A ssi g n men t

Of

Human Resource Managem ent

Topic

Job Analysis

Submitted to:

Sir Yasir Aftab

Submitted by:

RIZWAN SIDDIQUE

Dated:

13 January, 2009.

MOHI-UD-DIN ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

NERIAN SHARIF AJK
 Summary

job analysis is to prepare job description and job

specification which in turn helps to hire the right

quality of workforce into the organization. The

general purpose of job analysis is to document the

requirements of a job and the work performed.

Job and task analysis is performed as a basis for

later improvements, including: definition of a job

domain; describing a job; developing performance

appraisals, selection systems, promotion criteria,

training needs assessment, and compensation

plans.
 Contents
Definition: 4

Job analysis 4

Purpose

Methods

Job observe : 5

Questionnaires method; 5

Systems

functional job analysis 5

Functional job analysis 5

Job description of accountant: 6

Nature of the Work For Accountants 6

. Management accountants—

Government accountants work in the public sector; 7

Work environment. 8

Job Training

Education and training 8.

Other qualifications.

Certification and advancement.

Job prospects 8
Definition:

Under administrative direction of the City Manager, plans, organizes, provides administrative
direction and oversight for and participates in the activities and functions of a City department,
which includes developing departmental goals and objectives; developing, implementing and
enforcing policies, procedures and standards; planning and organizing the delivery of programs
and services; developing departmental budgets; approving expenditures and monitoring revenue
and expenditures; providing expert professional assistance to City management staff in areas of
expertise; fostering cooperative working relationships with other departments, outside agencies
and the public served; and performs related work as required.

Job analysis
Purpose
The main purpose of conducting job analysis is to prepare job description and job specification
which in turn helps to hire the right quality of workforce into the organization. The general
purpose of job analysis is to document the requirements of a job and the work performed. Job
and task analysis is performed as a basis for later improvements, including: definition of a job
domain; describing a job; developing performance appraisals, selection systems, promotion
criteria, training needs assessment, and compensation plans

In the fields of Human Resources (HR) and Industrial Psychology, job analysis is often used to
gather information for use in personnel selection, training, classification, and/or compensation

The field of vocational rehabilitation uses job analysis to determine the physical requirements of
a job to determine whether an individual who has suffered some diminished capacity is capable
of performing the job with, or without, some accommodation.

Professionals developing certification exams use job analysis (often called something slightly
different, such as "task analysis") to determine the elements of the domain which must be
sampled in order to create a content valid exam. When a job analysis is conducted for the
purpose of valuing the job (i.e., determining the appropriate compensation for incumbents) this is
called "job evaluation."

Methods
There are several ways to conduct a job analysis, including: interviews with incumbents and
supervisors, questionnaires (structured, open-ended, or both), observation, critical incident
investigations, and gathering background information such as duty statements or classification
specifications. In job analysis conducted by HR professionals, it is common to use more than one
of these methods.

Job observe :
For example, the job analysts may tour the job site and observe workers performing their jobs.
During the tour the analyst may collect materials that directly or indirectly indicate required
skills (duty statements, instructions, safety manuals, quality charts, etc). The analyst may then
meet with a group of workers or incumbents. And finally, a survey may be administered. In these
cases, job analysts typically are industrial/organizational psychologists or Human Resource
Officers who have been trained by, and are acting under the supervision of an industrial
psychologist. In the context of vocational rehabilitation, the primary method is direct observation
and may even include video recordings of incumbents involved in the work.

Questionnaires method;

Questionnaires are the most common methodology employed by certification test developers,
although the content of the questionnaires (often lists of tasks that might be performed) are
gathered through interviews or focus groups. Job analysts can at times operate under the
supervision of a psychometrician.

Systems
. Data available from ` includes physical requirements, educational level, and some mental
requirements.

functional job analysis

. The Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) is a well-known job analysis method. Although it is
labeled a questionnaire, the PAQ is actually designed to be completed by a trained job analyst
who interviews the subject matter experts (e.g., job incumbents and their supervisors).

Functional job analysis

(FJA) is a task-based (or work-oriented) technique developed by Sidney Fine and colleagues in
1944. In this method, work elements are scored in terms of relatedness to data, and things with
lower scores representing greater complexity. Incumbents, considered subject matter experts, are
relied upon, usually in a panel, to report elements of their work to the job analyst. Using
incumbent reports, the analyst uses Fine's terminology to compile statements reflecting the work
being performed in terms of data, people, and things. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles uses
elements of the FJA in defining jobs.

Task inventories use tasks gathered from Subject Matter Experts about the tasks performed by
the job incumbents. Typically, subject matter experts rate long lists of tasks on scales such as
frequency, amount of time spent, or importance.
Job description of accountant:

Prepare, examine, and analyze accounting records, financial statements, and other financial
reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural
standards.

Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting and
other tax requirements.

Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations, to
project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.
Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.
Establish tables of accounts, and assign entries to proper accounts.
Develop, maintain, and analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs
to actual costs.
Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use
of current computer technology.
Prepare forms and manuals for accounting and bookkeeping personnel, and direct their work
activities.
Survey operations to ascertain accounting needs and to recommend, develop, and maintain
solutions to business and financial problems.
Work as Internal Revenue Service agents.
Advise management about issues such as resource utilization, tax strategies, and the assumptions
underlying budget forecasts.
Provide internal and external auditing services for businesses and individuals.
Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of
accounting and data processing systems, and long-range tax and estate plans.
Investigate bankruptcies and other complex financial transactions and prepare reports
summarizing the findings.

Nature of the Work For Accountants

Accountants and auditors help to ensure that the Nation’s firms are run efficiently, its public
records kept accurately, and its taxes paid properly and on time. They analyze and communicate
financial information for various entities such as companies, individual clients, and government.
Beyond carrying out the fundamental tasks of the occupation—preparing, analyzing, and
verifying financial documents in order to provide information to clients—many accountants also
offer budget analysis, financial and investment planning, information technology consulting, and
limited legal services.

. Management accountants—
record and analyze the financial information of the companies for which they work. Among their
other responsibilities are budgeting, performance evaluation, cost management, and asset
management. Usually, management accountants are part of executive teams involved in strategic
planning or the development of new products. They analyze and interpret the financial
information that corporate executives need in order to make sound business decisions. They also
prepare financial reports for other groups, including stockholders, creditors, regulatory agencies,
and tax authorities. Within accounting departments, management accountants may work in
various areas, including financial analysis, planning and budgeting, and cost accounting.

Government accountants work in the public sector;

maintaining and examining the records of government agencies and auditing private businesses
and individuals whose activities are subject to government regulations or taxation. Accountants
employed by Federal, State, and local governments ensure that revenues are received and
expenditures are made in accordance with laws and regulations. Those employed by the Federal
Government may work as Internal Revenue Service agents or in financial management, financial
institution examination, or budget analysis and administration.

Work environment.

Most accountants and auditors work in a typical office setting. Some may be able to do part of
their work at home. Accountants and auditors employed by public accounting firms, government
agencies, and organizations with multiple locations may travel frequently to perform audits at
branches, clients’ places of business, or government facilities.

Most accountants and auditors usually work a standard 40-hour week, but many work longer
hours, particularly if they are self-employed and have numerous clients. Tax specialists often
work long hours during the tax season.

Job Training / Job Education Requirements For

Accountants and Auditors

Most accountants and auditors need at least a bachelor’s degree in business, accounting, or a
related field. Many accountants and auditors choose to obtain certification to help advance their
careers, such as becoming a Certified Public Accountant (CPA).

Education and training.

Most accountant and auditor positions require at least a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a
related field. Beginning accounting and auditing positions in the Federal Government, for
example, usually require 4 years of college or an equivalent combination of education and
experience..

Other qualifications.
 Previous experience in accounting or auditing can help an applicant get a job. Many colleges
offer students the opportunity to gain experience through summer or part-time internship
programs conducted by public accounting or business firms. In addition, as many business
processes are now automated, practical knowledge of computers and their applications is a great
asset for jobseekers in the accounting and auditing fields.

People planning a career in accounting and auditing should have an aptitude for mathematics and
be able to analyze, compare, and interpret facts and figures quickly. They must be able to clearly
communicate the results of their work to clients and managers both verbally and in writing.
Accountants and auditors must be good at working with people, business systems, and
computers. At a minimum, accountants and auditors should be familiar with basic accounting
and computer software packages. Because financial decisions are made on the basis of their
statements and services, accountants and auditors should have high standards of integrity.

Certification and advancement.

Professional recognition through certification, or a designation other than the CPA, provides a
distinct advantage in the job market. Certification can attest to professional competence in a
specialized field of accounting and auditing. Accountants and auditors can seek credentials from
a wide variety of professional societies.

Job prospects

In the aftermath of the accounting scandals, professional certification is even more important to
ensure that accountants’ credentials and knowledge of ethics are sound. Regardless of specialty,
accountants and auditors who have earned professional recognition through certification or
licensure should have the best job prospects. Applicants with a master’s degree in accounting .

References:
http://www.mvp.cfec.org/en/aboutentwhatisentprocess.html.

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