1) HYDRAULIC LIFT:

Hydraulic lift is a device for carrying persons and loads from

one floor to another, in a multi-storey building. The hydraulic
lifts are of the following types.
1. Direct acting hydraulic lift and
2. Suspended hydraulic lift.
The direct acting hydraulic lift consist of a ram sliding in a
cylinder. A platform or a cage is fitted to the top end of ram on
which goods may be placed or the persons may stand. As the
liquid under pressure is admitted to the cylinder, the ram
moves up and the cage is lifted. The lift of the cage is equal to
the stroke of the ram. The cage moves in the downward
direction when the liquid from the fixed cylinder is removed.
The suspended hydraulic lift is a modified form of the direct
acting hydraulic lift. It is fitted with a jigger which is exactly,
same as in the case of a hydraulic crane. The cage is suspended
by ropes. It runs between guides of hard wood round steel. In
order to balance the weight of the cage sliding balance weights
are provided. [Gupta, 2006]

2) CYLINDER SELECTION
The hydraulic cylinder (or the hydraulic actuator) is a
mechanical actuator that is used to give a unidirectional stroke.
It has many applications, notably in engineering.
Single Acting Cylinders
Single acting cylinders use hydraulic oil for a power stroke in
one direction only. The return stroke is affected by a
mechanical in one direction only. The return stroke is affected
by a mechanical spring located inside the cylinder. For single
acting cylinders with no spring, some external actin force on
the piston rod causes its return.
Double Acting Cylinders
Double acting cylinder uses compressed air or hydraulic fluid
to pour both the forward and return strokes. This makes them
ideal for bushing and pulling and pulling within the same
application they are suitable for full stroke working only at
slow speed which results in gentle contact at the ends of stroke.
DESIGN THEORY AND CALCULATION
In this section all design concepts developed are discussed and
based on evaluation criteria and process developed, and a final
here modified to further enhance the functionality of the
design. Considerations made during the design and fabrication
of a single acting cylinder is as follows:
a. Functionality of the design
b. Manufacturability
c. Economic availability. i.e. General cost of material and
fabrication techniques employed
Hydraulic cylinder:
The hydraulic cylinder is mounted in inclined position. The
total load acting on the cylinder consists of:
 Mass to be put on lift : 500 kg Taking FOS = 1.5 for
mass in pallet 500 x 1.5 = 750 kg rounding the mass
to 800kg
 Mass of top frame= 22.5 kg
 Mass of each link:5kg(5*8)=40kg
 Mass of links of cylinder mounting=4kg Mass of
cylinder=8.150kg
 Total Mass : 22.5+40+8.150+4+800 = 874.65 kg
 Total load = 874.65x 9.81 = 8580.316N
Scissors lift calculations:
For a scissor lift Force required to lift the load is dependent on,
Angle of link with horizontal Mounting of cylinder on the links
Length of link. Formula used
Where W = Load to be lifted
S= a2 + L2 -2aL*cos α
S = Distance between end points of cylinder.
L= length of link = 0.6 m
α = angle of cylinder with horizontal.
Now the maximum force will act on the cylinder
When the cylinder is in shut down position i.e when the scissor
links are closed .For calculations we will consider α=300
Thus substituting α=300 in eqn (1), We get F=8580.316N
Selecting 63mm diameter cylinder
Area of the cylinder= force/pressure
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2017 13900
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Area=(3.14*632)/2
=3117.24mm2
Pressure =(Force/Area)
=(8580.316/3117.24*10-6)
=27.52bar
DESIGN OF LINK
Now Let Hy0 =Mass applied on the lift=800kg
B=Mass of the lit which the cylinder needs to lift=74.65kg
Hyi=Total weight =8580.316N
 Only two forces are calculated here
1. Forces at the end of link: as forces at ends of link are same
in magnitude.
2. Force at middle of link.
 In our case, the levels are numbered from the top.
For level 1 X1 = XBi-1
For level 2 X 2= XBi
The angle of cylinder with horizontal is θ=200.
Hyi=8580.316N
X2=Hyi*i
=8580.316*1*0.5*(cot20/2)
=11787.112N
Resultant of X 2 & HYi/4
R1 = √(11787.112)2+(8580.316/4)2
R1 = 11980.708N.
Above force will act on all the joints at end of each link.
STRESSES IN CYLINDERS
When cylinders are subjected to internal fluid pressure, the
following types of stresses are developed.
 Hoop or circumferential stress.
 Longitudinal stress.
Hoop stress is produced as a result of forces applied
from inside the cylindrical pipe pushing against the pipe walls.
Hoop stress is the result of forces pushing against the
circumferential cylinder walls. While, longitudinal stress is as
a result of forces pushing against the top ends of a cylinder.
These forces are derived using Newton’s first law.Let
d = internal diameter of cylinder
T = thickness of cylinder
P = internal pressure (gauge) in the cylinder
c = circumferential or hoop stress
l = longitudinal stress
L = length of cylinder or pipe
Hoop stress c = pd/2t
Longitudinal stress l = pd/4t
Maximum Shear Stress Tmax = pd = c
-l
Bursting force (pressure) = pdL
Resisting strength = 2Ltc
Busting force = resisting strength ( pdL = 2Ltc )
Note: the maximum stress developed must not exceed the
permissible tensile stress (t) of the material.
BASIC DIMENSIONS OF COMPONENT MEMBER.
Lift Extension
At maximum extension, an ―X‖ arrangement of the lift moves
0.9m = 900mm.
Total number of tiers of scissors (combined) = 3
Thus, total height of extension = 3 × 0.9 = 2.7m.
Length of base = 1400mm
Width of base = 800mm
Height of base from ground = 500mm
At maximum extension, Angle of inclination = 50
At maximum extension, distance between two scissors feet =
800mm
Distance moved by sliding foot to full extension = 400mm
Bearings
Number of ball bearings = 4
Number of shell bearings = 36
Internal diameter of ball bearings = 30mm
Internal diameter of shell bearings = 11mm
External diameter of ball bearings = 50mm
External diameter of shell bearings = 15mm
Pivot pin diameter = 14.6mm
Platform
Total height of platform = 1400mm.
Total width of plat form = 800mm
Total height of platform = 800mm
Permissible load on plat form + platform weight = 300kg =
2.94kn.
Jointed Members
Thickness of rectangular pipe = 3mm
Thickness of angle bar = 3mm.
Scissors Arm
The material used for the scissors arms (members), is stainless
steel. With the density and the dimensions of the scissors arms
known, the mass can be calculated using the relationship.
Density (ρ) = Mass (M) kg/m3
Volume
Mass = ρ.v
Density of stainless steel (type 304) = 7900kg/m3
Area (cross sectional area) = A1 – A2
A1 = Outer cross sectional area
A2 = Inner cross sectional area
A1 = Height × breadth = h × b
A2 = (h – t)(b – t)
Where h = scissors arm height
b = breadth
t = thickness of material.
Volume (v) = area × lengt V = AL (m3
)
V. MODAL IS DRAWN:
Figure.11. Base part
Figure.12. Bolt
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, July 2017 13901
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Figure.13. Hydraulic setup asm
Figure.14. Inner connecting frame
Figure.15. Outer connecting frame
Figure.16. Side stud
Figure.17. Top Plate
Figure.18. Total assembly of lift
PROCEDURE:
Importing the Model:
In this step the PRO/E model is to be imported into ANSYS
workbench as follows:
In utility menu file option and selecting import external
geometry and open file and click on generate. To enter into
simulation module click on project tab and click on new
simulation

3) STRESS ANALYSIS ON SPUR GEAR USING ANalYSis

Gears are widely used in all types of

machinery in the industry. Ever since gear
was known for many years before, they
become an integral part of every machine.
The initial gear drives were simple, and a
rod inserted mounted axially. They used to
transmit rotational force or circular motion from one part to another. Pair of
gears are used with a lower speed cycle. The main difficulty by this system is
when the loads and speed were raised the contact stresses were generated at
the tip of contact where materials could not withstand these types of stresses
due to high wear and contact area. An analysis is done on Footstep power
generator project where gear driver is used, analysis is done in Ansys
software. 50 Nm torque was used for the simulation to avoid failure. Torque is
applied to one of the spur gears and by frictionless support. Other gear was
supported by a fixed. A very fine mesh is used for the simulation. It is
concluding, Mild Steel gives a factory of safety (FoS) 2.01 for a moment of
50Nm. 2 spur gears are sufficient for the foot-step power generator.

4) OPTIMAL DESIGN AND STRESS/STRAIN ANALYSIS OF WIND

TURBINE BLADE FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE IN ENERGY
GENERATION VIA SIMULATION APPROACH

Design analysis is one of the significant steps that must be put in place during
the production of any mechanical component. The Optimal designs are design
methodology employed to carry out the practical design of mechanical
components with specific statistical measurement. In this case study, the
optimal design is applied to design a wind turbine blade. Considering the
environmental situation of the low wind speed region during the energy
generation is very significant. And the wind energy conversion to electricity
has been proven to be environmentally friendly and free from pollutions [1]. El
Mouhsine et al. [2] study the aerodynamics analysis of wind turbine blade
employing the element momentum method, considering the twist angle and
the chord length. The Matlab software and Reynold Average Navier Stroke
(RANS) were used to analyse the data obtained from the lift and drag
simulation coefficients and fluid flow of the aerofoil unit. The developed model
for the aerodynamic wind blade was employed to optimize the grid and the
stepping time of the operations. Schubel and Crossley [3] carried out a review
describing the principles of design of wind blade with the various gravitational,
centrifugal, and gyroscopic force acting on the edge during operations.
 
 
 

5) An Autonomous Forklift Research Platform for Warehouse

Autonomous vehicle technology has seen transformative change over the
past decade, enabling products such as autonomous automobiles. In the field of
warehouse automation, autonomous vehicles have a long history, with automatic
guided vehicles (AGVs) existing since the 1950s. Early vehicles were inflexible and
relied on costly infrastructure. However, advances in technology have enabled a much
greater level of sophistication. Yet, currently only 16% of companies operating
warehouses make use of AGVs. Additionally, modern AGVs available today, while
quite sophisticated, are still relatively inflexible and costly. In thisproject, they develop
a prototype forklift AGV research platform capable of operation in an indoor
warehouse environment. The aim of the project is to provide researchers with a
vehicle platform with which to experiment with advanced autonomy and push the
boundaries of AGV capability.
 6) Lathe machine tool
The lathe is one of the oldest and most important machine tools. Wood lathes
were in use in France as early as 1569. During the Industrial Revolution in
England the machine was adapted for metal cutting. The rotating horizontal
spindle to which the workholding device is attached is usually power driven at
speeds that can be varied. On a speed lathe the cutting tool is supported on a
tool rest and manipulated by hand. On an engine lathe the tool is clamped
onto a cross slide that is power driven on straight paths parallel or
perpendicular to the work axis. On a screwcutting lathe the motion of the
cutting tool is accurately related to the rotation of the spindle by means of a
lead screw that drives the carriage on which the cutting tool is mounted.
7) Helical Groove Machining
An investigation is reported on identifying valid machine tool setup conditions
for grinding or milling of helical grooves using profiled disc-type cutting tools.
When using existing analytical models to design cutter profiles for helical
groove machining, it is often found that no valid solution can be found if the
machine setup is not properly selected. In the present investigation, the criteria
for obtaining a valid cutter profile are established and applied to finding the
range of allowable setup conditions for both smooth workpiece profiles and
profiles with one or more singular points. These results are illustrated using a
CAD/CAM software package for helical groove machining.
8) Rotary engine inventor Felix Wankel born
The German engineer Felix Wankel, inventor of a rotary engine that will be
used in race cars, is born on August 13, 1902, in Lahr, Germany.

Wankel reportedly came up with the basic idea for a new type of internal
combustion gasoline engine when he was only 17 years old. In 1924, Wankel
set up a small laboratory where he began the research and development of his
dream engine, which would be able to attain intake, compression, combustion
and exhaust, all while rotating. He brought his knowledge of rotary valves to
his work with the German Aeronautical Research Establishment during World
War II, and to a leading German motorcycle company, NSU Motorenwerk AG,
beginning in 1951. Wankel completed his first design of a rotary-piston engine
in 1954, and the first unit was tested in 1957.

In other internal-combustion engines, moving pistons did the work of getting

the combustion process started; in the Wankel rotary engine, an orbiting rotor
in the shape of a curved equilateral triangle served this purpose. Fewer
moving parts created a smoothly performing engine that was lightweight,
compact, low-cost and required fewer repairs. After NSU officially announced
the completion of the Wankel rotary engine in late 1959, some 100 companies
around the world rushed to propose partnerships that would get the engine
inside their products. Mazda, the Japanese automaker, signed a formal
contract with NSU in July 1961, after receiving approval from the Japanese
government.

In an attempt to experiment with the rotary engine and perfect it for use in its
vehicles, Mazda formed an RE (Rotary Engine) Research Department in 1963.
The Cosmo Sport, which Mazda released in May 1967, was the planet’s first
dual-rotor rotary engine car. With futuristic styling and superior performance,
the Cosmo wowed car enthusiasts worldwide. Mazda began installing rotary
engines in its sedans and coupes in 1968, and the vehicles hit the U.S. market
in 1971. In the wake of a global oil crisis in 1973-74, Mazda continually worked
on improving its rotary engines to improve fuel efficiency, and by the end of
that decade its sports cars had become popular in both Europe and the United
States In addition to Mazda, a number of other companies licensed the
Wankel engine during the 1960s and 1970s, including Daimler-Benz, Alfa
Romeo, Rolls Royce, Porsche, General Motors, Suzuki and Toyota.
Meanwhile, Wankel continued his own work with the rotary piston engine,
forming his own research establishment in Lindau, Germany, in the mid-
1970s. In 1986, he sold the institute for 100 million Deutschmarks (around $41
million) to Daimler Benz, maker of the Mercedes. Wankel filed a new patent as
late as 1987; the following year, he died after a long illness.

9) DESIGN & FABRICATION OF HYDRAULIC PRESS

Abstract: A hydraulic press is a machine using a hydraulic cylinder to generate a
compressive force. Frame and cylinder are the main components of the hydraulic
press. In this project press frame and cylinder are designed by design procedure. The
frame and cylinder are modeled by using modeling software CATIA. Using the
optimum resources possible in designing the hydraulic press components can effect
reduction in the cost by optimizing the weight of material utilized for building the
structure. An attempt has been made in this direction to reduce the volume of material.
So in this paper consideration for an industrial application consisting of mass
minimization of H frame type hydraulic press.
10)Modeling of the Turbine Rotor Journal Restoration on Horizontal Balancing
Machines
Abstract and figures: During the normal operational life of a turbine, its rotor
journal seating surfaces are wearing and therefore, repair operations, including
turning and grinding of such surfaces and next rotor balancing on the balancing
machines, are carried out. Traditional turbine rotors machining is provided by fixing
them through the centers and demands the corresponding large size machine
tools and the strategy «machine tool to rotor» is often used. To minimize
mobilization and transportation cost, the problem of the turbine rotor restoration by
using centerless grinding technique on the lightweight horizontal balancing
machines is resolved. A computer simulation model of such grinding with
workpieces located on their machining surfaces is presented. To validate the
approaches, a proposed computer simulation was carried out. Theoretical and
computational investigations demonstrate that the deviation from the roundness of
a workpiece may be reduced from the initial value of half a millimeter to a final
value of 10 micrometers by using a special location of cutting tools.