSESSMENT

Part 1: Guided Assessment

Directions: Match Column A which contains the roots a polynomial equation

with column B which contains product of its linear factors. Write the letter of your
answer.
A B
1. -3, -2, 1 a.
2. -2, -1, 1, 2 b.
3. -3, 1/2, 2 c.
4. -5, 1, 2, 3 d.
5. -2, ½, 3 e.
f.
g.

Part 2: Independent Assessment

Directions: Answer the following items.

A. Find the equations given the linear factors (2 points each).

1.

2.

B. Find the equation given the roots (3 points each).

1. -1, , 3

2. ,2

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

Directions: Answer the questions as indicated.

1. Find a cubic function with integral coefficient whose roots are -2, , and
3?

2. If the roots of polynomial equations are what is the polynomial

equation with integral coefficient?

3. Find the polynomial equation with the roots and .

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SUMMARY

This module presents solving polynomial equations. You learned how to find
the roots of polynomial equations using Rational Root Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Synthetic Division and Factoring. You learned also the different kinds of roots like
rational, irrational and imaginary or complex roots. You learned also how to create
polynomials.

You are now ready to assess your learning on this module. Good Luck!

Assessment: (Post-Test)

Directions: Choose the letter that best answers the question.

For items 1 and 2

1. What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial,

A. 3 B. 5
C. 8 D. 12

2. What is the constant term?

A. 0 B. 3
C. 5 D. 12

3. At most how many real roots does ?

A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4

4. Which of the following is NOT a root of

i. -1 ii. 0 iii. iv. 5

A. i only B. ii only
C. i and iii only D. ii and iv only

5. If P(-3) = 0 , which of the following statements is true about P(x)?

A. P(0)= -3 B. x-3 is a factor f P(x)
C. P(x)=0, has 3 positive roots D. x+3 is a factor of P(x)

6. How many positive real roots does ?

A. 0 B. 1
C. 2 or 0 D. 3 0r 1

7. If one of the roots of the polynomial equation is 1 - 3i, what is the other root?
A. -3i B. 1-3i
C. 3i D. 1+3i

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8. Suppose the given roots of the cubic equations are 2 and ,find the equation.
A. B.
C. D.

9. One of the roots of the polynomial equation 2 is .

Find the other roots.
A. -3 and -5 B. -5 and 3
C. -3 and 5 D. 3 and 5

10. If x = 1 is a root of , find the value of A.

A. -2 B.-1
C.1 D. 2

11. If is a solution of the equation , find the other two

solutions.
A. -2 and -1 B. -2 and 1
C. -1 and 2 D.1 and 2

12. Find the equation of the polynomial given the roots -1, .
A. B.
C. D.

13. Find the solutions of the polynomial equation

A. -4, -3, and -2 B. -4, -3 and 2
C. -4, 3 and 2 D. 4, 3 and 2

14. Which of the following cubic polynomial equations has roots -3, -2 and 4?
A. B.
C. D.

15. Find a polynomial equation with integral coefficient whose roots are: , and

A. B.
C. D.

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