COTM 4192:

HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING II
Chair of infrastructure Design and construction
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 2-2: BITUMINOUS BINDING PAVEMENT
MATERIALS
 Objective: After completing
this lesson the student is
expected to understand
1) The different definitions in
Bituminous materials
 Lecture organization
 Basic definitions
 Types of Bituminous binders
 Asphalt Cement
 Source

2) The different types of  Refining process

bituminous binders, their  Physical Tests and procedures
source, production and
 Grading of Asphalt cement
classifications
3) the basic Physical properties,  Emulsion
tests and grading systems  Cut backs
4) the main uses of the different
types of bituminous
materials and their
specification requirements

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MATERIALS
I. Basic definitions
In order to understand the contents and avoid confusions on
different literatures let us first define basic terms.

No. Terms America’s literatures British literatures

1 Asphalt Is a dark brown to black cementitious
material , in which bitumen is a
predominant constituent, which occur
naturally or obtained from petroleum
refining
Is a natural or mechanical
mixture of bitumen with solid
mineral mater or Aggregate

2 Bitumen Is a class of black or dark brown Is a dark brown to black viscous

color cementitious substance, cementitious material obtained
natural or manufactured, naturally or produced from
petroleum refining process.
composed of high molecular
weight hydrocarbons. Eg. 3
Asphalt, Tar, pitch, asphaltenes,
e.t.c
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No. Terms America’s literatures British literatures
3 Asphalt A fluxed or unfluxed asphalt Is a binding material having
cement specially prepared with quality and cementing qualities suitable
consistency for construction of for construction of Asphalt
pavement pavement

4 Asphalt Is a mixture of Asphalt binder with

concrete Aggregate for the construction of
pavement

As per the above definition both Asphalt and Bitumen refers to the same
material in America and Britain respectively.

However, for our case we will use asphalt and bitumen interchangeably to
refer to the basic constituent of the HMA. 4
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II. Bitumen/Asphalt Vs Tar

The above two terms bitumen and Tar are always

confusing. However, there are basic differences in source,
physical as well as chemical properties.

Bitumen: is a black to dark brown cementing material

obtained naturally or from refining petroleum.

currently, it is in use almost all part of the world

exclusively.
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Tar : is a dark cementing material produced by
destructive distillation of bituminous coal.

it has a distinctive odor and currently it hardly in use

due to;

 its some undesirable physical characteristics such as, very

high temperature susceptibility

 Its significant health hazard, such as; eye and skin irritation
due to fume
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Comparison of Bitumen and Tar

Criteria Bitumen Tar

Color Dark brown to black Dark color
Source Naturally or petroleum Destructive distillation of
refining Bituminous coal
Odor Have distinctive odor
Undesirable physical High temp. susceptibility
Characteristics and health hazard

Application Currently in use Outdated

Solubility Soluble in petroleum Resistant to petroleum
products products
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III. Types of Bituminous binding materials in
pavement construction
the main types of bituminous binding materials used in pavement
construction include
1. Asphalt cement (penetration grade Asphalt)
2. Emulsion
3. Cut backs
4. Tar

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Bituminous Materials

Natural Bitumen Refinery Bitumen

Penetration grade Liquid bitumen

Lake Rock asphalt
bitumen
asphalt

Cutbacks Emulsions

Slow curing Medium curing Rapid curing Anionic Cationic

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cutback cutback cutback emulsion emulsion
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A. Asphalt cement /Bitumen
i. Historical background
 Asphalt cement is one of the man’s oldest engineering materials due to
its adhesive and water proofing properties.

 It was used in ship building industry by Sumerian in 6000 BC.

 In Indus valley ancient civilization it was used in large public bath

construction before 3000B.C

 In 2600 B.C it was used in mummification and building construction

by Egyptians

 In general, it was used as mortar in building and paving blocks,

caulking of ships and numerous water proofing applications

 Currently it is used as main flexible pavement materials since 1878

when it is first used in Asphalt pavement construction in
Pennsylvania , WD. 10
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ii. Source of Asphalt cement

As said above the two main sources of asphalt are

a. Natural Asphalt
b. Petroleum Asphalt

a. Natural Asphalt
 Naturally exists in two forms
1. As relatively soft Asphalt material [Trinidad, Bermudez , e.t.c]
2. As hard, friable, black material in the vein of rocks or
impregnated in various stones; lime stone and sand stone.
[western Canada, e.t.c]

Some of the predominant sources of natural asphalt include; Trinidad 11

asphalt lake, Bermudez , Venezuela, e.t.c
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12

Trinidad Lake Asphalt

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 Trinidad asphalt lake was the earliest source of Asphalt
pavement construction in 1878.

 The lake had supplied more than 90% of the world wide
consumption from 1875 to 1900.

 The estimated capacity it has is about 8,000,000 tones of

Asphalt.

 N:B; only in 1990 USA and Europe had used 40,000,000

tones of Asphalt. 13
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b. Petroleum Asphalt
 Obtained from fractional distillation of petroleum

 Became dominant after invention of refining of petroleum and

popularity of Automobiles.

 Currently, available in quantity and quality for any construction

c. Petroleum refining process

 Crude oil/Petroleum : is a mixture of heavy molecular
hydrocarbons found naturally buried under the crust of earth
 It is found through out the world; however, the main sources
include, Mexico, Venezuela, middle east, USA, the former
USSR, northern and western Africa, e.t.c
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 2-2 : BITUMINOUS BINDING
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 Different sources have different contents of crude oil due
to the difference in geological formation

 Accordingly, crude oils from different sources have

different Asphalt content

 One of the index used to measure the content asphalt is

American Petroleum Institute [API] gravity .

 API gravity = 141.5

_ 131.5
Specific 15
gravity
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 API is an arbitrary expression of density of materials
expressed at 60oc. Some typical values include

Substance Typical API Values

Water 10
Asphalt 5-10
Gasoline 55
Low API gravity crude oil < 25 [yields high % Asphalt]

High API gravity crude oil > 25 [yields low % Asphalt ]

16
 Boscan Arabian Nigerian
Venezuela Heavy Light

API Degree 10.1 28.2 38.1

Sp. Gravity 0.999 0.886 0.834

% sulfur 6.4 2.8 0.2 17

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Basic refining process
 Crude oil is heated in large furnace to above
340oC and partially vaporized. The vapor is fed
in to distillation tower where lighter components
drawn off for further processing.

 The residue of the above process [asphalt] is fed

in to vacuum distillation unit where heavier gas
oils are drawn off

 The residue of the above process considered as a

straight run Asphalt or can be further processes
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 Straight run bitumen is the bitumen that is produced by
petroleum refining whose viscosity has not been adjusted by
blending with other materials or by softening it with cut back
or other solvents or any other methods.
 Blown material is a straight run bitumen but which is further
treated by blowing air through it when the bitumen is in hot
condition. The bitumen which results out of this process is
called as blown bitumen.

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 Refining of petroleum crude is usually done by fractional
distillation.
 Petroleum crude consists of various components having
different boiling points.
 As a result these constituents are separated by fractional
distillation process. Since bitumen is the one having the
highest boiling point among these fractions it is a residue that
is going to be available after the distillation process is
completed.

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PETROLEUM REFINING PROCESS

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 Physical Tests of Asphalt cement
 The main physical tests in Asphalt can be categorized as
follow
Asphalt Physical tests
Consistency Durability tests Purity Safety tests Other tests
test tests
1 Viscosity test Thin film Oven Solubility Flash point Specific
[absolute & test [TFO] test [Cleveland gravity
Kinematic] open cup test]
2 Penetration Spot test
3 Softening Point Rolling Thin film
[Ring and Ball oven test [RTFO]
test] 22
4 Ductility test
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 N:B. as part of the Superpave [superior performing Asphalt
pavement] there are new performance evaluating tests.
Such as
i. Pressure aging vessel test – [PAV]
ii. Rotational Viscometer – [RV]
iii. Dynamic shear rehometer – [DSR]
iv. Bending beam rehometer –[BBR]
v. Direct tension tester – [DTT]

 However, this discussion will only focus on the

conventional tests only.

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I. Consistency test
Consistency refers to the degree of fluidity of Asphalt
cement at any particular temperature

since asphalt is both Thermoplastic and viscoelastic

material, its consistency depends on Time,
temperature and loading.

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Temp. 25 oC Temp. 25 oC Temp. 60 oC
Time : 1 hrs Time : 4 hrs Time : 1 hrs
 2-2 : BITUMINOUS BINDING
PAVEMENT MATERIALS
 As shown earlier, the following empirical [except viscosity]
tests are used for measuring consistency
1. Viscosity test [ Absolute and kinematic ]
2. Penetration
3. Softening point
4. Ductility
 Before discussing each test let us look the representative
testing temperatures
Temperature Condition represented
25 oC Average Pavement temperature
60 oC Maximum pavement temperature
135 oC Mixing, pumping, spraying ,e.t.c temp. 25
2-2 : BITUMINOUS BINDING PAVEMENT
MATERIALS
 Viscosity

 tells us about its fundamental and rheological behavior.

Rheology is the study of flow and deformation of materials.
Viscosity gives us an idea about the rheology of bitumen.
 Viscosity is the resistance offered by a fluid to a shearing
force which is opposite of fluidity.
 It is necessary to learn about the flow and deformation of
bitumen binders at different temperatures corresponding to
construction and also service temperatures.

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 Viscosity at high handling temperatures that is at 135
degree centigrade and 150 degree centigrade and
 at high service temperatures typically at 60 degree
centigrade is of interest for us.

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MATERIALS
1. Absolute viscosity test @ 60oC
Viscosity is defined as a resistance to flow of fluid
 two types of viscometers are used

1. Cannon –manning
2. Asphalt Institute Vacuum viscometer

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MATERIALS
 The test method and procedure is described on ASTM D2171
 Procedures :
i. The viscometer is mounted in thermostatically controlled constant water or oil
bath at 60oC.
ii. Asphalt will be charged it to the viscometer & apply partial vacuum to assist
movement
iii. Record the time the asphalt take to pass between the time marks
iv. Calculate the viscosity as :
i. V2 = T2 [V1/T1]
Where, V2 =viscosity of the unknown material
V1 = viscosity of standard material
T2 = time of unknown material
T1 = Time of standard material

But [V1/T1] =calibration constant and provided by

manufacturers 29
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2. Kinematic viscosity @ 135oC
 Test method and procedure is ASTM
D2170
 Zeitfuchs cross arm viscometer
 Since at 135oc , asphalt is fluid no need of
vacuum
 kinematic viscosity can be defined Absolute
viscosity divided by the density of the fluid.

Absolute Kinematic Specific

Viscosity = viscosity x gravity 30
(poise) (stokes)
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PAVEMENT MATERIALS
 Example : An asphalt Cement has a kinematic viscosity
of 800 centistokes. Its specific gravity is 1.03. what is
the Absolute viscosity of the asphalt.

 N:B:
1 stock = 100 centistokes

 The unit of absolute viscosity is poise and kinematic viscosity

stocks.

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3. Penetration Test
 It is the first empirical consistency test invented by, H.C.
Bowen of the Barber Asphalt Paving Company in 1888.
 Conducted at 25 oC to simulate
the average service pavement
temperature
 The test methods and procedure
is described on ASTM D-5

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 Test procedure:
1. A container of asphalt brought to a standard temp. of 25 oC
in thermostatically controlled bath
2. The sample is placed under a needle of specified dimension
3. The needle is loaded with 100gm weight and allowed to
penetrate for 5 sec .
4. The depth of penetration is measured on 0.1mm [dmm] as
penetration

 N:B: for highly viscous asphalt the penetration is small

and vise versa.
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MATERIALS
4. Softening point test [Ring & Ball test]
 Test method and procedure is ASTM D-36
 It is the temperature at which an asphalt cement began
phase change
Procedure :
i.Fill asphalt in the brass rings
and suspend in backer filled with
water
ii.Place the steel balls on the
asphalt
iii.Heat the bath at a rate of
5oC/min
iv.Record the temperature at
which the asphalt touch the
bottom arrangement s its
a t i al
v.Average the results of the 2 h c
W racti io36n ?
samples p icat
p pl
a
37
 the ball starts moving down as the bitumen becomes
softer and once the ball moves by a distance of about
25mm the temperature attained at that point is the
softening point of bitumen.

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MATERIALS
 Softening point is the temperature at which the binder attains a
specified consistency.
 Application of Softening point test:

1. It helps to understand the visco-elastic properties of Asphalt

2. Help to predict the high temperature shear resistance of asphalt &
HMA
3. It helps to determine the asphalt mixing temperature of HMA

Mixing Temperature (oC) = 110 oC + softening point (oC)

39
5. Ductility Test
 it is an empirical test that measures the resistance of
asphalt for cracking failure
 gives a measure of the tensile properties of the
bitumen.
 It is the distance in cm that a standard briquette of
asphalt will stretch before breaking

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MATERIALS
II. Durability tests .
 Durability is a measure of how well an asphalt binder retains its
original properties when subjected to normal weathering and
aging process.
 Aging [hardening of asphalt] is the main problem in the Asphalt
pavement performance.
 When asphalt cement Ages, its viscosity increases and become
more stiff and brittle.
 The main causes of asphalt aging are:
1) Oxidation : is the reaction of oxygen with asphalt film
it increase with temperature and occurs during HMA
production
it is the main cause of short term aging
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 2-2 : BITUMINOUS BINDING PAVEMENT
MATERIALS
 Bituminous binders basically undergo aging due to the
loss of volatile matter and oxidation.
 We know that there is certain quantity or certain amount
of volatile matter present in bituminous binders with
time and in certain conditions the volatile material is
going to be lost. So that is one change that is going to
happen to the bitumen with time.

47
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MATERIALS
2) Volatilization.  The evaporation of the lighter constituents of
asphalt binder. 
It is primarily a function of temperature and occurs principally
during HMA production.

3) Polymerization.  The combining of like molecules to form larger

molecules.  These larger molecules are thought to cause a
progressive hardening.

4) Thixotropy: I t is a reversible rearrangement of Asphalt molecules

to cause the asphalt become harder

heating and agitation will reverse this hardening

48
pavement with little or no traffic fail due to thixotrophic hardening
2-2 : BITUMINOUS BINDING PAVEMENT
MATERIALS
5) Syneresis.  The separation of less viscous liquids from the more
viscous asphalt binder molecular network

6) Separation.  The removal of the oily constituents, resins or

asphaltenes from the asphalt binder by selective absorption of some
porous aggregates.
 In addition, aging of asphalt classified in to two:

1) Short term aging: which occur during HMA production

2) Long term Aging: which occur during the life of HMA pavement
due to Environmental factors,

49
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MATERIALS
 Hence, measuring of durability relates with measuring
of Aging.

 However, there is no direct test to measure aging.

Rather, standard tests conducted on the aged sample
which simulate the actual condition.

 In order to simulate the short tem Aging, there are two

tests in the conventional test; these are
1. Thin Film Oven Test [TFO]

2. Rolling Thin Film Oven Test [RTFO]

50
 Thin Film Oven Test
 Testmethod ASTM D-1754
 Helps to simulate the aging during production of HMA

Procedure:
1.Place 50 gm sample on pan

2.Place the sample in rotating

shelf of aging machine at 163 oC

3.The shelf rotate at 5-6 RPM for

5 hrs

4.Conduct penetration or
viscosity test on the aged sample
5.Determine the residue
penetration and weight loss
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MATERIALS
 Rolling Thin Film oven Test
 The test method is ASTM D 2876
 The same function as TFO test but it gives faster result

 The arrangements are

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MATERIALS

III. Purity Test

 Purity test refers to the presence or absence of
insoluble materials in the Asphalt cement

 In principle, pure asphalt is soluble entirely in CS2 or

Trichloroethyline

 Test Method used is ASTM D-2042

 Expressed as a percentage of insoluble wrt the total

mass of the asphalt
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MATERIALS
IV. Safety Test
During HMA production asphalt
heated at high temperature

If the asphalt produce fume it will

ignite and cause fire. Hence, in
order to ensure asphalt cement
should meet safety test requirement

Cleveland open cup test is

the main safety test

Test method ASTM D 92

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MATERIALS
 Asphalt cement Grading
 Why we need to grade asphalt????

 Historical development:
 From 1878 to 1900, most of the asphalt used in sheet asphalt,
penetration asphalt and mixed asphalt pavement were mainly
from Trinidad and Bermudez asphalt lakes.

 The asphalt from these sources were profoundly different in

consistency. In addition, the grew of petroleum asphalt
production demands the assurance of consistency of asphalt

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MATERIALS
 Initially, peoples uses Chewing to check the softness
[“consistency”] of asphalt

 In 1888, H.C Bowen of barber Asphalt paving company,

invent the first penetration test and machine

 In 1910, after several modifications on test machine;

penetration test become principal means of controlling
consistency at 25oC.
 In 1931 American Associations of State Highway and
Transport officials [AASHTO] published standard
specifications for penetration grade Asphalt cement.
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MATERIALS
 In 1960 the FHWA, ASTM, AASHTO, the industry and
state highway departments wants gradation of asphalt to
be done by Viscosity @ 60oC
 In 1987, as part of Superpave research programme a new
grading system developed in America called
“performance Grading” system

 Hence, in summary of the above developments we do

have three basic asphalt grading system
1) Penetration Grading
2) Viscosity Grading
3) Performance grading 57
 GRADING METHODS USED IN USA

58

NCAT, 1996
I. Penetration Grading of Asphalt Cement
 It is based on penetration test on original asphalt @25oC,
100gm weight & 5 sec loading
 Accordingly, there are five grades of asphalt
 40-50 ; 60 -70 ; 85 -100 ; 120 – 150 and 200 – 300

Advantage Disadvantage

1 The test is done at 25° which is The test is empirical and does not
reasonably close to a typical pavement measure any fundamental engineering
average temperature. parameter such as viscosity

2 provide a better correlation with low-

temperature asphalt binder properties
than the viscosity test
3 Temperature susceptibility can be
determined by conducting the test at
temperatures other than 25° C
4 The test is quick and inexpensive. The test does not provide information at
Therefore, it can easily be used in the mixing and compaction temperatures.59
field.
 .

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MATERIALS
II. Viscosity Grading of Asphalt Bitumen
 It is based on viscosity test on Original or Aged asphalt
@60oC.
 There are six grades based on original asphalt and five grades
based on aged asphalt in Rolling thin film oven test.

Standard Grading based on Original Asphalt (AC)

AASHTO
AC-2.5 AC-5 AC-10 AC-20 AC-30 AC-40
M 226

 The viscosity grades indicate the viscosity in hundreds of

poises ± 20% measured at 60oC (140oF). For example, AC
2.5 has a viscosity of 250 poises ± 50. AC 40 has a viscosity
of 4000 poises ± 800.
61
 Standard Grading based on Aged Residue (AR)
AASHTO
AR-10 AR-20 AR-40 AR-80 AR-160
M 226

NB: The prefix AC and AR refers to the original and aged asphalt respectively

Advantages
1 Unlike penetration test, viscosity The principal grading (done at 25° C may not
is a fundamental engineering
parameter.
2 Temperature susceptibility can
be somewhat determined
because viscosity is measured at
three different temperatures
(penetration only is measured at
25° C (77° F)).
Disadvantages
accurately reflect low-temperature asphalt
binder rehology.
When using the AC grading system, thin film
oven test residue viscosities can vary greatly
with the same AC grade.  Therefore, although
asphalt binders are of the same AC grade they
may behave differently after construction.
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 Chemical properties of Asphalt Binders
 Itis an asphalt binder’s chemical properties that determine its
physical properties as well as the field performance of HMA.

 The chemical properties can be studied at

1. Molecular level
2. Intermolecular level
 The molecular level chemistry of Asphalt is very complex
and less important for our purpose. However, the
intermolecular structure or chemistry determines the
behaviors of Asphalt.

64
 The main components of Asphalt Cement are

Asphalt
Cement

Asphaltenes Maltenes

When we dissolve Asphalt

Resins Oils
Cement in non-polar solvent
like pentane, hexane, heptanes
1.The precipitate or the
insoluble is known as
Asphaltenes Asphaltenes:
2.The soluble portions are •are dark brown friable solids
known as Maltenes •Responsible for the hardening of the
Asphalt cement

Maltenes
• are soluble hydrocarbons 65
•Easily converted in to Asphaltenes due to
oxidation or rearrangement
 Liquid Bitumen
 Liquid binders are modified penetration grade bitumen
prepared as liquid products for handling at relatively low
temperatures and mixed with aggregates either when
cold or only warmed sufficiently to make them surface-
dry.
 The two forms of liquid bitumen are:
 Cutback bitumen -- prepared by dissolving the asphalt cement in
a suitable volatile solvent to reduce their viscosity to make them
easier to use at ordinary temperatures,
 Bitumen emulsions --- prepared by emulsifying the asphalt
cement in an aqueous medium
 These types of asphalt are not used in HMA production. However, they are
extensively used in pavement repairs, sub grade stabilization,
bituminous surface treatments (BSTs), slurry seals, tack coats, Prime coat
fog seals, 66
 Asphalt emulsions
 produced by breaking asphalt cement, usually of 100-250
penetration range, into minute particles and dispersing
them in water with an emulsifier.

 These minute particles have like electrical charges and

therefore do not unite. They remain in suspension in the
liquid phase as long as the water does not evaporate or
the emulsifier does not break.

 Asphalt emulsions consist of asphalt, which makes up

about 55 percent to 70 percent by weight, up to 3%
emulsifying agent, water and in some cases may contain a
stabilizer.

67
  Two general types of emulsified asphalts are
produced, depending on the type of emulsifier used:
 Cationic emulsions, in which the asphalt particles

have a positive charge;

 Anionic emulsions, in which they have a negative

charge.

 Each of the categories is further divided into three

subgroups, based on how rapidly the asphalt emulsion
will return to the state of the original asphalt cement
as: rapid setting (RS), medium-setting (MS), and slow
setting (SS).

68
A cationic emulsion is identified by placing the letter
"C" in front of the emulsion type; no letter is placed in
front of anionic and non-ionic emulsions. For example,
CRS-2 denotes a cationic emulsion, and RS-2 denotes
either anionic or non-ionic emulsion.

 Theanionic and cationic asphalts generally are used in

highway maintenance and construction.

 Since anionic emulsions contain negative charges, they

are more effective in adhering aggregates containing
electropositive charges such as limestone, whereas
cationic emulsions are more effective with
electronegative aggregates such as those containing a
high percentage of siliceous material.
 Cationic emulsions also work better with wet69
aggregates and in colder weather.
 Bitumen emulsions break when sprayed or mixed
with mineral aggregates in a field construction
process; the water is removed, and the asphalt
remains as a film on the surface of the aggregates.

 Incontrast to cutback bitumen, bitumen emulsions

can be applied to a damp surface.

70
 Cutback Bitumen
 During construction, upon curing by evaporation of the solvent,
the cured-out asphalt cement will be in approximately the same
condition as before being taken into solution and bind the
aggregate particles together. The curing period depends on the
volatility of solvents.
 Cutback bitumen are grouped into three types based on the type
of solvent, which governs the rates of evaporation and curing:
 Slow-curing (SC):,
 Medium-curing (MC), and

 Rapid-curing (RC).

 Each type of cutback bitumen is subdivided into several grades

characterized by their viscosity limits. The viscosity is controlled
by the quantity of cutback solvent to make the various grades
from very fluid to almost semi-solid at ambient temperatures.
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1. Slow-curing (SC):
 Obtained directly as slow-curing straight-run asphalts
through the distillation of crude petroleum or as slow-
curing cutback asphalts by "cutting back" asphalt
cement with a heavy distillate such as diesel oil.

 Theyhave lower viscosities than asphalt cement and are

very slow to harden. Slow-curing asphalts are usually
designated as SC-70, SC-250, SC-800, or SC-3000,
where the numbers are related to the approximate
kinematic viscosity in centistokes at 60oC (140oF).
 They are used with dense-graded aggregates and on
soil-aggregate roads in warm climates to avoid dust.
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 Medium-Curing (MC) Cutbacks:
 produced by fluxing, or cutting back, the residual asphalt
(usually 120-150 penetration) with light fuel oil or kerosene.

 The term medium refers to the medium volatility of the kerosene-

type dilutent used.
 Medium-curing cutback asphalts harden faster than slow-curing
liquid asphalts, although the consistencies of the different grades
are similar to those of the slow-curing asphalts. However, the
MC-30 is a unique grade in this series as it is very fluid and has
no counterpart in the SC and RC series.

 The fluidity of medium-curing asphalts depends on the amount

of solvent in the material. MC-3000, for example, may have only
20 percent of the solvent by volume, whereas MC-70 may have
up to 45 percent.
 These medium-curing asphalts can be used for the construction
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of pavement bases, surfaces, and surface treatments.
Rapid-Curing (RC) Cutbacks :
 Produced by blending asphalt cement with a
petroleum distillate that will easily evaporate, thereby
facilitating a quick change from the liquid form at
time of application to the consistency of the original
asphalt cement. Gasoline or naphtha generally is used
as the solvent for this series of asphalts.

 The grade of rapid-curing asphalt required dictates

the amount of solvent to be added to the residual
asphalt cement. For example, RC-3000 requires about
15 percent of distillate, whereas RC-70 requires about
40 percent.
 These grades of asphalt can be used for jobs similar to
those for which the MC series is used, but where there
is a need for immediate cementing action or colder 74
climates.
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 2-2: BITUMINOUS BINDING PAVEMENT
MATERIALS
 Currently, the predominant liquid asphalt used
worldwide is Emulsion Asphalt. This is due to:
1. Emulsions are Environmentally friendly than cutbacks
2. Cut backs induce lose of high energy content products to
the atmosphere
3. Emulsions have less fire risk unlike the cut backs
4. Emulsions can be used in damp conditions and less energy
required

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ANIONIC EMULSION

78
CATIONIC EMULSION

79
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SLURY SEAL APPLICATION

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