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CIPAC Handbook, Volume 1, MISCELLANEOUS TECHNIQUES page 875

18.1 CIPAC Standard Waters

INTRODUCTION

At a meeting of the FAO Working Party on the Official Control of Pesticides, Section B, Specifications, in
December 1965, it was stated that WHO Standard Hard Water was not sufficiently representative of the
great range of naturally occurring waters found throughout the world. It was decided that a range of
Standard Waters was required to simulate the degrees of hardness not covered by the WHO standard.
The Standard Water Group of the Formulation Panel has studied this problem and has recommended to
CIPAC the adoption of the Standard Waters given below. Unless otherwise specified, Standard Water MT
18.1.4 should be used. In composition this is equivalent to the WHO Standard Hard Water although the
method of preparation is different.

REAGENTS

Calcium carbonate-containing not less than 99% calcium carbonate; heat for 2 h at 400o C before use.

Magnesium oxide-containing not less than 99% magnesium oxide; dry for 2 h at 105 oC before use.

Sodium hydrogen carbonate-contaIning not less than 99% sodium hydrogen carbonate.

Ammonia solution-approximately 1N.

Hydrochloric acid 1.0N and 0.1N solution ; RE 14.2 and RE 14.1.

Sodium hydroxide-0.1 N solution; RE 25.1.

Methyl red -indicator solution; RE 18.1.

Stock solutions-A, B and C as follows:

Solution A-0.04M calcium ion solution.

Weigh, accurately, calcium carbonate (4.0 g) and transfer to
a 500 ml conical flask with a minimum of distilled water. Place
a small filter funnel in the mouth of the flask. Add slowly,
hydrochloric acid (82 ml of 1 ON solution) to the flask, via the
filter funnel, swirling the contents.
When all the calcium carbonate is dissolved, dilute the solution to approximately 400 ml with
distilled water, and boil to expel excess carbon dioxide. Cool the solution, add methyl red indicator
solution (2 drops) and neutralize to an intermediate orange colour with the ammonia solution, added
dropwise. Transfer, quantitatively, to a 1000 ml volumetric flask, make up to volume with distilled
water, mix, and store in a polyethylene container. One ml of this solution, when diluted to 1000 ml,
gives a water containing 4 p.p.m. hardness, expressed as calcium carbonate.

Solution B-0.04M magnesium ion solution.

Weigh, accurately, magnesium oxide (1.613 g) and transfer to a 500 ml conical flask with a
minimum of distilled water. Put a small filter funnel in the mouth of the flask and add, slowly
hydrochloric acid (82 ml of 1.0 N solution).
Warm, gently, to dissolve, and when all the magnesium oxide is in solution, dilute to approximately
400 ml with distilled water, and boil to expel any carbon dioxide.
Cool, add methyl red indicator solution (2 drops) and neutralize to an intermediate orange colour by
dropwise addition of the ammonia solution. Transfer quantitatively to a 1000 ml volumetric flask,
make up to volume with distilled water, mix, and
 store in a polyethylene container. One ml of this solution, when diluted to 1000 ml, gives a water
containing 4 p.p.m. hardness, expressed as calcium carbonate.

Solution C-1.0 M sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.

Weigh sodium hydrogen carbonate (84.01 g), dissolve in distilled water (800 ml), transfer to a
1000 ml volumetric flask and make up to volume. One ml, diluted to 1000 ml, gives a water
containing the equivalent of 23 p.p.m. of sodium.

APPARATUS

1000 ml beakers.
500 ml conical flasks.
1000 ml volumetric flasks.
100 ml measuring cylinders.
10 and 25 ml graduated pipettes.
pH meter, with glass/calomel electrode assembly.
Filter funnels.

18.1.1 STANDARD WATER A

20 p.p.m. hardness ; pH 5.0 to 6.0; Ca:Mg = 50:50

PREPARATION

Pipette 2.5 ml of Solution A and 2.5 ml of Solution B into a 1000 ml beaker and dilute to approximately
800 ml with de-ionized water. Using a pH meter, adjust the solution to pH 5.0 to 6.0 (Note 1) by the
dropwise addition of 0.1N sodium hydroxide or 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, as appropriate. Transfer the
solution, quantitatively, to a 1000 ml volumetric flask and make to volume with de-ionized water (Note
2).

18.1.2 STANDARD WATER B

20 p.p.m. hardness; pH 8.0 to 9.0; Ca:Mg = 80:20

PRErARATION

Pipette 4.0 ml of Solution A, l.0 ml of Solution B and 2.0 ml of Solution C into a 1000 ml beaker and
dilute to approximately 800 ml with de-ionized water.
Using a pH meter, adjust the solution to pH 8.0 to 9.0 by the dropwise addition of 0.1N sodium
hydroxide. Transfer the solution, quantitatively, to a 1000 ml flask and make to volume with deionized
water (Note 2).

18.1.3 STANDARD WATER C

500 p.p.m. hardness; pH 7.0 to 8.0; Ca:Mg 80:20

PREPARATION

Pipette 100 ml of Solution A, and 25 ml of Solution B into a 1000 ml beaker and dilute to
approximately 800 ml with de-ionized water (Note 2). Using a pH meter, adjust the solution to pH 7.0 to
8.0 by the dropwise addition of 0.1N sodium hydroxide. Transfer the solution, quantitatively, to a 1000 ml
volumetric flask and make up to volume with de-ionized water (Note 2).

18.1.4 STANDARD WATER D (WHO Standard Hard Water)

342 p.p.m. hardness; pH 6.0 to 7.0; Ca:Mg 80:20
PREPARATION

Pipette 68.5 ml of Solution A and 17.0 ml of Solution B into a 1000 ml beaker and dilute to
approximately 800 ml with de-ionized water. Using a pH meter, adjust the solution to pH 6.0 to 7.0 by the
dropwise addition of 0.1N sodium hydroxide. Transfer the solution, quantitatively, to a 1000 ml volumetric
flask and make to volume with de-ionized water.

Note 1 The pH after adjustment should be near the middle of the stated range, to allow for any slight
change on standing.
Note 2 It is recommended that de-ionized water be used for the preparation of working solutions, since
distilled water may have a pH < 5.0, requiring excessive addition of sodium hydroxide for pH
adjustments.
Note 3 The hardness of the final solutions can be checked by MT 73.