Міністерство освіти і науки Украйни

Національний університет «Одеська Морська Академія»

Кафедра «Англійської Мови №2»

Контрольна робота
З дисципліни «Англійська мова»

Зробив:
Студент 2го курса СВ ЗФН
Лапшин Д.С.
Шифр
Перевірив:
 Одеса 2021
Variant № 9
I. Read the text and answer the questions.
WEATHER ELEMENTS
Weather defines the day-to-day state of the atmosphere and its short-term
variations. A mariner should have knowledge about the weather and follow the
changes in the weather because the heavy weathermay have great influence on the
safety of navigation and ship. The mariner should take into consideration the wind
and sea state during voyage.
Atmospheric pressure is a measure of the force exerted by air on the surface of
the earth. It is related to temperature. This means warm air is lighter than cold air
so that it exerts less pressure. The atmospheric pressure is one of the basic
elements of a meteorological observation because pressure changes in air signify
weather changes. Generally the rising pressure indicates fair weather; the falling
pressure indicates stormy weather. Sometimes a rapid rise in barometer may be
followed a rapid fall. If the barometer rises and stays high for a day, several days
of settled weather may be expected. The atmospheric pressure is measured with an
aneroid barometer or a mercury barometer. The aneroid barometer is the type of
barometer used aboard ships.
Wind is air motion parallel to the Earth’s surface. This motion is produced by
differences of atmospheric pressure. Winds blow from the high pressure area
(anticyclone) toward the low pressure area (cyclone). A wind vane shows wind
direction and an anemometer measures the speed of the wind in knots. Wind
speeds are grouped in accordance with the Beaufort scale ranging from 0 (calm) to
12 (hurricane).
Temperature is a measure of heat energy in degrees. It is measured with a
thermometer. The temperature scales in use are Fahrenheit (F), Celcius(C) and
Kelvin (K).
Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapour in the air. Relative humidity
is the ratio of the pressure of water vapour present in the atmosphere to the
saturation vapour pressure at the same temperature. The relative humidity will
vary with the air temperature. As the air temperature decreases, the relative
humidity increases or as the air gets warm, the relative humidity drops. The
humidity is measured with a hygrometer or a psychrometer.
Precipitation is all the forms of water falling from the air to the Earth s surface. If
the air is above freezing, the precipitation will most likely be rain. If the air is
below freezing, the precipitation will most likely be snow. When air temperature
is only a few degrees above freezing, it may be sleet.
Visibility is the maximum range at which an object is discernible and it is affected
by the atmospheric conditions such as fog, mist etc. Fog is the visible aggregate of
tiny water droplets suspended in the atmosphere near the earth’s surface. Haze
consists of fine dust or salt particles in the air and it reduces visibility. Mist is
often considered as thin fog between haze and fog. The mixture of smoke and fog
is called smog.
A cloud is a visible aggregate of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in
the atmosphere. Clouds can be grouped into three according to either their
appearance as cirrus, cumulus or stratus or their height as high, middle and low
clouds. Cirrus cloud approaching from the west with falling pressure in the
barometer or fast-moving high clouds often indicate that bad weather is coming.

1. What weather elements are measured by using instruments?

2. What does a drop in pressure indicate?
3. What kind of barometer is used on board ships?
4. How does a wind blow?
5. What does an anemometer measure?
6. What are the common temperature scales?
7. What are the main precipitation types?

Answers:
1. Temperature, pressure, wind speed, humidity and precipitation are measured by
using instruments.
2. Drop in pressure indicates stormy weather.
3. The aneroid barometer is used on board of a ships.
4. Wind is a motion of the air from high to low area.
5. The anemometer measures speed of a wind.
6. Common temperature scales are Kelvin, Celcius and Fahrenheit.
7. A rain and snow are common precipitation types.

II. Read, analyze and translate the following forecasts.

1. A through of low pressure over the Atlantic is moving slowly NE. All
Northern areas should have some sunshine, although there will be a good
deal of high cloud and there will be a risk of thundery outbreaks occurring
any time.

Ложбина низкого давления над Атлантическим океаном медленно

движется на северо-восток. Во всех северных районах должно быть
 немного солнечного света, хотя из-за большого количества высоких
облаков, в любое время будет существовать риск возникновения
грозовых вспышек.

2. A depression over the North Sea will move slowly SE. It will be rather cool
and showery in all areas. Some of the showers will be heavy and there will be
thunderstorms locally; most places have sunny intervals.

Пониженное давление над Северным морем будет медленно

перемещаться на юго-восток. Во всех районах ожидается похолодание и
ливни. Некоторые из этих ливней
будут сильными и локально будут грозы; в большинстве мест
солнечные интервалы.

III. Analyze the NAVTEX message and describe the situation.

ZCZC UE82 
291920 UTC MAR 12 
MONDOLFO RADIO 
WEATHER FORECAST OVER MEDITERRANEAN AREAS ISSUED BY
ROME METEOROLOGY CENTRE AT 18/UTC OF 29/03/2012 
AND VALID UP TO 06/UTC OF 30/03/2012 
1. WARNINGS: 
THUNDERSTORMS UNDER COURSE: OVER LEVANTINE BASIN SEA. 
THUNDER STORMS FORECAST: OVER ALBORAN SEA AND
LEVANTINE BASIN SEA. 
GALES UNDER COURSE: NIL. 
GALES FORECAST: NIL. 
2. WEATHER SITUATION: 
INSTABILITY AREA ON LEVANTINE BASIN IS WEAKENING. HIGH
AND FLAT FIELD OF 1020 HPA ON WEST-CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN
SEA. INSTABILITY AREA ON ALBORAN SEA. 
3. FORECAST TO 06/UTC OF 30/03/2012 AND 12 HOURS OUTLOOK: 
NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA: SOUTHEASTERLY 3 BECOMING
WESTERLY -PARTLY 
CLOUDY -GOOD VISIBILITY -SMOOTH SEA INCREASING /OUTLOOK: 
NORTHWESTERLY 4 -FAIR. 
CENTRAL ADRIATIC SEA: SOUTHEASTERLY 4 BECOMING
NORTHWESTERLY -FAIR 
WORSENING -GOOD VISIBILITY -SMOOTH SEA INCREASING
/OUTLOOK: 
NORTHWESTERLY 4 -FAIR. 
SOUTHERN ADRIATIC SEA: SOUTHEASTERLY 4 BECOMING
SOUTHWESTERLY -FAIR 
-GOOD VISIBILITY -SMOOTH SEA INCREASING /OUTLOOK:
NORTHWESTERLY 5 
-FAIR. 
4. WIND AND SEA OUTLOOK OVER ITALIAN SEAS FROM 18/UTC OF
TOMORROW NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA: SOUTHEAST 2 SEA
2/SOUTHEAST 3 SEA 3/WEST 2 
SEA 3/NORTHEAST 5 SEA 3. 
CENTRAL ADRIATIC SEA: NORTH 2 SEA 2/SOUTHEAST 2 SEA
2/SOUTHWEST 4 
SEA 3/NORTH 1 SEA 3, 
SOUTHERN ADRIATIC SEA: WEST 1 SEA 2/NORTHWEST 1 SEA
2/SOUTHWEST 3 
SEA 3/SOUTHEAST 2 SEA 3, 
END METEOMAR. 
NNNN 

IV. Study the Passive Voice Constructions.

a) Change the sentences from Active into Passive:
1. Weather defines the day-to-day state of atmosphere.
The day-to-day state of the atmosphere is defined by weather.
2. A mariner should take into consideration the wind and sea state during voyage.
The wind and sea state should have been taken into consideration during voyage
by a mariner.
3. The rising pressure has indicated fair weather.
The fair weather has been indicated by rising pressure.
4. A wind vane will show wind direction.
A wind direction will be shown by a wind.
5. An anemometer measured the speed of the wind in knots.
The speed of the wind was measured by an anemometer in knots.

b) Change the sentences from Passive into Active:

1. A change of wind direction is usually indicated by the terms 'veering' and
‘backing’.
The terms 'veering' and ‘backing’ usually indicates a wind direction.
2. A survey of weather conditions must be presented in the weather forecast.
The weather forecast must present a survey of weather conditions.
3. The seasonal characteristics of the weather have been illustrated by the climatic
tables.
The climatic tables have illustrated seasonal characteristics of the weather.
4. The wind force must be indicated by the Beaufort-scale numbers.
The Beaufort-scale numbers must indicate the wind force.
5. Winds may be accompanied by squalls.
Squalls may be accompanied with winds.

V. Study the first type of Conditional Sentences.

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense and voice.
1. If E-moving mobile depressions cross the area the heaviest rains will occur in
summer and autumn.
2. If N or NW winds blow good visibility may occur in any month and with any
wind direction.
3. If the air temperature increases humidity generally will decrease.
4. If the barometer rises and stays high for a day, several days of settled weather
may occur.
5. If the temperature of air falls water vapour in the air will condense into droplets
or ice crystals, thus forming clouds or fog.

VI. Translate the following sentences

1. Weather conditions highly affect a security of a vessel.
2. Weather includes following elements: temperature, humidity, overcast, a fog,
different precipitation, barometric pressure, speed and a direction of a wind.
3. The wind is the major factor which defines a condition of weather.
4. If barometric pressure decreases, it means, that the storm comes close.
5. Wind strength is indicated by numbers from 0 to 12 on the Beaufort scale and
corresponds to the wind speed in nautical miles per hour.
6. Fogs and storm winds, mainly of northern and northwestern directions, are not
uncommon in the sea and near the coasts.
7. The movement of clouds in different directions indicates the approach of
precipitation.
8. Thermometer readings at sea are more consistent with true air temperature than
thermometer readings taken on shore.
VII. a) Read the report from MAIB (Marine Accident Investigation Bureau)
and describe the events mentioned in it.

CARGO SHIFT IN HEAVY WEATHER ON

VEHICLE CARRIER GRANDE DETROIT

In storm force winds the vehicle carrier “Grande Detroit” was rolling and
pitching heavily as the vessel rounded Lands End on passage from Antwerp to
Portbury, Bristol. As a result of this movement some of the chain lashings,
securing large earth moving equipment parted and several of the large vehicles
began to move around an internal deck of the vessel.

At the time of heaviest rolling the vessel was in a Traffic Separation Scheme
and the master, who had been on the bridge without a break for more than 14
hours, considered he was not able to adjust course to reduce the vessel’s violent
rolling. This resulted in the lashings securing a large portable crane to break
allowing it to move around the car deck with the motion of the vessel, causing
considerable damage to and breaking the lashings of, other adjacent large vehicles.
The incident was not reported to the coastal authorities by the vessel.

Once the lashings had been broken on the vehicles, which weighed between
35 and 76 tonnes, it proved impossible to re-secure them until the vessel reached
the safety of port. By this time, considerable damage had been caused to both the
cargo and the ship’s structure.
Action taken

The Chief Inspector of Marine Accidents has written to the ship’s managers
strongly advising them to review:
 Cargo securing arrangements for heavy weather
 Bridge team resource management
 Perceived pressures Master may have to maintain liner schedules
 Reporting requirements to relevant authorities in the event of accidents
which may compromise the safety of the crew and/or the seaworthiness of the
vessel.
b) Analyze the situation described in the text and explain why considerable
damage was caused to both the cargo and the ship's structure. Comment on
the following points:

- human factor;

- adverse weather;

- preventive measures to be taken to avoid reoccurrence.

Speaking about the human factor in this situation, it should be noted that based on
the information provided I can assume that there are two problems: the
negligence of the people responsible for cargo securing, as well as the crew, who
did not fully inspect cargo securing, which led to these consequences; the second
is the current reality of the labor process on board the ship, when the sailors
simply have no opportunity for standardized rest and because of overload
decisions made by the officers are not always the most optimal

The Celtic and Irish seas are among the most dangerous seas in which heavy
storms rage most of the time and exercising great caution is a must for all
seafarers in that region. It seems to me that the captain of the vessel was not able
to fully assess the conditions in which the vessel was and therefore did not
change course when he was in the traffic separation.

I think a more careful attitude in inspection and cargo operations along with a
check on the qualifications of the ship's crew could prevent similar situations in
the future.Also taking into account stormy weather, heavy traffic and heavy
workload of the captain, I think it is important in such circumstances to have a
qualified helper with knowledge of the area, i.e. a pilot on board.