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Abstract—Integrating a battery energy storage system (BESS) gies consist of the cost of these technologies, and operation and
with a large wind farm can smooth out the intermittent power from maintenance requirements [7].
the wind farm. This paper focuses on development of a control Since a large-scale BESS is rather expensive, adopting a con-
strategy for optimal use of the BESS for this purpose. The paper
considers a conventional feedback-based control scheme with re- trol strategy for optimal use of the BESS becomes a critical de-
visions to incorporate the operating constraints of the BESS, such sign issue. This paper focuses on this problem. The next section
as state of charge limits, charge/discharge rate, and lifetime. The investigates the basic control design issues, such as BESS type
goal of the control is to have the BESS provide as much smoothing and its operating constraints, and the storage capacity needed
as possible so that the wind farm can be dispatched on an hourly to smooth the intermittent power output of a wind farm so that
basis based on the forecasted wind conditions. The effectiveness of
this control strategy has been tested by using an actual wind farm the wind farm can be dispatched on an hourly basis. Section III
data. Finally, it is shown that the control strategy is very important introduces the proposed control scheme for this purpose. Test
in determining the proper BESS size needed for this application. results are given in Section IV.
Index Terms—Battery energy storage system (BESS), control,
dispatchability, wind energy. II. ENERGY STORAGE FOR WIND POWER
I. INTRODUCTION Wind energy has many benefits, but high penetration of wind
power can introduce technical challenges and issues, includ-
N RECENT years, wind energy has shown a rapid growth
I as a clean and inexhaustible energy source all around the
world [1], [2]. However, as the penetration levels increase, it
ing grid interconnection, power quality, reliability, protection,
generation dispatch, and control. Fig. 1 shows the typical power
output profile of a large wind farm (50 MW capacity). The figure
is of considerable concern that a fluctuating power output of shows that the power output can have steep rises, sudden drops
wind farms will affect operation of interconnected grids [3], during the day. Integrating such a highly intermittent power re-
especially weak power systems. Such cases may require some source into a power grid, especially into a weak part of the grid
measures to smooth the output fluctuation to have a reliable can pose serious challenges [8]. The main challenges with wind
power system [4]. farm integration and energy storage can be listed as follows:
Recent advances in electric energy storage technologies pro- 1) Intermittency: The ability of a utility to change the power
vide an opportunity of using energy storage to address the wind output of a generating unit as the load changes is the
energy intermittency [5]. Electric energy can be stored elec- basis of economic dispatch [9]. For a wind farm to be
tromagnetically, electrochemically, kinetically, or as potential dispatchable like the other conventional generation units,
energy. Two factors characterize the application of an energy its output should be regulated at a desired dispatchability
storage technology. One is the amount of energy that can be level.
stored in the device and the other is the rate at which energy can 2) Ramp rates: Another issue with the large amount of
be transferred into or out of the storage device. These factors de- wind generation is the fast power ramps of the wind
pend mainly on the characteristic of the storage device itself [6]. farm output, both positive and negative [10]. These ramps
A variety of storage technologies are available, which are should be limited in order to integrate the large amount
capable of smoothing out the unpredictable fluctuating power of generation to the grid, minimize the high-cost ancillary
output of the wind farms. Some of these storage technologies service requirements, and reduce the impact on system
are supercapacitors, superconducting magnetic energy storage, reliability [7].
flywheels, batteries, compressed air energy storage, and hydro- 3) Limiting wind farm power output: Large-scale wind power
pumped storage. The basic issues with these storage technolo- may cause congestion on the transmission lines that carry
wind power (for example, when a large wind farm is in-
Manuscript received June 13, 2008; revised September 30, 2008. First pub- tegrated to a weak part of a system [1]), and hence, the
lished June 10, 2009; current version published August 21, 2009. Paper no. power output of the wind farm may have to be curtailed
TEC-00217-2008.
S. Teleke, M. E. Baran, A. Q. Huang, and S. Bhattacharya are with the De- to prevent congestion [11].
partment of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), North Carolina State
University in Raleigh, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA (e-mail: steleke@ncsu.edu;
baran@ncsu.edu). A. BESS for Wind Farms
L. Anderson is with Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR 97232
USA. Fig. 2 illustrates the use of BESS to compensate for the
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2009.2016000 intermittent power output of the wind farm. The BESS is
0885-8969/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE
726 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2009
Fig. 8. Smoothing of wind farm power with BESS. P re f : desired set point; P w in d : wind power; P to ta l : net injected power; P to ta l with ideal BESS: net injected
power with ideal BESS model (in megawatts).
The control scheme we have developed is based on the con- fed into a PI controller to determine the reference current signal
troller design of [2], which uses the SOC as a feedback sig- for the inner controller.
nal in order to keep the SOC of the battery within proper
limits. B. Controller Tuning
This basic control scheme, however, needs to be enhanced in Two main controller parameters—the smoothing time con-
order to address the other constraints pointed out before. Fig. 6 stant T and SOC margin rate M —are determined by using the
shows the proposed control scheme. This controller is designed guidelines given in [2]. The guidelines suggest a time constant
to charge/discharge the BESS through a STATCOM. Hence, the of T ≤ C/PW F for smoothing case, but since our case is for
controller serves as the outer loop controller, and provides the dispatchability, this formula may not be optimal and needs to
set point, which is the current set point ib ess in Fig. 7, to be tuned depending on the size of the BESS. For example, for
the inner controller of STATCOM [23]. 10 MWh BESS, T is varied between 0.1 and 0.25 h, and it
Note that we want the controller to act as a regulator and is found that 0.2 is the highest value that we can have while
control the BESS to compensate for the fluctuations of the wind keeping the SOC within the desired limits.
farm power Pwind during the dispatching period. Hence, the As proposed in [2], the SOC margin rate M is selected as 0.3
main input to the controller, Pset , is the desired set point, i.e., (i.e., to keep SOC of the BESS within 30%–70%). Furthermore,
desired power dispatch level for the given hour. A good choice ±1 MW/min rate limit is set for the rate limiter. To rate the
for Pset is the hourly average of the estimated wind farm output STATCOM that charges/discharges the BESS, Fig. 3(a) is used,
for the next hour, as recent advances in wind foresting can as it shows the expected power compensation from the ideal
estimate Pset reasonably well, with an rms error of 10% [24], BESS. As this figure indicates, most of the power profile is
[25]. within ±10 MW; hence, a 10 MVA STATCOM will be a good
As Fig. 6 shows, a rate limiter is put after the input to prevent choice.
overshooting when Pset is changed and also to limit the ramp Since this control scheme tries to keep the SOC of the BESS
rate of the total power output. The filtered desired set point Pref within limits while trying to dispatch the wind farm power out-
is then subtracted from the actual wind farm power output Pwind put, the dispatchability will depend on the capacity of the BESS.
to get Po , which indicates the amount of power the BESS should Hence, based on the preliminary study assuming ideal BESS
compensate. [Fig. 3(b)], two BESS sizes are considered: 10 and 20 MWh.
Po is then combined with the other feedback signal that indi- Such a BESS can be build with existing batteries, even with
cates the SOC of the BESS. We used the BESS model in Fig. 5 lead–acid batteries, by taking the individual units in series and
to estimate the SOC by using the procedure proposed in [17]. parallel to get the desired voltage and energy rating. For exam-
This feedback loop ensures that the battery SOC remains within ple, to realize the 10 MWh BESS with a dc voltage of 2 kV
its desired limits. In this feedback loop, offset = M ·C (where (chosen to facilitate STATCOM design), we need to connect
C is the BESS capacity in MWh and M is SOC margin rate), 937 lead–acid batteries of 2.135 V in series to get the desired
and α = (C − 2 · C · M )/(T · PW F ) (where PW F is the rated voltage, and connect ten of these series strings in parallel to ob-
output of the wind farm in megawatts). Hence, the design pa- tain the desired energy rating, which results in a total number of
rameters for the controller are smoothing time constant T and 9370 batteries. This BESS design is used in the simulations, and
SOC margin rate M . it is assumed that the BESS has a battery management system
Finally, an upper and lower limit block is utilized for the that provides both the voltage and current balance among the
power converter ratings and the combined signal Pb ess is then batteries.
TELEKE et al.: CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE FOR WIND FARM DISPATCHING 729
Fig. 9. 10 Megawatthour BESS performance with SOC feedback. (a) SOC of the battery. (b) DC link voltage (per unit). (c) Power injected by the BESS (in
megawatts). (d) Current profile of the BESS (in kiloamperes).
Fig. 10. Power deviations in net power supplied P to ta l around the desired set point P re f with 10 MWh BESS. (a) Power deviations dP = P re f − P to ta l (in
megawatts). (b) Histogram of power deviations.
average of Pwind and adding 10% noise to it. The controller then voltage) during the weekly period. The power output profile of
charges/discharges the BESS based on this set point. Note that the BESS in Fig. 9(c) indicates that the output of the BESS is
the BESS is charged/discharged through a STATCOM, which limited to ±10 MW, as desired.
is much faster than the BESS; hence, the power output of the The current profile of the BESS in Fig. 9(d) indicates the
BESS through STATCOM is approximately Pb ess in Fig. 6, as charge/discharge current levels and cycle frequency. This figure
the losses in STATCOM are quite small. Therefore, in the sim- indicates that the maximum charge/discharge current is 5 kA,
ulations, STATCOM is represented as a unity gain, and hence, with a maximum rate of 40 A/s. Hence, the maximum discharge
Pb ess obtained from the controller output is combined directly current that one battery will see is around 500 A, which is about
with Pwind to get the total injected power to the grid, Ptotal . the 1 C discharge rate of the lead–acid battery considered. The
Using this model, one-week-long simulations were made in figure also shows that the charge/discharge cycle is approxi-
PSCAD/EMTDC with a time step of 1 s. mately every 10 min; but most of the time charging/discharging
As indicated in the previous section, based on preliminary is partial and shallow.
studies assuming ideal BESS, two BESS sizes have been con- Note that by limiting the SOC to be between 30% and 70%,
sidered. Simulation results for 10 MWh BESS are given in the deep discharge/charge cycles have been minimized in order
Figs. 8 and 9. The smoothing time constant T for the controller to extend the lifetime of the battery. Hence, the new lead–acid
for this case is set to 0.2 h, as described before. batteries with extended life cycles, or new type batteries such
Fig. 8 shows the Pref , Pwind , and the net power injected as flow or NaS with high-discharge-cycling capability [26] are
Ptotal = Pwind + Pb ess , with ideal BESS model and actual feasible candidates for this application.
BESS model during a day when the wind farm power output To assess the effectiveness of dispatchability provided by the
increases from 0 to 50 MW. It is seen that the total injected BESS, the difference between the total output and the desired
power follows the desired set points in general; although large set points is determined. This difference dP = Pref − Ptotal is
deviations occur from time to time with actual BESS when wind given in Fig. 10(a), and Fig. 10(b) shows the corresponding
power has sudden severe drop or rise. histogram. As these figures indicate, although most of the time
Fig. 8 also shows that the ideal BESS has better performance the deviations are within ±2.5 MW, larger deviations do occur
than the practical one—the ideal BESS follows the set point occasionally. Assuming that the deviations of ±2.5 MW are
much closer. To help explain the difference, the SOC of the acceptable, we can assign a performance index PI for this case
actual and ideal BESSs are given in Fig. 9(a). As the figure as follows:
shows, when the wind power drops severely (for example, after PI = Nx ∗ |dPx | (1)
hour 135 in the figure), the energy needs to be provided by the
BESS increases considerably. With ideal BESS, this required which sums the unacceptable power deviations that are higher
energy can be provided without severe drop in the SOC, as seen than 2.5 MW. In this equation, Nx represents the number of
in Fig. 9(a); however, due to the losses with the actual BESS, its occurrence of the deviations. The index for this case using the
SOC drops more than the ideal one, and hence, it cannot provide histogram of Fig. 10(b) is 121.
the required energy during the large energy demand. To further reduce the variations, a larger size of 20 MWh is
Fig. 9(b) shows that SOC feedback control also helps to keep also considered. Fig. 11 shows the histogram of power devia-
the battery voltage within acceptable limits (+10/−15% of rated tions with this new BESS size. The PI for this case drops to 35,
TELEKE et al.: CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE FOR WIND FARM DISPATCHING 731
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Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. His current
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as custom power and power quality issues, active filters, high-power converters,
and converter control techniques.