Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 1

Sample Problems

Compute each of the following integrals. Assume that a and b are positive.

Z Z
Z15
1. e 4x dx x 26. 42 cos x sin x (sin x + 1)5 dx
14. p dx
x+1
0
Z8 Ze2
2. e 4x dx 1
Z3 27. p dx
ex e x x ln x
0 15. dx e
ex +e x
Z 0
Z
207
3. x2 2 x3 6x dx Z 28. tan x dx
1
16. p p dx
Z x ( x + 1)
Z
4. ecos x sin x dx 29. sec x dx
Z1
x+1
17. dx
Z=2 x2 + 1 Z
0 x2
5. ecos x sin x dx 30. q dx
1 (x3 1)2
0
Z1
Z 18. xe 3x2 dx Z
3x ex
6. dx 0 31. dx
(x2 + 1)7 e2x + 1

Z Z p p Z
12x3 1+ x 1
7. dx 19. p dx 32. p dx
3x4 +1 x 16 x2

Z Z p
3x2 +8x
sin x Z5
8. ( 3x + 4) e dx 20. p dx 1
x 33. dx
4x ln x [ln (ln x)]3
4
Z
Z2 x3
3x2 +8x 21. dx
9. ( 3x + 4) e dx (x2 + 2)2 Z=3
0 34. sin x cos x cos3 x dx
Z
Z 1 0
x+5 22. dx
10. dx x2 +9
x2 + 1 Z
Z 35. sin2 x dx
Z 1
ex 23. dx
11. dx a2 x2 + b2
ex + 1
Z1
Z p
Z sin 1
x 36. 1 x2 dx
24. p dx
12. cos x sin5 x dx 1 x2 1

Z Z =3
x Zr
13. p dx 25. sin 2x sin x dx p
x+1 0 37. 2 r2 x2 dx
r

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 2

Sample Problems - Answers

1 4x 1 1 32 1 208
1.) e +C 2.) e 3.) x3 6x +C 4.) ecos x + C 5.) e 1
4 4 4 624
1 1 3x2 +8x 1 4 1
6.) 6 +C 7.) ln 3x4 + 1 + C 8.) e +C 9.) e
4 (x2 + 1) 2 2 2

10.) 5 tan 1 x+ 1 ln x2 + 1 +C 11.) ln (ex + 1)+C 12.)

1
sin6 x+C 13.)
2
(x + 1)3=2 2 (x + 1)1=2 +C
2 6 3
1 p ln 2 1 1
14.) 36 15.) ln e3 + ln 2 16.) 2 ln ( x + 1) + C 17.) + 18.)
e3 4 2 6 6e3

4 p p p p 1 1 1 1
19.) (1 + x) 1 + x+C 20.) 2 cos x+C 21.) ln x2 + 2 + 2 +C 22.) tan 1 x+C
3 2 x +2 3 3
p
1 a 1 2 3
23.) tan 1 x +C 24.) sin 1
x +C 25.) 26.) 6 (sin x + 1)7 7 (sin x + 1)6 + C
ab b 2 4
1 1
27.) 2 ln 2 28.) ln jsec xj + C 29.) ln jsec x + tan xj + C 30.) sin x3 1 +C
3

1 (ex ) 1 x 1 1 9
31.) tan +C 32.) sin +C 33.) 2 2 34.)
4 8 ln (ln 4) 8 ln (ln 5) 64

1 1
35.) x sin 2x + C 36.) 37.) r2
2 4 2

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 3

Sample Problems - Solutions

1
Compute each of the following integrals. Please note that arcsin x is the same as sin x and arctan x is the same
as tan 1 x.

Z
1. e 4x dx
1
Solution: Let u = 4x: Then du = 4dx and so dx = du. We now substitute in the integral
4
Z Z Z
4x u 1 1 1 u 1
e dx = e du = eu du = e +C = e 4x
+C
4 4 4 4

Z8
2. e 4x dx
0
Solution:
Z8 8
4x 1 4x 1 4(8) 4(0) 1 32 1 1 1
e dx = e = e e = e e0 = e 32
1 =
4 0 4 4 4 4 4e32
0
Z
207
3. x2 2 x3 6x dx
1
Solution: Let u = x3 6x: Then du = 3x2 6 dx and so dx = du. We now substitute in the
(3x2 6)
integral
Z
207
x2 2 x3 6x dx =

Z Z Z
2 207 1 2 207 1 1 1 u208
= x 2 u du = x 2 u du = u207 du = +C
(3x2 6) 3 (x2 2) 3 3 208
1 208 1 208
= u +C = x3 6x +C
624 624
Z
4. ecos x sin x dx
1
Solution: Let u = cos x: Then du = sin xdx and so dx = du.
sin x
Z Z Z
cos x u 1
e sin x dx = e sin x du = eu du = eu + C = ecos x + C
sin x

Z=2
5. (ecos x sin x) dx
0
Solution:
Z=2 =2
(ecos x sin x) dx = ecos x = ecos( =2)
ecos 0 = e0 e1 = e 1
0
0

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 4

Z
3x
6. dx
(x2 + 1)7
1
Solution: Let u = x2 + 1. Then du = 2xdx and so dx = du.
2x
Z Z Z Z
3x 3x 1 3 1 3 7 3u 6 1 1
7 dx = du = du = u du = +C = +C = +C
(x2 + 1) u7 2x 2 u7 2 2 6 4u6 4 (x2 + 1)6
Z
12x3
7. dx
3x4 + 1
1
Solution: Let u = 3x4 + 1. Then du = 12x3 dx and so dx = du.
12x3
Z Z Z
12x3 12x3 1 1
dx = du = du = ln juj + C = ln 3x4 + 1 + C
3x4 + 1 u 12x3 u
Z
8. ( 3x + 4) e 3x2 +8x dx
1
Solution: Let u = 3x2 + 8x. Then du = ( 6x + 8) dx and so dx = du.
( 6x + 8)
Z Z Z Z
3x2 +8x 1 1 1
( 3x + 4) e dx = ( 3x + 4) eu du = ( 3x + 4) eu du = eu du
( 6x + 8) 2 ( 3x + 4) 2
1 u 1 3x2 +8x
= e +C = e +C
2 2
Z2
9. ( 3x + 4) e 3x2 +8x dx
0
Solution:
Z2 2
3x2 +8x 1 3x2 +8x 1 3(2)2 +8(2) 3(0)2 +8(0) 1 4 1 4
( 3x + 4) e dx = e = e e = e e0 = e 1
2 0 2 2 2
0
Z
x+5
10. dx
x2 + 1
Solution: Z Z Z Z
x+5 x 5 x 5
dx = + dx = dx + dx
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
These two integrals can be computed via very di¤erent methods. For the …rst integral, let u = x2 + 1. Then
1
du = 2xdx and so dx = du.
2x
Z Z Z
x x 1 1 1 1 1
2
dx = du = du = ln juj + C = ln x2 + 1 + C
x +1 u 2x 2 u 2 2
and the second integral is Z Z
5 1 1
dx = 5 dx = 5 tan x+C
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
and so
Z Z Z
x+5 x 5 1
dx = dx + dx = ln x2 + 1 + C1 + 5 tan 1
x + C2
x2 + 1 2
x +1 x2 +1 2
1
= ln x2 + 1 + 5 tan 1
x+C
2

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 5

Z
ex
11. dx
ex + 1
1
Solution: Let u = ex + 1. Then du = ex dx and so dx = du.
ex
Z Z Z
ex ex 1 1
dx = du = du = ln juj + C = ln (ex + 1) + C
ex + 1 u ex u
Z
12. cos x sin5 x dx

1
Solution: Let u = sin x. Then du = cos xdx and so dx = du.
cos x
Z Z Z
5 5 1 1 1
cos x sin x dx = cos x u du = u5 du = u6 + C = sin6 x + C
cos x 6 6
Z
x
13. p dx
x+1
Solution: Let u = x + 1: Then du = dx and x=u 1
Z Z Z Z Z
x u 1 1=2 1=2 1=2
p dx = p du = (u 1) u du = uu u du = u1=2 u 1=2
du
x+1 u
2 3=2 2
= u 2u1=2 + C = (x + 1)3=2 2 (x + 1)1=2 + C
3 3

Z15
x
14. p dx
x+1
0
Solution: We worked out the inde…nite integral in the previous problem.

Z15 15
x 2
p dx = (x + 1)3=2 2 (x + 1)1=2
x+1 3 0
0
2 2
= (15 + 1)3=2 2 (15 + 1)1=2 (0 + 1)3=2 2 (0 + 1)1=2
3 3
2 2 3=2 2 2
= 163=2 2 161=2 1 2 11=2 = (64) 2 (4) 2
3 3 3 3
128 2 126
= 8 +2= 6 = 36
3 3 3

Z3
ex e x
15. dx
ex + e x
0
1
Solution: Let u = ex + e x: Then du = (ex e x ) dx and so dx = du: Also, when x = 0; then
(ex e x)

u = e0 + e 0 = 2 and when x = 3; then u = e3 + e 3

Z3 e3 +e
Z 3 e3 +e
Z 3
e3 +e 3
ex e x ex e x 1 1
dx = du = du = ln juj = ln e3 + e 3
ln 2
ex + e x u (ex e x) u 2
0 2 2

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 6

Z
1
16. p p dx
x ( x + 1)
p 1 p
Solution: Let u = x + 1. Then du = p dx and so dx = 2 xdu.
2 x
Z Z Z
1 1 p 1 p
p p dx = p 2 xdu = 2 du = 2 ln juj + C = 2 ln x + 1 + C
x ( x + 1) xu u

Z1
x+1
17. dx
x2 + 1
0
Solution: We will …rst work out the inde…nite integral. (For more details, pease refer to problem #10.)
Z Z Z
x+1 x 1 1
2
dx = 2
dx + 2
dx = ln x2 + 1 + tan 1 x + C
x +1 x +1 x +1 2
and so the de…nite integral is.
Z1 1
x+1 1 1 1
dx = ln x2 + 1 + tan 1
x = ln 12 + 1 + tan 1
1 ln 02 + 1 + tan 1
0
x2 + 1 2 0 2 2
0
1 1
= ln 2 + 0= ln 2 +
2 4 2 4

Z1
18. xe 3x2 dx
0
Solution: We will …rst work out the inde…nite integral. Let u = 3x2 . Then du = 6xdx and so
1
dx = du. We will also have to substitute the limits of the integration: when x = 0; then u = 0 and
6x
when x = 1, then u = 3.
Z1 Z3 Z3 Z0 0
3x2 u 1 1 u 1 1 1 0 1 1
xe dx = xe du = e du = eu du = eu = e e 3
= 1
6x 6 6 6 3 6 6 e3
0 0 0 3

Z p p
1+ x 4 p p p
19. p dx = (1 + x) 1 + x + C
x 3
p 1 p
Solution: We will use substitution. Let u = 1 + x then du = p dx and so dx = 2 xdu
2 x
Z p p Z p Z
1+ x u p p 2 4 p 3=2
p dx = p 2 xdu = 2 udu = 2 u3=2 + C = 1+ x +C
x x 3 3
q q q
4 p p 4 p 4p p
= 1+ x 1+ x+C = 1+ x+ x 1+ x+C
3 3 3
Z p
sin x
20. p dx
x
p 1 p
Solution: Let u = x. Then du = p dx and so dx = 2 xdu.
2 x
Z p Z Z
sin x sin u p p
p dx = p 2 xdu = 2 sin u du = 2 cos u + C = 2 cos x+C
x x

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 7

Z
x3
21. dx
(x2 + 2)2
Solution: This integral is an interesting case of substitution. Let u = x2 + 2. Then du = 2xdx and so
du
dx = and also, x2 = u 2.
2x
Z Z 3 Z 2
x3 x du 1 x
2 2 dx = 2
u 2x
=
2 u2
du
(x + 2)

It looks like we are ’stuck’with both x and u in the integrand. However, we can get rid of x2 because it is
u 2.
Z 2 Z Z
1 x 1 u 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
du = du = du = ln juj + + C = ln x2 + 2 + 2 +C
2 u2 2 u2 2 u u2 2 u 2 x +2

Note that because x2 + 2 is positive for all values of x; the expression ln x2 + 2 could be simpli…ed to
ln x2 + 2 .
Z
1
22. dx
x2 + 9
Solution: The idea here is that we will ’get rid’of the 9 by factoring it out. If we used a substitution that
1 1 1
would turn x2 into 9u2 ; then the integrand would be 2 = . We will pursue this substitution:
9u + 9 9 u2 + 1
x2 = 9u2 =) x = 3u: We select one of these.
1 1
Let u = x. Then du = dx and so dx = 3du.
3 3
Z Z Z
1 1 3 1 1 1 x
dx = 3du = du = arctan u + C = arctan + C
x2 + 9 9u2 + 9 9 u2 + 9 3 3 3
Z
1
23. dx
a2 x2 + b2
Solution: We need a substitution under which a2 x2 = b2 u2 . This would be convenient because then
1 1 1 1
= 2 2 = 2
a2 x2 +b 2 b u +b 2 2
b u +1
a
So we will pursue this substitution. We solve a2 x2 = b2 u2 for a possible value of u and obtain u = x.
b
a b
Then du = dx and so du = dx.
b a
Z Z Z Z
1 1 b 1 1 b b 1 1 1
2 2 2
dx = du = du = 2 du = tan u+C
a x +b b u + b2
2 2 a 2 2
b u +1 a ab u2 +1 ab
1 a
= tan 1 x +C
ab b
Z 1
sin x
24. p dx
1 x2
1
Solution: Let u = sin 1 x. We di¤erentiate both sides and obtain that du = p dx and so dx =
p 1 x2
1 x2 du
Z Z p Z
sin 1 x u u2 1 2
p dx = p 1 x2 du = u du = +C = sin 1 x + C
1 x 2 1 x2 2 2

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 8

Z =3
25. sin 2x sin x dx
0
Solution:
Z=3 Z=3 Z=3
sin 2x sin x dx = (2 sin x cos x) sin x dx = 2 sin2 x cos x dx
0 0 0
From here we will use substitution. Let u = sin x then du = cos xdx. We will also need to compute
the limits of the integral using u instead of x. When x = 0; then u = sin 0 = 0 and when x = , then
p 3
3
u = sin = .
3 2
p
Z=3 Z3=2 p
3=2 p !3 p p
2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3
2 sin x cos x dx = 2 u2 du = u3 = = =
3 0 3 2 3 4 2 4
0 0

Z
26. 42 cos x sin x (sin x + 1)5 dx

du
Solution: We will use substitution. Let u = sin x + 1. then du = cos xdx and so = dx. Also,
cos x
u 1 = sin x.
Z Z Z Z
du
42 cos x sin x (sin x + 1)5 dx = 42 cos x (u 1) u5 = 42 (u 1) u5 du = 42 u6 u5 du
cos x
u 7 u 6
= 42 + C = 6u7 7u6 + C = 6 (sin x + 1)7 7 (sin x + 1)6 + C
7 6

Ze2
1
27. p dx
x ln x
e
Solution:
Ze2 Ze2 Ze2 Ze2
1 1 2 1
p dx = dx = dx = 2 dx
x ln x 1 x ln x x ln x
e e x ln x e e
2
1
Let u = ln x. Then du = dx. We will also have to substitute the limits of the integration: when x = e;
x
then u = ln e = 1 and when x = e2 ; then u = ln e2 = 2.

Ze2 Ze2 Z2 Z2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 dx = 2 dx = 2 du = 2 du = 2 ln juj = 2 (ln 2 ln 1) = 2 ln 2
x ln x ln x x u u 1
e e 1 1

Z
28. tan x dx

du
Solution: Let u = cos x, then du = sin x dx and so dx =
sin x
Z Z Z Z
sin x sin x du 1
tan x dx = dx = = du = ln juj + C = ln jcos xj + C
cos x u sin x u
1
= ln (cos x) + C = ln jsec xj + C

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 9

Z
29. sec x dx
Z Z Z
sec x + tan x sec2 x + sec x tan x
Solution: sec x dx = sec x dx = dx
sec x + tan x sec x + tan x
From here we will use substitution. Let u = sec x + tan x. Then du = sec x tan x + sec2 x dx and so
du
dx =
sec2 x + sec x tan x
Z Z Z
sec2 x + sec x tan x sec2 x + sec x tan x du 1
dx = 2
= du = ln juj + C
sec x + tan x u sec x + sec x tan x u
= ln jsec x + tan xj + C
Z
x2
30. q dx
2
1 (x3 1)
du
Solution: Let u = x3 1. Then du = 3x2 dx and so dx =
3x2
Z Z Z
x2 x2 du 1 1 1 1
q dx = p = p du = arcsin u + C = arcsin x3 1 +C
1 u2 3x2 3 1 u2 3 3
1 (x3 1)2

Z
ex
31. dx
e2x + 1
Solution: Let u = ex . Then du = ex dx.
Z Z Z
ex 1 x 1
2x
dx = 2
e dx = 2
du = arctan u + C = arctan (ex ) + C
e +1 u +1 u +1
Z
1
32. p dx
16 x2
Z
1
Solution: The basic integral we see here is dx = sin 1 x + C We will use substitution to get rid
p
1 x2
of the 16 in the denominator. Let use substitute u so that x2 = 16u2 . Then x = 4u and dx = 4du
Z Z Z Z
1 1 4 1 x
p dx = p (4du) = p p du = p du = sin 1 u+C = sin 1 +C
16 x 2 16 16u 2 16 1 u 2 1 u 2 4

Z5
1
33. dx
4x ln x [ln (ln x)]3
4
1 1
Solution: Note that ln3 ln x is short for [ln (ln x)]3 : We will substitute u = ln (ln x). Then du = dx:
ln x x
We also substitute the limits of the integral: if x = 4, then u = ln (ln 4) and if x = 5, then u = ln (ln 5).
Then
Z5 Z5 lnZln 5 lnZln 5
1 1 1 1 1 3
I = dx = dx = du = u du
4x ln x [ln (ln x)]3 4 [ln (ln x)]3 x ln x 4u 3 4
4 4 ln ln 4 ln ln 4
1u 2 ln ln 5 1 1 1 1 1
= = =
4 2 ln ln 4 8 (ln ln 5)2 (ln ln 4)2 2
8 ln (ln 4) 2
8 ln (ln 5)

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 10

Z=3
34. sin x cos x cos3 x dx
0
Solution: We …rst simplify the integrand.
Z Z Z Z
3 2 2
sin x cos x cos x dx = sin x cos x 1 cos x dx = sin x cos x sin x dx = sin3 x cos x dx

Let u = sin x. Then du = cos xdx. We will also need to compute the limits
p of the integral using u instead
3
of x. When x = 0; then u = sin 0 = 0 and when x = , then u = sin = .
3 3 2
p p
Z=3 Z3=2 Z3=2 p
3=2 p !4
u4 1 3 1 9 9
sin3 x cos x dx = u3 cos xdx = u3 du = = = =
4 0 4 2 4 16 64
0 0 0

Z
35. sin2 x dx

Solution: Recall the double-angle formula for cosine and solve it for sin2 x.
1
cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x =) sin2 x = (1 cos 2x)
2
Z Z Z Z Z
2 1 1 1
sin x dx = (1 cos 2x) dx = 1 cos 2x dx = 1 dx cos 2x dx
2 2 2
For the second integral, we substitute u = 2x and du = 2dx.
Z Z Z
du 1 1 1
cos 2x dx = cos u = cos u du = sin u + C = sin 2x + C
2 2 2 2
Thus the entire integral is
Z Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
sin2 x dx = 1 dx cos 2x dx = x + C1 sin 2x + C2 = x sin 2x + C3
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
= x sin 2x + C
2 4

Z1
p
36. 1 x2 dx
1
Solution: Let us …rst notice that the function is even and the limits of the integral are opposites.

Z1 p Z1 p
1 x2 dx = 2 1 x2 dx
1 0

This will make the computation somewhat easier. The following method is called trigonometric substitution.
Let be so that x = cos . Then = cos 1 x. The substitution = cos 1 x. means that x = cos and
that is in the interval [0; ]. This is important to know because on [0; ] sin is non-negative and so
jsin j = sin . We di¤erentiate the statement x = cos and obtain dx = sin d . We will also need
to substitute the limits of integration. When x = 0, then = cos 1 0 = and when x = 1, then
2
= cos 1 1 = 0.

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 11

Z1 p Z0 p Z0 p Z0
2 1 x2 dx = 2 1 cos2 ( sin ) d = 2 sin2 sin d = 2 jsin j sin d
0 =2 =2 =2

Z0 Z=2
= 2 sin2 d =2 sin2 d
=2 0

In the previous problem we have computed the inde…nite integral:

Z
1 1
sin2 u du = u sin 2u + C
2 4
Thus the de…nite integral is

Z=2 =2 =2
1 1 1 1 1
2 sin2 u du = 2 u sin 2u = u sin 2u = sin 2 0 sin 2 (0)
2 4 0 2 0 2 2 2 2
0
1 1 1
= sin 0 sin 0 = (0) 0=
2 2 2 2 2 2

Thus
Z1 p Z1 p
1 x2 dx = =) 2 1 x2 dx =
2
1 1

This is one of the de…nitions of in modern mathematics. Also notice that we have just proved the area
formula for the unit circle.
Zr
p
37. 2 r2 x2 dx
r
Solution: First we notice that this function is even and the limits of integration are opposites:
Zr p Zr p
2 r2 x2 dx = 4 r2 x2 dx
r 0
p
We will apply a trigonometric substitution under which x2 = r2 cos2 . This will be useful because r2 x2
will become p p p p p
r2 x2 = r2 r2 cos2 = r2 (1 cos2 ) = r2 sin2 = r jsin j
So, we solve for a possible value of in x2 = r2 cos2 .

x2 = r2 cos2
x = r cos
x
= cos
r
1 x
cos =
r
x 1 x
So our substitution is = cos
. That is the same as cos = and is in the interval [0; ] (the range
r r
of the function cos 1 ). This is useful to know because on the interval [0; ], sine is always non-negative and

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Lecture Notes Integrating by Substitution page 12

x
so jsin j can be simpli…ed as sin . We also di¤erentiate both sides of the equation cos = and obtain
r
dx
that sin d = and so dx = r sin d . We will need to substitute the limits as well. When x = 0;
r
0 r
then = cos 1 = cos 1 0 = and when x = r, then = cos 1 = cos 1 1 = 0: We are now ready
r 2 r
to integrate:
Zr p Z0 p Z0 p
I = 4 r2 x2 dx = 4 r2 r2 cos2 ( r sin d ) = 4 r sin r2 (1 cos2 ) d =
0 =2 =2
Z0 p Z0 Z0
2 2 2
= 4 r sin r sin d =4 r sin jsin j d = 4r sin sin d
=2 =2 =2

Z0 Z=2
2 2 2
= 4r sin d = 4r sin2 d
=2 0

We have already computed the antiderivative of sin2 in problem 35:

Z
1 1
sin2 d = sin 2 + C
2 4

Z=2 =2 =2
2 1 1
I = 4r sin2 d = 4r2 sin 2 = r2 (2 sin 2 )
2 4 0 0
0
h i
= r2 2 sin 2 (2 (0) sin 2 (0)) = r2 [( sin ) (0 sin 0)] = r2 [( 0) 0] = r2
2 2

For more documents like this, visit our page at http://www.teaching.martahidegkuti.com and click on Lecture
Notes. E-mail questions or comments to mhidegkuti@ccc.edu.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 7, 2013