Prestressed
Concrete Design
 1 2


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,

17,580 ksc. (250,000 psi)
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1,730,000  2,040,000 ksc. 
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1.1. 
   
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 2,400
y s y

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s y

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,
f &
 3,500 ksc. +
4,000 ksc. 3 f = 0.5f +
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y s y

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σ s = E s ε s = 2 ,040 ,000 × 0 . 0050 = 10 ,200 ksc.
: .;.1886 P.H. Jackson ; 3  3#

   30"&%
 
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%

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 &+' 
Freyssinet (> $
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;) ,
 %'
$'+ 

+ shrinkage
P. Abeles ( 
@A), F. Leonhardt ( ), V.V. Mikhailov
% creep " 


#$,
1,200 ksc. %
( -) % T.Y. Lin (  )
*,"(
 2,040,000 ksc.  "

+
σs 1,200
εs = = = 0.0006
Es 2,040,000

2  ,=3"& (shrinkage) % 

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+ 0 %%
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: .;. 1908 C.R. Steiner 3    5 
-&'

  shrinkage % creep & 


+

: .;.1928 E. Freyssinet 3> $
;  $3'
,


17,580 ksc. 
?= ,='
 shrinkage %
creep 
+ 3

12,000 ksc. %
"
&
σs 12,000
εs = = = 0.0059
Es 2,040,000
 5 6


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(strength reduction factor)  
#$ 1.5 
  
 

'
#$
 ≤ '
#$ !!
M u
≤ φM n

P u
≤ φP n

V u
≤ φV n

*#$ M , P , V
u u u
= '  
#$ 
  

*/ 
 %
E" 
'!
φM , φP , φV
n n n
= '  
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*/ 
 %
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M,P,Vn n n
= '  
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φ = ,4'

 11 12

 1.6   %/% !!   


  
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161  

162  
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% % ! + 1.6.1   (combined load concept)
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(stress) "$


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# 3   
6 #  %3    
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30 kg/m 2

34 ('!!5 *

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2

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P +#$%# *#$
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 2!
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#$
P #$%#
P
σ1 = +
A

#$*/"&
;,/ Pe
My Pey
σ2 = m =m
I I
2! σ2 = −
Pey
0

-
I
2
σ2 =+
Pey
0
 +
I
 13 14
 4
#$2
(%2!( # y  c %
+
#$2
&
P Pec Mc
σ= m ±
A I I
2! σ=
P Pec t Mc t
− +
A I I
2
σ=
P Pec b Mc b
+ −
A I I

  
," %#
#
 e 0!  ,%#
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#$2
 
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σ= m
A I # '
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2! σ=
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− * 0

 
A I
# 

2
σ=
P Pey
+
A I

*#$ σ = 
#$&!  
#$'
6
P = 
 %#52
   
 1.1 
'4
#$&#$2!%2



   !  4$

3 

3

A = "& #$

  10.00  
60 cm.  90
e = %%"&
;,/-# /  cm. !&'! #( 5,000 kg/m  


-# /
 

 ,#$ 1.9 %%"&
;,/#$$


y = %%!   3

 30 cm. 
 %#52
 
%#-$
2-# /
 
240,000 kg.
I = */  /3 (moment inertia)

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(#) 

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 40 M 33
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0


My
σ3 = ±
I
2! σ3 =+
My


I
2
σ3 =−
My



I
 15 16
 
 *#/'
b = 60 cm.  h = 90 1.6.2  %&$ (internal couple concept)
cm. !

& 0     #$  3 +  #&
        
5  %      
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 %#' 
A = bh = 60 × 90 = 5,400 cm 2 ) %#**/
,!) C-T *#$ C
I=
bh 3 60 × 903
= = 3,645,000 cm 4
0
   % T 0

 -$
#&



12 12 #%# !

 %#52 P  z " */
&' =
%
C ! T %+
(0.60×0.90)×2,400 = 1,296 kg/m M = C⋅z = T⋅z = P⋅z
&'! #(  = 5,000 + 1,296 = 6,296 kg/m      %3 +  #&
         5 %
   
@ 

*/#$$

3
  4 ,#$ 1.11 0   5  "$
wL2 6,296 × 10.00 2
M= = = 78,700kg.m = 7,870,000 kg.cm */) 
+ 
C = T = 0 + M = 0 "$ */
8 8
)  6 $& 
C % T % 6 $&+ 
# #$ 1.9 +
#$2!%2

 %%
%
C ! T #! z = jd +$

0
P Pec Mc
σ= m ±
A I I
240,000 240,000 × 30 × 45 7,870,000 × 45
σ= m ±
5,400 3,645,000 3,645,000
σ = 44.44 m 88.89 ± 97.16


#$2! = 44.44  88.89 + 97.16

#$2
= 44.44 + 88.89  97.16

,#$ 1.10 

  %

 
#$ 1.1
 17 18
 4 ,#$ 1.12    
,
&
 

T #'
   C & #$
+*/
)  M = 0 
T % C 

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)  ,#$ 1.12 ()  "$ !&'$&*/
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T &+ ,#$ 1.12 ()
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C %$

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*
C % T #!%+$


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'!
&
() # ! T   #'# ! C  % C = T 1
C= (σ t + σ b )bh
() # ! M #' z +  % M = C⋅z = T⋅z 2
1
() "$ # ! C %'
z  
+ 240,000 = (σ t + σ b ) × 60 × 90
2
σ t + σ b = 88.88
  
#$ 2  ! ! 2   
 %0  ,  $  $  
,  

 1.2  
#$ 1.1 
'4 !
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- # /
 = 60  45 = 15 cm. 
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3
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C1 % C2 +
&

C1 = σ b bh = σ b × 60 × 90 = 5400σ b
wL2 6,296 × 10.00 2
M= = = 78,700kg.m = 7,870,000kg.cm 1 1
8 8 C2 = (σ t − σ b )bh = (σ t − σ b ) × 60 × 90 = 2700(σ t − σ b )
2 2

   C = 

 
T = 240,000 kg

&  M = C⋅z = T⋅z  z -# /
0( #@AG
 

M M 7,870,000
z=
C
= =
T 240,000
= 32.79 cm. #$*/

5/
#!2!
*/


  !( #$&

5/" C 
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3
"& C2 
&
C × 2.79 = C1 × 0 + C 2 × 15
wL 2
6,296 × 10.00 2 240,000 × 2.79 = 0 + 2700(σ t − σ b ) × 15
M= = = 78,700kg.m = 7,870,000kg.cm
8 8 σ t − σ b = 16.54

   C = 

 
T = 240,000 kg

&  M = C⋅z = T⋅z  z  (1) +  (2) 
M M 7,870,000 2σ t = 105.42
z= = = = 32.79 cm.
105.42
C T 240,000 σt = = 52.71ksc.

C 
-# /
 = 32.79  30 = 2.79 cm. 2
 (1)   (2) +
" &+ 
#$2! σt %
#$2
σb
2σ b = 72.34

&
C 
E$

#$2!!2
,4 72.34
σb = = 36.17 ksc.
"& #$  " 2
 19 20
5 

  (
   5#$

" 
# ! C % z  
C +#$-# /

%*/#J M = 2.79C -$

#'

#$2!%

#$2


 C #$-# / σ1 = C = 240,000 = 44.44 ksc.
A 5,400



 M = 2.79C #$2!0
 (+) #$2

0

(-) +
&
Mc 2.79 × 240,000 × 45
σ2 = ± =± = ±8.27
I 3,645,000
ksc.

#$2! σ t = 44.44 + 8.27 = 52.71 ksc.

#$2
σ b = 44.44 − 8.27 = 36.17 ksc

1.6.3   


         

(load balancing concept)
0  42

  

 %#'#&
%!! 3
 %#'#$ 
5/ 


 
θ ≈ sin θ ≈ tan θ =
y
=
2y
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* L/2 L

(
P  %#'3&&#$$

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b

#$(#$


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5/#$$

P %
#$ 
 M = Pb L = (2Pθ)L = PL ⎛ 2 y ⎞ = Py⎜ ⎟
b 4 4 2 ⎝ L ⎠



% P 0
)   

P #'( θ 
& K*/%0
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Psinθ 


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b (  K
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P = 2Psinθ = 2Pθ  % θ 
"$ ( θ 6 &
 21 22
&'! #()  &' 
(

%#$- # /
 

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P cos θ ≈ P  " σ=
P
 
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A
!( *

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5!+

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+ ,$


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α 
(
Pα
,#$ 1.16 (
)   
0
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3
 
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 ,/ ,#$ 1.14  K*/% , 
3! %*/#$ "&
;,/ M = P cos e Peθ⋅ =

 

  
 %0*/ "&
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Pe 
&"$  
  
0 ,*
 *!

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*/ "&
;,/%0 ,*

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2 %$' wb &-$
 
0
(
#$$

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&
w b L2
M = Py =
8
8Py
wb =
L2
#$#&



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Psinθ 
(

!*

& 
+#'
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)

  ! P cos θ ≈ P #'

$' !  &'! #()  %#'
  % 
#$!
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() 
(

() 
#$
 23 24

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8 × 240,000 × 0.30

(
wb =
8Py
= = 5,760 kg/m
L2 10.00 2

(#5#$& w = 6,296  5,760 = 536 kg/m #;3&

*/#$$

3
"&"$

(#5 
wL2 536 × 10.00 2
M=
8
=
8
= 6,700kg.m = 670,000kg.cm 1.  "  
'
,
  !

#$2
"$
*/    #'
  0
  $
σ=±
Mc
=±
670,000 × 45
= ±8.27 ksc.  %#5) !&' #&
  %
'

I 3,645,000
,
   5 

*/2!0
 2
0



#$
#$ 2. 
P 240,000 : .;.1886 P.H.Jackson 3   5 

σ=+ =+ = +44.44 ksc.

A 5,400 * #
 #
  

& 
#$2!
   
: .;.1888 C.E.W Doehring 3 #5<
σ t = +44.44 + 8.27 = +52.71 ksc.   
2"&   
?= "$
shrinkage % creep

#$2

   
: .;.1908 C.R.Steiner 3   5 
-&'
σ b = +44.44 − 8.27 = +36.17 ksc. "$ ?= shrinkage % creep
,#$ 1.18 
  %

#$ : .;.1928 E. Freyssinet 3> $
;  $3'
,

'4* ; 


(
 

#   "$  6 #$      9       
"
G.Magnel (3!) Y.Guyon (3> $
;) P. Abeles (3

@A) F. Leonhardt (3 ) V.V. Mikhailov (3 -)
% T.Y.Lin (3  )
3.   3 * ,   
  5  ( 4 )
*
  
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%
  
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5" 5
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concrete) ! 5
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(posttensioned concrete)
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, 
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6. 
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 25 26

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(1)  , I 3
 10.00   90 cm.  , ()  



!&'! #( 600 kg/m 
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3 7  

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 33 cm. * (2) #'!!>L 1 *$3
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#$2!(%2
(
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%
%3
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#$ 
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6 !!>L (1) 
!

&

A = 3,471cm 2
I = 2,053,228cm 4
I
r2 = = 591.5cm 2
A
c b = 59.54 cm.
c t = 30.46 cm.
S b = 34,485cm 3
S t = 67,407 cm 3
WD = 833kg / m
f c' = 420 ksc. e = 50 cm.

f c = 0.45f c' = 189ksc.

f r = 2.0 f c' = 40ksc. ' 
  1860  .420-2534  12.7
f pu = 18,730ksc. mm. *35
f pi = 13,200ksc. ()  

f pe = 10,000ksc. ()  

,!)
()  
(
"$ &'! #() 
!

&
A c = 2,306.25cm 2 (4)  , T 
 , 3
 15.00  &'
I = 1,991,357cm 4 ! #(   500 kg/m 3       
  1860
I
r2 =
A
= 863cm 2  .420-2534  12.7 mm. ' 12  %%"&

c b = 39.57 cm. ;,/#$$


3
 24.4 cm. 
#$2!
c t = 50.43cm. %2

*3
S b = 50,325cm 3
()  

S t = 39,488cm 3
()  
,!)
WD = 554 kg / m
WL = 600 kg / m ()  
(
"$ &'! #() 
 27 28
 
 2.1 
 !
f c' = 350ksc.   
f r = 2.0 f c' = 37.4 ksc. 2.1 " 
 !
f pe = 11,380 ksc. 211   !
212 #$%
213  !%&'&(
214 !$
215 ! &$ "!
 
 
2.1 

 ! fc !&% 300  500 ksc. %
)$ 350
ksc.
(% fc ! !!  !* 28 &)
2.1.1  
  (Concrete Strength)


  
A = 3,150cm 2
I = 1,447,813cm 4
I
r 2 = = 459.6cm 2
A
c b = 31.31cm.
c t = 43.69cm.

S b = 46,241cm 3
S t = 33,138cm 3
w D = 756kg / m
A ps = 12 × 0.9871 = 11.8452cm 2
%&!   0.002
 %!  %&! & 0.003
t
 (4)  fc = 500 ksc.  fpe = 11,030 ksc. f c ' ( t )= f c ' (28) (2.1)
(5) α + βt
 fc(t) =   !  t &
fc(28) =       !    28
&
α,β = % (+ +,)
 ( -
&
/%
)
 1 #( -!- -/!!
)
 3 #( -!- -)
 # !0&)%& !
 29 30

2.1.4 
 (Creep) $! &=
+,"!!
!- -/!! !- - # !0&
% , 6&9 !# 2.4  &% 25% !
 10 & 25%
 >
 2-3 $ 25% >! 1 ?  25% )&
%)$, %6, %)$, %6, ?
/!! /!!  ,& 1 ? 3 $ "
!$>+ ! 75%
α 4.0 1.0 2.3 0.7 cc = εt
εi
β 0.85 0.95 0.92 0.98
 εt = % & !  & !&, !  &
$%!$
 ! !!! + = # !  fr
εi = %&! &$%
fr = 2.0 f c ' (2.2)
cc =   !
 /
@  !$  ! 
%! 3
2.1.2  (Modulus of Elasticity)
#$%$
7 &  !% 6

"!# 2.2 #$% !  3 )

 $

1. #"!
  (Initial modulus)  OA
2. (-# (Secant modulus)  OB
3. #8 (Tangent modulus)  XY

!! !

0! ! ) 2.
Ec = 4270w 1.5 f c ' (2.3)
 Ec = #$% ! , ksc.
w = %&, ! , /3
fc =  ! ! !
!  28 &
%& ksc.
! !! ! &9 6 w = 2.332 /3 %
): 3 
Ec = 15200 f c ' (2.4)
! (2.4)  !*! ! &... 8!&
$ 15206 : 3 6 15200

2.1.3  (Lateral strain)

 !%&'&( (Poissons ratio) $ !%&
!&%  % & !$    &     %  % & !$    & 
&  ! %!&% 0.15-0.20 )% 0.17 ;
%< %& 0% 0.3
 31 32

 2.2 
 0!
!
2.1.5        
!"    
(shrinkage) 2.2 " 
 0!
!
;! &$! #:&)$, 1 $ 221 &!
! 40% ! 3 $ 60% 8%6?!+ 80 % ! 20 ? 222 &&!
100 % %%&! &,! 0.0002 >+ 0.0006 223 0!
 
2.2 !" #$  (prestressing steel)
  # $+ =$! ! %&
!$ & 0" ! " &"!  !$
!#:&)$,%&!$ & 0  
00 6& >0 0"6%$ 6&
0!
!  3 )
$
1. &! (prestressing wire) ) 0 =$,
!0"!#
2. &&! (prestressing strand) ) 
= =$,! ! $
3. 0! (prestressing bar) )!! )%&
,9 )%=%! ! 3-5  !&!
%$ ;)%& 9 6 ( &% )%=0"=!AB)
0!
!  !6 %  %"!
6)$!
$ %&!$ & 0.01 !$ 1% #!#
2.7
> !* ! AS1310 ) 0.2% 7(0
2.2.1  # (prestressing wire)  !*
ASTM A421  .95-2534  Es = 2,040,000 ksc.  2 )
$
1) )
 +;  (type BA = bottom
anchorage) )!

2) )
 + ; 
  (type WA = wedge
anchorage) )
!6& )!C6
 33 34

2.2.3 $    # (prestressing bar) 8


 !* ASTM A722  )
$ 8
&! (round bar)
  (threaded bar) #$% 1,730,000 ksc. %
2.2.2   # (prestressing strand) )
 !) 0.2% 7(0 (+ % 0.85   !
7  19 7'B;& )$)
 7  8
 (fpy = 0.85fpu)
 !* ASTM A416  .420-2534 %#$%)
1,970,000 ksc.
ASTM A416 ! 250 " fpu = 250,000 psi =
17,580 ksc. ! 270 " fpu = 270,000 psi = 18,980 ksc.
.420-2534 ! 1725 " fpu = 1725 N/mm2 
! 1860 " fpu = 1860 N/mm2
35 36

 2.3 
 0!
/!!
  
2.3 " 
 0!
/!!
 
2.3 !" #%  (non-prestressed reinforcement)
0!
/!!)!
)%&0! ;
0!! <$ !$0!!!
!
&&  2
)
$ 08
&! (round bar) ! SR-24 %&0
 (deformed bar) ! SD-30, SD-40  SD-50 !  2.6
;
 !* !! (.)
 37 38

 3.1 !#: $ "&DE
3.1 
  !"#   $%

+,0!
!
  (friction loss)
  
!,
 Post-tension &DE!&% 0!

3.1 &!#: $ "&
! %!0 (hollow duct) ! + %9  "
DE 
+, 0!
!
+ 6 !&& 0! %!#:
 
"&DE,+,

 3  &
'!
(1) &
!#: " 2 )%& $
(2) !% "+
1) 
+,!>%! (immediate loss)
(3) )
 0!
!
2) 
+, &8%6 (time-dependent loss)
(4) )
 %!0
 !* &... ? =.C.2537 # !&!#:!,
&%
Px = Pje-(kx+μα) (3.1)

 Px = ! + 0!
! ! x "
() 
     
 +, kg
Pj = ! +   (+   !+ 0 !
  
F!#:! + !G,$ " $ ! , kg
&DE
+,0!
! (friction loss) e = % !
/+/!!)
= 2.71828
! &
 ! (elastic shortening loss) k =    !  
 /
@    &     (wobble
! + (anchorage loss) coefficient), m-1
 Pj = ! + 0!+ &!$ 6H μ =    !  
 /
@    &   DE  (friction
-1
!
- coefficient), rad
Pi = ! + 0 ">%! x = ! &&"0
!#:! +  >%! = Pj  PI !
!  !+ >+ % ="
!, m
α = 8!&,        6"
() 
    0  !
   !    !+ >+

!0&)%& ! 75%  1 ?CF  " % =
"!, radian
(1) !  &  ! "!# :   &)$, 
(shrinkage loss) '  ! kx + μα < 0.3 ()
(2) ! & ! "!$ (creep loss) Px=
Pj
(3.2)
1 + kx + μα
(3) !! +  0  !
   ! (steel
% k  μ &!"! >6%6 )  !
relaxation loss)
 3.1
 Pi = ! + 0 ">%!
"!# 3.2 &!& 0!
! ;
Pe = ! + 0   "!# :   ,
=! ",   8 ! m "
&
!#:! + 
+, & = Pi  Pe &!- F  =! y = m
 
2
! !  α "0 6
 39 40
α α m 2m 2(2 y ) 4 y
tan = = = = =
2 2 L L L L
2 !#!=! y = 4ax2
 α=
8y " (x1,y1) % y1 = 4ax12
L
=/- m = dy
= 8ax
dx
! ! y = mx + b
% m =
"! x = x1 ; m = 8ax1

 ,!8=!" (x1,y1) $
y = (8ax1)x + b
 ! 8%" (x1,y1) % x = x1  y = y1 !
8 =$%  b
y1 = (8ax1)x1 + b
y1 = 8ax12 + b
% y1 = 4ax12 "!=! !8
4ax12 = 8ax12 + b
b = -4ax12
% b !8
y = (8ax1)x + (-4ax12)
y = (8ax1)x  4ax12
" (0,y2) ;" 8  y % x = 0  y = y2
y2 = (8ax1)(0)  4ax12
y2 = -4ax12
"0&% y1 = y2

(   !=
#"-&%!"!-6 "& (|y1|)
%!""&6 "  8 =! 
 3.1 " &!#:! + $ "&
 ! (|y2|) DE % % 9  &&! 
|y1| = |y2| %$ ;%!!&
 %$ 2 )%& && 6&
!# 3.3 ! + ! A =  &
 41 42
#%
' " !  3.1 !&&! % %&'(  G 8" F  8" G
$ !
/
@& μ = 0.15-  0.105 !  ,!, " A-B-C-D-E-
0.25 %!
/
@& k = 0.0020-0.0049 ! F-G $ α = 0.105+0.105+0.105+0.105+0.105+0.105 = 0.630
&)%<$ μ = 0.20  k = 0.0035 ! ! &" A-B-C-D-E-F-G $ x =
"! 3.1 Px = Pje-(kx+μα) 9+9+7+7+9+9 = 50  ! %! 3.1
%&'(  B " A &! & 0.105 ! PG = PAe-(0.0035×50+0.20×0630) = 0.740PA
%&" B &! &  ,!)%& A >+ !#:! + = 1.000  0.740 = 0.260 = 26 %
B % α = 0.105 ! ! & x = 9  !  !=
#"- θ ≈ sin θ ≈ tan θ $ θ → 0
%
PB = PAe-(0.0035×9+0.20×0.105) = 0.949PA
!#:! + = 1-0.949 = 0.051 = 5.1 %
%&'(  C " B 8 " C 
8 0.105 !  ,!)%& A-B-C
"+ % α = 0.105 + 0.105 = 0.210 ! ! &
" A-B-C $ x = 9 + 9 = 18  ! %! 3.1
PC = PAe-(0.0035×18+0.20×0.210) = 0.900PA
!#:! + = 1.000-0.900 = 0.100 = 10 %
%&'(  D 8" C & 0.105 
 !

(Trigonometry Definitions) 6&%
! %&" D 8  , )%& " A-B-C-D θ = q
!
R
!   α = 0.105 + 0.105 + 0.105 = 0.315
sinθ = a
6%%&
! !&" A-B-C-D $ x = 9 + 9 + 7 = 25 R

 ! %! 3.1 tanθ = a

6%%&
b
PD = PAe-(0.0035×25+0.20×0.315) = 0.860PA
!#:! + = 1.000  0.860 = 0.140 = 14 % $ θ → 0 % a → q  b → R  ,
%&'(  E " D 8 " E  θ ≈ sin θ ≈ tan θ $ θ → 0
0.30 + 0.40 0.70
8 0.105 !  ,!   )% tan θ = = = 0.0875
8 8
)%& A-B-C-D-E $ α = 0.105 + 0.105 + 0.105 + 0.105 = 0.420 θ = tan −1 (0.0875) = 5.000644598  C
! ! &$ x = 9 + 9 + 7 + 7 = 32  !  π
θ = 5.000644598 × = 0.087277712 !
%! 3.1 180
PE = PAe-(0.0035×32+0.20×0.420) = 0.822PA 8 % = 0.0875  0.087277712 = 0.000222287056 % 
!#:! + = 1.000-0.822 = 0.178 = 17.8% C
 %  4
%&'(  F " E 8& 0.105
! %& F  "+ !)%& A-B-C-D-E-F
$ α = 0.105 + 0.105 + 0.105 + 0.105 + 0.105 = 0.525 !
! &)%& A-B-C-D-E-F $ x = 9 + 9 + 7 + 7 + 9 = 41
 ! %! 3.1
PF = PAe-(0.0035×41+0.20×0.525) = 0.780PA
!#:! + = 1.000  0.780 = 0.220 = 22 %
 43 44

 3.2 "   &! +  &  &  ! 
 C "& B >+ C ; ! "+ 6%!
 "!$"&DE % B,   , α = 0.125 ! 6$! 
C,  D %!&&! ; & x = 8 + 8 = 16  !  , ! 3.1 Pj = PC- = P 
0 $    %$ 
    C
 Px = PA = 40,000 kg. %6
)%& !# 3.4 ! + &&! 
,   % 40,000 kg PC- = 40,000×e-(0.0007×16+0.25×0.125) = 38,338 kg.
=
"!" & C #!# 3.6 !6& !"
 &  ; x = 16  ! 
 ")%& BC 6
CD ! %$ θ3 )%& BC  θ4 )%& CD 
,  !&";%& 

0.30 + 0.40
θ 3 = tan θ 3 = = 0.0875 !
8

 
 " !  3.1 &&! %0
$ %
μ = 0.25  k = 0.0007
"! 3.1 Px = Pje-(kx+μα)


 B ! 3.1 Px = PA = 40,000 = ! 
 A  Pj = PB = P " ( B ! &
-

" A >+ B $ x = 8  ! &&&!  A  B ; )%& CD ; =! % θ4 6 ,
 ! "+ 6%! $ α = 0 %! 3.1 4 y 4 × (0.40 + 0.35)
θ4 = = = 0.1875 !
L 8+8
)%& A-B-C !  & 0.125 !  ,
P B- = 40,000×e-(0.0007×8 + 0.25×0)
PB- = 39,777 kg.
α = 0.125 + θ C = 0.125 + θ 3 + θ 4 = 0.125 + 0.0875 + 0.1875
α = 0.4 !
$=
"!" & B  Px = PB+ = P   B )%& A >+
! 3.1 % Px = PC+ = P   C  Pj = PA = 40,000
B &&&! ; !  θ1 &)%&
kg. %6
B >+ C &&; !  θ 2 & , 
PC+ = 40,000×e-(0.0007×16+0.25×0.40) = 35,790 kg.
!&";!  " ( B 6 &
 B (+ &!&>+ " A >+  & B &

 D % Pj = PA = 40,000 kg. ! 
= 0.0375 !
0.30
θ1 ≈ tan θ1 =
8 & x = 8+8+8 = 24  ! " C 6 D ! 
0.30 + 0.40 0.70
θ 2 ≈ tan θ 2 = = = 0.0875 ! =
+,%% θ4 = 0.1875 ! >+ "
8 8
α = θ B = θ1 + θ 2 = 0.0375 + 0.0875 = 0.125 !  & C !  & 0.40 !  ,
α = 0.40 + 0.1875 = 0.5875 !
% Pj = PA = 40,000 kg.  ! &" A >+
%! 3.1
 & B $ x = 8  ! %! 3.1 × ×
PB + = 40,000×e-(0.0007×8+0.25×0.125) = 38,553 kg. P = 40,000e
D
-(0.0007 24+0.25 0.5875)
= 33,961 kg.
 45 46
!! !$!+ &&!  ,     !# 3.7  ! + &&!  % % 9 +
0 !& !#:! + "+ %9 =
+, !$9 " ! 3.1 ! ! 3.2 "0&% 
" D ! +    ! + 0&  
  
 3.1
6%6+ "!#:
!#:! + ,  = PA  P D
= 40,000  33,961
= 6,039 kg.
%!#:! + = 6,039
× 100 = 15.1%
40,000
  $ " A >+ D ! & x = 24  ! !
   α = 0.5875 !  ,

kx + μα = 0.0007×24+0.25×0.5875 = 0.164 < 0.3

"0&%;6  $6 ! 3.2  ,!>!

#:! + &&! ! 3.2  ,
Pj
"! 3.2 Px =
1 + kx + μα
" ( " B −
PB =
40,000
= 39,777 kg.
1 + 0.0007 × 8 + 0.25 × 0

" & " B PB+ =

40,000
1 + 0.0007 × 8 + 0.25 × 0.125
= 38,578 kg.
" ( " C PC = − 40,000
1 + 0.0007 × 16 + 0.25 × 0.125
= 38,371 kg.
" & " C PC+ =
40,000
1 + 0.0007 × 16 + 0.25 × 0.40
= 35,997 kg.
" D
40,000
PD =
1 + 0.0007 × 24 + 0.25 × 0.5875
= 34,374 kg.

!#:! + ,  PA  PD = 40,000  34,374 = 5,626 kg.

% !#:! + ,  = 5,626
× 100 = 14.07%
40,000
 47 48

 3.1 !#: $ "! & Eci = Ec = #$% !

 ! >%! , ksc
  
Es = # 0!
! , ksc
3.1 &!#: $ "!
&
 !
   ,! 3.3 "%6&%
3.2    
         ! 
" #  $ Es

 (elastic shortening loss) ES = nfcir =
E ci
f cir

)  
 
 
(pre-
tension) )%0 0$ 677I =$,!0"!# !)
,%&! !  -"!$, C#- (Pe)
 -G! (M) %&! ! "9 (+

 
 

% "(!- ! ;! y $
1. + 0"%&!$ &% εs
P Pey My
2. %! "6 & 0 & σc = m ±
A I I
! 0, 6% &!  & $=
"!C#->%&  0!
! % y &!
% Δεs =!,! 0 ! $, C#- e  P & Po  A & Ac  M & -
%&! &% εc ! & 0 ", )
,%& MG "6
! "% $ f cir =
Po Po e 2 M G e
+ −
σc Po Ac I I
Δε s = ε c = =
Ec AcEc
 Po = ! + 0!
!  ">%! #% $6% fcir &"+ 6%! (3.4) 0"6%!
! & 

 %") 0.9 % #:! + $ "! &
 ! ES %&
 ! + !
 %!>%! =$) ksc =!;% stress  " + 0!, !
!&
Ac = $,  !
Ec =  #  $  %     ! = 
 Po
15,200 f ci' , ksc.
f'ci = %&! ! ! 
! ,ksc
!#:%&! + "! &
 !
ES 6"
ES = Δσs = EsΔε s
= )%& !)! + 0=
" 0 +,!$9 ">+ Psi +
Es
Po E P P
= s. o =n o (3.3) "0& L $,  As $;! δsi !$"
EcAc Ec Ac Ac
&!#&
) &6&%
Po
 fcir = = %&!  Psi L
Ac δ si =
AsEs
!  "!>%! (!-  0!
! ,
ksc
 49 50
!%! $,  Ac && L  
 3.3 !   ! )
 + 0  %  
0 &" fci % Eci = 15,200 f ci' ! 0 0 0.40×0.40  ! & 6.00  ! )&!
"= & %&& L 
 %! 6%  9 ..  !* .95-2534 "&
"+  & = δc ! ! Po %! + 0 8 " ! !# 3.8 %&! +
 "!>%! & ! δc ! !
!%!>%! %% 11,000 ksc.
δc =
Po L  ! ! >%! 240 ksc.
A c E ci
#$% &! 2,040,000 ksc. "
0 0, "
%!! & ! δc =
!#:%&! +  0!
!
δs ! + G0 $ Po %&!$$= δsi - δs
$ "! &
 !
Po L
δ si − δ s =  
  !  2.2 &!  !* .95-
AsEs
% δsi  δs = δc 2534 8%C#- 9 ..$,  % 63.62
!..  + ! fpu = 14,500 ksc.  "! fpy =
Psi L Po L Po L 12,500 ksc.
− =
AsEs A c E ci AsEs
Psi Po Po
− =
AsEs A c E ci AsEs
Psi ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= Po ⎜ + ⎟
AsEs ⎜A E AsEs ⎟
⎝ c ci ⎠

Psi ⎛ A s E s + A c E ci ⎞
= Po ⎜ ⎟
AsEs ⎜ A E •A E ⎟
⎝ c ci s s ⎠
⎛ A s E s + A c E ci ⎞
σ si A s = Psi = Po ⎜ ⎟
⎜ A c E ci ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ A c E ci ⎞
Po = σ si A s ⎜
⎜A E +A E
⎟
⎟  !  1.2  !* &... &%%&
⎝ s s c ci ⎠
! + 0!
! + &!$ + ,"  6%

0.94fpy 6%
 0.80fpu !$%#   8#8

Po = ! + 0 = ! !  !>%
>%! "
%&! ! 66%
 0.70fpu
! , kg
0.94fpy = 0.94×12500 = 11,750 ksc. > 11,000 ksc.
σsi = %&! !+ 0!, ! , ksc.
0.80fpu = 0.80×14500 = 11,600 ksc. > 11,000 ksc.
≤ 0.94fpy = 0.94fsy
 &%!! + !
 + ; 11,000 ksc. #%
≤ 0.80fpu = 0.80fsu
)%&  !*
As = $, 0!
! , cm2
"! 3.3 !#:! + $ "! &
Ac = $, ! , cm2

 ! $
Eci = 15,200 f ci' = #$% ! , ksc. E s Po
ES = .
Es = #$% 0!
! , ksc. E ci A c
= 2,040,000 ksc. &!  Es = 2,040,000 ksc.
= 1,970,000 ksc. &&! Eci =
= 1,730,000 ksc. 0! 15,200 f ci' = 15,200 240 = 235,477 ksc.
2
Ac = 40×40 = 1,600 cm
As = 8×0.6362 = 5.0896 cm2
Psi = σsiAs = ! + !
!0!

!
 51 52
σsi= %&! + !
! 0!
! = 11,000 "! 3.4 !#:%&! + $ "! &
Po
⎛
= σ si A s ⎜
A c E ci ⎞
⎟

 ! $
⎜A E +A E ⎟
⎝ s s c ci ⎠ Es
ES = f cir
⎛ 1,600 × 235,477 ⎞ E ci
Po = 11,000 × 5.0896 × ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ 5. 0896 × 2, 040, 000 + 1, 600 × 235, 477 ⎠ ""- () !  1.2  2.2 !&)
Po = 54, 484 kg.
Es = 2,040,000 ksc.
Po 54,484
Psi
=
11,000 × 5.0896
= 0.973 = 97.3% As = 5×0.1964 = 0.982 cm2
%&! + #:$ "! &
 ! $
E s Po 2,040,000 54,484
Ac = 5×30 = 150 cm2 = 150×10-4 m2
ES = . = × = 295 ksc.
E ci A c 235,477 1,600 f'ci = 250 ksc.
% & ! +   $  &  !  "!# :   ! + f'c = 350 ksc.
$ "! &
$ Eci = 15,200 f ci' = 15,200 250 = 240,333 ksc.
fsp = 11,000  295 = 10,705 ksc. Ec = 15,200 f c' = 15,200 350 = 284,366 ksc.
  &%!!% Po 6%)%%! (Po = 0.9Pj) fpu = 17,500 ksc.
 ,!>%&! + 0!  "!#: fpy = 15,000 ksc.
! + "! &
 ! &&% σsi = 13,000 ksc.
Po 54,484
f sp = = = 10,705 ksc. 0.94fpy = 0.94×15,000 = 14,100 ksc. > 13,000 ksc.
As 5.0896
0.80fpu = 0.80×17,500 = 14,000 ksc. > 13,000 ksc.
⎛ A c E ci ⎞
Po = σ si A s ⎜ ⎟
⎜A E +A E ⎟
⎝ s s ⎠

 3.4 " &%%&! + #:$ "
c ci

⎛ 150 × 240,333 ⎞
! &
 8%=$,!0"! Po = 13,000 × 0.982 × ⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0.982 × 2,040,000 + 150 × 240,333 ⎠
! )
+ 0% 5 (.. & 30 (. Po = 12,094 kg.

. & 4.00  ! )&! 8% Po

=
12,094
= 0.93 = 93%
Psi 13,000
C#- 5 ..  !* .95-2534
"& 5  !$, C#-% 1 (.. ,8%=$, = $, ; !  !×2400 kg/m
 !# 3.9 %&! + !!
%!>% ,8%=$, w = 150×10-4×2400 = 36 kg/m
! %   13,000 ksc.   !   $8%=$, &% +,";)%& &  -+ 
! >%!  28 &% 250 )%& # 6"
 350 ksc.  %#$% MG =
&! % 2,040,000 ksc. wL2 36 × 4.00 2
= = 72 kg.m = 72 ×100 = 7200 kg.cm
 
 !! !,8  -& 8 8
e = !$, C#- = 1 (..
=!!$, C#- !! $ 0
bh 3 30 × 5 3
! ,8%=$," &% +,"+  -" I =
12
=
12
= 312.5 cm 4
,& P P e2 M e
f cir = o + o − G
Ac I I
12,094 12,094 × 12 7,200 × 1
f cir = + −
150 312.5 312.5
f cir = 96.287 ksc.
 53 54
%&! + #:"! &
 ! ES $  
 ,!"=
"!)! 3.3
Es 2,040,000 Es P
ES = f cir = × 96.287 = 817 ksc. ES = .
E ci 240,333 E ci A c
% & ! +   $  &  !  "!# :   ! + " !  2.5 & 2.2.3 "6&%
$ "! &
 ! E s = 1,730,000 ksc.
f pu = 10,190 ksc.
σ sir = 13,000 − 817 =12,183ksc.
f py = 0.85f pu = 8,661 ksc.
)     
 (post-
As1 = $, 0 1  = 2.839 cm2
tension)
Ac = 30×30 = 900 cm2
+ 0! 0$ &!  &
= 15,200 f ci' = 15,200 300 = 263,272 ksc.
=!9   6%! #: E ci

+ 0 !  &=

+, !
!#:   6%#: 
 1 !#:  
"!  & !
+    !   &=
 +,  ! "!   3 > (! 6%% %=$ %+,>$&%
 !#:  6%!#: %, ) %&! + 8,100 ksc.
 ,+ "6%!#: >9 P = Pj = Asσs = (3×2.839)
6"#:+,!$9 + !"#: ×8,100 = 68,990 kg.
 !#:%&!  0 1 "! &

Es P 1,730,000 68,990
!  &    % 
 6 &..."+ ES = . = × = 504 ksc.
E ci A c 263,272 900
)%!+ +  + 0% %&$ 
 2 !# :   
 "0     3  4
ES = 0.5 E s f cir "& 2 
E ci
Pe 2 M G e P = Pj= Asσs = (2×2.839) ×8,100 = 45,990 kg.
 f cir =
P
+ −
Ac I I !#:%&!  0 2 "! &

P = ! + + &!$ + 6H!
- ES = Es P
. =
1,730,000 45,990
× = 336 ksc.
E ci A c 263,272 900

 3 !#:
"0 4 "& 1


 3.5 !   ! )
 + 0     
P = Pj = Asσs = (1×2.839)
  0.30×0.30  ! & 4.00  ! )0
!  !* ASTM A722 ! ×8,100 = 22,995 kg.
145 8%C#- 19.05 .. "& !#:%&!  0 3 "! &

Es P 1,730,000 22,995
4  !# + 0& ES = . = × = 168 ksc.
E ci A c 263,272 900
%&! + + 8,100 ksc.  
 4 6%!#:
! ! >%! % 300 ksc
" !#: $ "! &  %!#:< , 

 ! 504 + 336 + 168 + 0
ESav = = 252 ksc.
4
!)! 3.7 !#:$ "! &

 ! 6"
Es
ES = 0 .5 f cir
E ci
 55 56
 fcir $%&!  ! (!-0! 
 3.3 !#: $ "!
f cir =
P
=
Asσs
=
(4 × 2.839)× 8,100 = 102.2 ksc.
+
Ac Ac 900
!"#$% &%
 , ES = 0 .5 ×
1,730,000
× 102.2 = 335.8 ksc. 3.3 &!#: $ "!
263,272
 +
%6 % "!%  =!"& '%

6 > ">#   !$    &  " &  3.3   %( )  %       !     * 
   %+   
0 1 $ (Anchorage loss)
! ! )
+ 0 + 0
f cir =
P
=
A s σs
=
[(4 − 1)× 2.839]× 8,100 = 76.653 ksc.
=$! 0$ δsi ! (+  & $!$ +
Ac Ac 900 %0+ &(+ F;
" &
 , ES =  Δa =!+0! & 0"$!
1,730,000
0 .5 ×
263,272
× 76.653 = 251.8 ksc. #:! + "! +
!
&
"0&%%66% % ! + 6 !% " &+$ "8
&DE!&% 0! %! F$+
0! =  %
C ! %, )! 3.1 
3.2 % k % μ %

"!# 3.11 !#:! + $ "! +


)%& && Lanc $!#:! + $ "&DE
=  % !  !7"+  ! AO >
ΔPanc = !#:! + $ "! 
+ ! "+, kg.
ΔPx = !#:! + "! +
! x "" O (+ 6%!#:$ "
! +, kg.
ΔPx
Δε x = = %&!$ &6
AsEs
 57 58
As = $, 0!
! , cm 2
% ΔPx ! + #:"! +! L "
Es = #$% 0!
! , ksc. +
Δa = ! & +, cm ΔPx = θanc.x = θanc(Lanc  L) (3.11)
Lanc = !""+">+ " O (+ 6%!
#:! + $ "! 
+, cm. 
 3.6 " &%! + #:$ "!
θanc = &)6$ " +!>%!  ! 
+  !7&=/-!&% ! ! )
 + 0          
+ 0!
! !"+
% 0.40×1.00  ! )%& && 16.00
!# 3.11  θanc = 2θf
 ! &&! )=$, 
θf = %&)  &!# : ! +
!& 9.87 cm2 );%$ 
$ "&DE  !7 !# 3.11
  %# $% &&!
"! 3.1 Px = Pje-(kx+μα) "6 % 1,970,000 ksc. ! + &, 
P j − Px
θf =
x
+ &!$ 6H!
-% 120,000 kg.
**  !! Lanc ! As, Es, Δa, Pj  , !! & + 2.0 mm.
ΔPx
L anc Lanc
Δa = ∫ Δε x dx = ∫ dx (3.8)
0 0
AsEs

"!#   3.11 $  θanc 0  9 θ anc = ΔPx !$ 

x
Δ Px = θ anc ⋅ x %! 3.8 6&%

L anc θ anc .x θ Lanc θ anc L2anc

Δa = ∫ .dx = anc ∫0 xdx =
0 As Es AsEs 2A s E s
 
 " !  3.1 &&! %$
2A s E s Δ a      !
 /
@  & k = 0.0035
 , L anc = (3.9)
θ anc !
/
@& μ = 0.20
=
"!">+   (A >+ B) ! x = 8  !
F!& 0! !G+ 0 ";!#  α = 4 y = 4 × 37.5 = 0.09375 !
L 1600
=!"+  θf  x = L
 , "! 3.1 P x = P je -(kx+μα)
2
Pj − P L
Pj − PL / 2 PB = 120,000×e-(0.0035×8+0.20×0.09375)
θf = 2
=
L L/2 PB = 114,519 kg.
θf &;"!
6%  (  !# 3.7)  %!%&% 
2
θ anc = 2θ f
% θanc  ! 3.9  Lanc 6 =!8
6%  ,
% ΔPanc ! + #:"! + ! "
P j − Px Pj − PB 120,000 − 114,519
 θf = = = = 6.85 kg/cm.
x L/2 800
ΔPanc = θanc.Lanc (3.10) θanc = 2θf = 2×6.85 = 13.70 kg/cm.
! x ;!&"" O (+ !$% Lanc 6&  %! 2A s E s Δ a
"! 3.9 L anc =
L ;!&"+  θ anc
x = Lanc  L
 59 60

 3.4 !#: $ "! &
 As = 9.87 cm 2
 ! "!#:&)$,
Es = 1,970,000 ksc.  
Δa = 2.0 mm. = 0.2 cm. 3.4 !#: $ "! &
θanc = 13.70 kg/cm.  ! "!#:&)$,
% Lanc = !
2 × 9.87 × 1,970,000 × 0.2
= 753 cm. < 800 cm. 3.4 "#$ %  !& 
13.70
"#'
*** >& Lanc > L/2 "
6!+, ?
(shrinkage loss)
%!#:! + ! ΔPanc = θanc.Lanc
!  &  ! =!# :   &)$, 
ΔPanc = 13.70×753 = 10,316 kg.
 !* &... %6& ,
! + &&! $ = 120,000  10,316 =
! ! )
+ 0%
109,684 kg.
SH = 1,200  11RH (3.12)
! ! )
+ 0
SH = 0.80(1,200  11RH) (3.13)
 SH = %&! + 0! #:
"! & ! $ "
!#:&)$,, ksc.
RH = &)$,=/-C< ? (%)
")! 3.12  3.13 &  "!% 
!  3.2
 61 62

 3.5 
   
 3.6 
  
$
  %!'( $
     
3.5 
   3.6 
  
  $%!'(  $
   
3.5  
   
 (creep loss) 3.6  
      ! "#
 ...  2537 !" $ 
CR = 12f  7f cir cds
(steel relaxation loss)
#
  CR = !"
$% 
&!'( (
 !'( $ $
 $  , !"
$% -$ 0
0 1"2 $03(!'( 
ksc. $
f =
cir
!" 
$  &    )  *  ... 2537 !"

+  !'  (    $   !   $3(%!'"
! ,"
$ , ksc. ) 
 $  1725 $0 1860 (.420-2525)
f =
cds
!" 
$%  &    )  * RE = 1,410  0.4ES  0.2(SH + CR) (3.15)
  
+     ! '    (    $   )  $ (.95-2525)
-! )  -! RE = 1,270  0.4ES  0.2(SH + CR) (3.16)

/  -  !    *%   
" $ /  !   $3(%!' ! 
&0 $ , ksc. ) 
 $  1725 $0 1860 (.420-2525)
RE = 1,410  0.3FR  0.4ES  0.2(SH + CR) (3.17)
)  $ (.95-2525)
RE = 1,270  0.3FR  0.4ES  0.2(SH + CR) (3.18)

) !'/ $
RE = 210 (3.19)
#
RE = !"
$% 
&!'(
 $
$%
!'( $, ksc.
ES = !"
$% 
&!'(
  $ !   ( 
  , ksc.
SH = !"
$% 
&!'(
  $  !  
 40
-, ksc.
CR = !"
$% 
&!'(
 $ ,
ksc.
FR = !"
$% 
&!'(
 $56, ksc.
 63 64

 3.7 "0
$%&!'( 
    (time-dependent loss)
 $ ) 
$%!  
   
3- &3/  3.12   $3(%!'
3.7 "0
$%& "
!'( $ SH = 1,200  11RH
  #
RH = 3- 4 9+; 
= 75 %
3.7 % #& 
 ' ! "#$  SH = 1,200  11 × 75 = 375 ksc.
 ... 2537 &!/"0
) 
$%   
$%&84(9  - -2"
$% 3.14
56$0/ 
% CR = 12f  7f cir cds

#
  fcir
= 96.287 ksc. =  $/& 
" 
3.4
f =
cds
!"
$%&  )
*
+ $ (&!/ y = e) -! )
  -!!-! )  0,"
$ &3/
-!  30 kg/m
 %34-
wL2 30 × 4.00 2
M= = = 60 kg.m = 6,000 kg.cm
8 8
My Me 6,000 × 1.0
f cds = = = = 19.20 ksc.
I I 312.5
  - CR = 12 × 96.287  7 × 19.20 = 1,021 ksc.
$(%
 3.7 $1"4-'& 
"  3.4 !
) 
$%
$%!'( 
$%     (  %-   -  !  %  3"  4-  &!/ $ 3.16   $3(%!'" $0
3- 4 9+ " 75 % -! )  &3/ $:!'( $
(2"-!  ) 30 kg/m $0-!  RE = 1,270  0.4ES  0.2(SH + CR)
) 25 kg/m. RE = 1,270  0.4 × 817  0.2 × (375 + 1,021)
RE = 664 ksc.

!"
$% (%- -! = 817 + 375 +
1,021 + 664 = 2,877 ksc.
!"
$% !& $! 
$%
 ()!)$/ = 13,000  2,877 = 10,123 ksc.
("*
+ $1"4-':3(
 2" 
$% % 
$% (%- -! 3"4-
2,877 × 100
 0,"
$&3/$
%! 
0!"!'  = = 22.13%
13,000
 

 2"
 
  -
   &0,"
$ ;40 
 ES *% 
"  3.4 2/ ES = 817 ksc.
 65 66
$(%
 3.8   $  I 3(%!' !  "$% 

 = 299,680  285,992 = 13,688
3"

 16.00   -! )  2 kg.   -!"
$% 


 / 2"-!  !'( $ FR =
P
=
13,688
= 693ksc.
A 20 × 0.9871
:
 $3( 7 / $0  () 
$%!  ( 

$% 1860 /1"<
+ Es
  3.7 ES = 0.5 f cir
12.7 mm.  20 / "!)/ &3/:" E ci
#!0 0  0
0
-<
+ % #
  E ci = 15,200 f c' = 15,200 240 = 235,477 ksc.
"  37.5 cm.    3.14  0
!" f  f cir =
P Pe 2 M G e
+ −
 0,"
$ 240 ksc. $0  28  
cir
A I I
#
  P = P = 285,992 kg.
350 ksc. $% 
0%: 0.80 center

"      %  0


  $ A = 75×100-(75-15) ×(100-18-18) = 3,660 cm 2

75 × 100 3 (75 − 15)(100 − 18 − 18) 3

0
0
 / 
% 3 mm. 3- I =
12
−
12
= 4,939,280 cm 4
 4 9+ 70 % "# 
!
)"
 w = -!  = 2,400A = 2,400×3,660×10 -4

 $ 1,970,000 ksc. !$% !& w = 878.4 kg/m


 $ %0 ,"
$ wL2 878.4 × 37.5 2
M = = = 28,109 kg.m = 2,810,900 kg.cm
  $0! 1"24 G
8 8
$"2/
285,992 285,992 × 37.5 2 2,810,900 × 37.5
f cir = + − = 138.22 ks
3,660 4,939,280 4,939,280

Es
  - ES= 0 .5 f cir = 0.5 ×
1,970,000
× 138.22 = 578 ksc.
E ci 235,477
() 
$%/ 
%
"3 $
$%56
θ !2/
f

P j − Pcenter 13,688
θf = = = 17.11 kg / cm
L/2 800
("*
+ !"# $ θ anc = 2θ f = 2 ×17.11 = 34.22 kg / cm

() 
$%56
  3.1 Px = Pje − ( kx +μα ) 3"0
0 / 
% 1"$%&!'(
  2.4 
 $ 1 / $%0
 $ L !2/   3.9
anc

18,730 kg.   -0%/

$ 80% $%0
 - 20
2A s E s Δ a 2 × (20 × 0.9871) × 1,970,000 × 0.3
/ $%  = 0.80 × 18,730 × 20 = 299,680 kg. L anc = = = 826
θ anc 34.22
  3.1 "; 
 μ = 0.20 $0 k = 0.0035 
 
 $:#/4# ) 
$
"
$% 
 $

,%%
ΔPanc = θ anc L anc = 34.22 × 826 = 28,266 kg.
4 × 37.5
= 0.09375 

4y
α= =
L 1,600
0
0$$ x = 8.00  $"&  3.1 #
"
$% %
&!/ P $$% %
center
⎛
ΔPcenter = θ anc ⎜ L anc −
L⎞
⎟ = 34.22 × (826 − 800) = 890 kg.
−( 0.0035×8+0.20×0.09375) ⎝ 2⎠
Pcenter = 299,680 × e = 285,992 kg.
 67 68
!"
$% 
 %/ 
%

 3 

ANC = ΔPcenter = 890
= 45 ksc.
As 20 × 0.9871
"
$% (%-   &2/1 () ,% 1. 
  56 (FR)
()  693 + 578 + 45 = 1,316 ksc. () & Pre-tension FR = 0
$% ! % = 299,680  1,316×(20×0.9871) () & Post-tension P = P e μα -(kx+ )

x j

= 273,700 kg.
FR = P Pj x


$% (%-
%4# α = 4 y
() 
$%  !  40 L


3-  
)!  α = tan α

  3.13   $3(%!' !  " μ $0" k &  3.1

SH = 0.80(1,200  11RH)
2. 
  !  ( (ES)
SH = 0.80×(1,200 - 11×70) = 344 ksc.
() 
$%  () & Pre-tension ES = Es
f cir
E ci
  3.14 E ci = 15,200 f c'
CR = 12f  7f cir cds ⎛ A c E ci ⎞
Po = σ si A s ⎜ ⎟
/ () 2/ f = 138.22 ksc.
cir
⎜A E +A E
⎝ c ci s s
⎟
⎠

" f !"
$%&  *
+!'
cds
MG =
w G L2
( $-!   -!
/-!    
" 8
Po Po e 2 MGe
$/0 $   - w = 2,000 kg/m f cir =
Ac
+
I
−
I
wL2 2,000 × 16.00 2
M center = = = 64,000 kg.m = 6,400,000 kg () & Post-Tension ES = 0.5 E s f cir
8 8 E ci
M e 6,400,000 × 37.5
f cds = center = = 48.59 ksc. Pj Pj e 2 MGe
I 4,939,280 f cir = + −
Ac I I
  - CR = 12×138.22 - 7×48.59 = 1,319 ksc.
3. 
  / 
% (ΔP )
(;) 
$%
$%!'( 
anc

 ;40& Post-tension
$ ΔPanc = θ anc L anc
  3.17   $3(%!' ! $0&3/ 2A s E s Δ a
L anc =

 $ 1860  - θ anc
RE = 1,410  0.3FR  0.4ES  0.2(SH+CR) θ anc = 2θ f
Pj − P L
RE = 1,410  0.3×693  0.4×578  0.2×(344+1,319) Pj − Px
θf = = 2
RE = 638 ksc. x L
2
"
 (%-2/1/ () ,% (;)  ΔPx = θ anc x = θ anc (L anc − L' )
LOSS = 344 + 1,319 + 638 = 2,301 ksc.
$% !&
 $ %1"2 4. 
  !  40
4 P = P  $% 

e i 
3- (SH)
P = 273,700  2,301×(20×0.9871) = 228,274 kg.
e

Pj − Pe
% 
$% -! % = × 100 () Pre-tension SH = 1,200  11RH
Pj
() Post-tension SH = 0.80(1,200  11RH)
299,680 − 228,274
= ×100 = 23.83 %
299,680
 69 70
5. 
    (CR)
CR = 12f  7f 
cir cds

Po Po e 2 M G e (1) 3"
3(%!'" 
 20   !/ 
#
  Pre-tension f cir = + −
Ac I I   - -! ) w = 1,800 kg/m &3/
LL

Post-tension f cir =
Pj
+
Pj e 2 M e
− G 
 $ 
$% .420-2525 
Ac I I
1860  12.7 ((  20 / &!/!

M De
 - Pre $0 Post-tension f cds =    -! &3//"2 -0
I
M = #+ Dead load -!  
D
f c' = 350 ksc.
f ci' = 280 ksc.
f su = 18,970 ksc.
6. 
  
$%!'(
f si = 0.70f su
 $ (RE) e = 0.48 m.
() Pre-tension 0
0/ 
% = 5 mm.
(1) 
  $ 1725 $0 1860 3- 4 9+ RH = 75 %
(.420-2525) ! )  2"-!  w = 0.30w
D LL

RE = 1,410  0.4ES  0.2(SH+CR)

(2)  $ (.95-2525)
RE = 1,270  0.4ES  0.2(SH+CR)
() Post-tension
(1) 
  $ 1725 $0 1860
(.420-2525)
RE = 1,410  0.3FR  0.4ES  0.2(SH+CR)
(2)  $ (.95-2525)
RE = 1,270  0.3FR  0.4ES  0.2(SH+CR)
(3) !'/ $
RE = 210
 71 72

  4.1 !"

$ (%- & 
$  4.1 $1"4-  $3(%!'"&
  
 
"  3.4 $0 3.7 !!"
$ 
4.1 !"
$ (%- & 
(%- 1($0"!/   
  

$0 %3"4-& "2 -
4.1  !"# $
() 0,"
$
:4(&,0&3/ (service state)
() 02( -    
3"
σc =
P Pey My
m ± 4.00  $0 -! )  (
2"
A I I
-!  ) "  30 kg/m $0-! 
 σc = !"
$  (%- &  $ ) 25 kg/m  
$ + $%- !"
ksc.
&' () 0,"
$
P = $ $$ (!'( 
 
"  3.4 !"
$  !& $! 
$), kg

     &"  13,000  817 = 12,183 ksc. =
e = 0
0 $ P 
-<
+$0(, cm
σsir
A = - ! /  , cm
2

  -$%&!'! 

Pi = A s σ sir
I = #+(+3
!/  ,
4
Pi = 0.982 × 12,183 = 11,964 kg.
cm
 %3"4- e = 0
0
-<
+ = 1 cm. , A = 150
M = #+ $8
, kg.cm
cm , I = 312.5 cm , M = 7,200 kg.cm, y = c = 2.5 cm. $"
2 4

y = 0
0) 4( !"$0(, G

  4.2
cm Pi Pi ey M G y
σc = m ±
A I I
() 

   
11,964 11,964 ×1× 2.5 7,200 × 2.5
Pi Pi ey M G y σc = m ±
σc = m ± 150 312.5 312.5
A I I
σc = 79.76 m 95.71 ± 57.60
#
  P i
= $ !' $ ! 
!"
$ 1 ( = 79.76 - 95.71 + 57.60
   &, kg = 41.65 ksc. (!"
$ 
M G
= #+ -!  , kg.cm 40: +)
!"
$ 1 (" = 79.76 + 95.71 - 57.60
= 117.9 ksc. (!"
$ 
() 

  

40: +)

 
3"4-  M = 0   -
G

Pe Pe ey M T y σ c = 79.76 m 95.71 ± 0
σc = m ±
A I I !"
$ 1 ( = 79.76  95.71 = -15.95 ksc. (!"
$%)
#
  P = $ !' $ ! 
!"
$ 1 (" = 79.76 + 95.71 = 175.5 ksc. (!"
$ )
e

 -!$/,kg () 0 -! )

M = #+ -! ) - !,  
"  3.7 !"
$  !
)
T

kg.cm 0$/"  σ se = 13,000  2,877 = 10,123 ksc.   -$

%&!' $! 
%:
Pe = A s σ se = 0.982 × 10,123 = 9,941 kg.
 73 74

 
M = #+-! ) - ! 
 4.2   $3(%!' ! 
& 
"  3.8 !!"
$ 
T

w T L2 (36 + 30 + 25) × 4.00 2

M = = = 182 kg.m = 18,200 kg.cm
T
8 8 (%- 1($0"!/  
  4.3  %3"& "2 -
Pe Pe ey M T y
σc = m ±
A I I () 0,"
$
9,941 9,941× 1× 2.5 18,200 × 2.5
σc = m ±
150 312.5 312.5 () 0 -! )  (
2"
σc = 66.27 m 79.53 ± 145.6 -! ) 2,000 kg/m $0-! ) 10,000 kg
 %
!"
$&  1( = 66.27  79.53 + 145.6
= 132.34 ksc. (!"
$ )  
 () 0,"
$
!"
$&  1(" = 66.27 + 79.53  145.6   
"    3.8 $%    !    

= 0.2 ksc. (!"

$ )    & ! P = 273,700 kg. $0#+  %3"
i


  " P 0"3"4- " -!   M = 28,109 kg.m $"& 4.2 !!"

$ %3"

e

- 
!  ( ES = 817 ksc.
Pi Pi ey M G y
- 
!   σc = m ±
A I I

3- SH = 375 ksc. σc =
273,700 273,700 × 37.5 × 50 2,810,900 × 50
m ±
- 
  &3/  3.14 3,660 4,939,280 4,939,280
σc = 74.78 m 103.9 ± 28.45
CR = 12f  7f cir cds
!"
$&  1( = 74.78  103.9 + 28.45 = -0.67 ksc.
$" f = 0 40#+  
3"4-: 0
cds
!"
$&  1(" = 74.78 + 103.9  28.45 = 150.23
0  f = 96.287 ksc.   -
cir
ksc.
CR = 12×96.287 = 1,155 ksc. () 0 -! )
- 

$%!' RE   
"  3.8 $% !! 

  3.16  -! P = 228,274 kg. $0#+-! )

e

RE = 1,270  0.4ES  0.2(SH + CR)  -!!2/

RE = 1,270  0.4×817  0.2(375 + 1,155) = 637 ksc. w D L2 PL L
MT = MG + +
!"
$% !
 
4- = 13,000  817  375 8 4
2,000 × 16.00 2 10,000 × 16.00
 1,155  637 = 10,016 ksc. M T = 28,109 + +
8 4
  -$ 0(9(1 P = 10,016×0.982 = 9,836 kg.
e M T = 132,109 kg.m
$"&  4.3
Pe Pe ey M T y 
 4.3
σc = m ±
A I I Pe Pe ey M T y
9,836 9,836 × 1× 2.5 0 × 2.5 σc = m ±
σc = m ± A I I
150 312.5 312.5 228,274 228,274 × 37.5 × 50 13,210,900 × 50
σc = 65.57 m 78.69 ± 0 σc = m ±
3,660 4,939,280 4,939,280
!"
$ 1( = 65.57  78.69 = -13.12 ksc. !"
$% σc = 62.37 m 86.66 ± 133.73
!"
$ 1(" = 65.57 + 78.69 = +144.26 ksc. !"
$  !"
$&  1( = 62.37  86.66 + 133.73
= 109.44 ksc. !"
$ 
!"
$&  1(" = 62.37 + 86.66  133.73
= 15.3 ksc. !"
$ 
 75 76

 4.2 !"
$ (%- &!'( $ "; 
!"

 !2/ ΔL = 1 ∫ My dx
L

  L L EcI 0

4.2 !"
$ (%-&!'(    -"; 
!"
$% 4(%-!2/
$ ΔL n My
L
Δσ s = E s = ∫ dx (4.5)
L L0 I
!
4.2 !"
 #$%!&' ("
4( 
$!"
$&!'( $
#" -! )4((&,0&3/
#
 2"$/
()  

(bonded)

0 -!"

! !'  " 
Δε s = Δε c
Δσ s Δσ c
=
Es Ec
Es My
Δσ s = Δσ c = nΔσ c = n
Ec I

 4.3   $0  
%! 
3"
#
  Δσ s = !"
$   
2!'(

  
3" 12  !/ 
 $  (#" 
/ 0.30  % 0.60     4.2 !"

-! )4((, ksc

$ 0(9(1"  9,000 ksc. 0
0
-
M = #+ -! )
<
+ % e = 12 cm. - !/ 
4((, kg.cm

 $ A = 15.79 cm $0 "
2

I = #+(+3
!/ , s

4
# 
!
)" n = 6 !!"
$&
cm

 $  
2 !/  (
Es
n= =  "# 
!
)"!' % 3"   (  #"    
Ec
"  -! ) 1,200 kg/m
y = e = 0
0
-<
+!' $, cm
!"
$  
$%-  M 3"
 M
) %$0: 0  )    
$
 ) $0 ) 2" 
$

(!) "# 

(unbonded)
 
$!"

! !'0
 
 !/  !&!/
2" "     40!'     4 9+    2/
A = 30 × 60 = 1,800 cm 2

 %/ !
!'  4( %- #
(( 
30 × 60 3

 I =
12
= 540,000 cm 4
  4.1 !
 !'
%-#
#+ %3"-! )
4(( 1,200 kg/m
L L
My
∫
ΔL = ε c dx = ∫ EcI
dx
0 0
 77 78
wL 1,200 ×12.00
2 2 L
M = = = 21,600 kg.m=2,160,000 kg.cm n My
8 8 Δσ s =
L ∫ I
dx
!"
$ 4(%-!'( $ ( 0
L/2
%#"  !2/  4.4 2n
My Me 2,160,000 × 12
Δσ s =
LI ∫ Mydx
Δσ s =n =n = 6× = 288 ksc. 0
I I 540,000 L/2 2 2
− 2n ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎤
Δσ s =
LI ∫ M o ⎢1 − ⎜
⎢
⎟ ⎥ y o ⎢1 − ⎜
⎝L/2⎠ ⎥ ⎢
⎟ ⎥ dx
⎝ L/2⎠ ⎥
0 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2
L/2 ⎡ 2

 4.4 !!"
$&
 $ − 2n ⎛ x ⎞ ⎤

 !/ (%3"& 

" 
Δσ s =
LI ∫ M o y o ⎢1 − ⎜
⎢
⎟ ⎥
⎝ L/2⎠ ⎥
dx
0 ⎣ ⎦
4.3 ,/:  $02/ − 2nM o y o ⎡ 2 x3 x5 ⎤
L/2

Δσ s = ⎢x − +

%! 
 LI ⎢ 3 (L / 2 )2 5(L / 2 ) 4
⎥
⎥0
⎣ ⎦
 
 & -$/
$184#+$0"
− 8 ⎛ nM o y o ⎞
y $/
& (<+&!/2/ (#
<
Δσ s = ⎜
15 ⎜⎝ I
⎟
⎟
⎠
/&(3((0!+)  
⎡ 2⎤
⎛ x ⎞
M = M o ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ "!"
$%   4( %- &
 $
⎢
⎣ ⎝ L/2⎠ ⎥
⎦
2⎤
02/
%! 
&/ -"  8/15 "0 
%
⎡ ⎛ x ⎞
y = y o ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ! 
& 
"  4.3 $0 "" 
 
⎢
⎣ ⎝ /2⎠
L ⎥
⎦
8
Δσ s = × 288 = 154 ksc.
15

  4.5 "; 

!"
$ 4(%-&
 
$
!2/
L
n My
Δσ s = ∫dx
L0 I

 I  

%!/!

(( = M $0 y   >0 $00

0 x :
 %2!
   - 
((: 0
,% L/2 $//
2 !/!
(( $/$" M
$0 y   -
 79 80

 4.3 "#+ &!/ ($/  , !"
$%2/" # 
  $!  f   -,/ M :#+ &!/(!"
$%
r 2

4.2 "#+ &!/ ( & " # $!  0!" M 2/  - 2

$/ M c
σc = 2 b
I
! M 2cb
fr =
4.3 )((

%!* ("* (cracking moment, I
frI
M) cr
  - M2 = (4.9)
cb
  $/    !" 
$%  "    !  "  #
  M #+ &!/  !"
$
=
2
# $!  (modulus of rupture, f ) r
" # $!  f r
  4.1 !"
$%3"
 %   4.7 ,% 4.9 ,)2/"
3"0( 1(" M = M +M cr 1 2

P Pec b Mc b
σc = + − (4.6) #
4(  4.4 0/&3 %-
A I I
,/ ($/ !"
$:$% (: -) 0
2/"
P Pec b M cr c b
− fr = + −
A I I
PI fr I
M cr = Pe + + (4.7)
Ac b c b
#
  M cr
= #+ &!/ $/
f
r
= # $!  
= 2.0 f c' ksc.

 4.5 & 
"  4.3 !-! 
,/ M :#+ &!/1("3"
 !"

1
)4((! - !    
$: 0 (
2":$%) $"&  4.6
,  2/ # 
   
 2"$ / &
P Pec b M1c b
0= + −
A I I  "2 -
M1 = Pe +
PI
=
⎛
P⎜⎜ e +
r2 ⎞
⎟ (4.8) () (" 2", $%
⎟
Ac b ⎝ cb ⎠ 2/

#
  M 1
= #+ &!/  !"
$ ()   ,  !" 
$%  2/
: 0 "    #   $!  
r=
I
=  < 23 !/    f = 2.0 f c' #
  
r
A
 , !"
$%2/" #  0
  f  = 320 ksc.
c

$!  f   -,/ M :#+ &!/(!"

$%
r 2

& " # $!  0!" M 2/  -  

 & -$/
$184#+$0"
2

M 2cb y $/
& (<+&!/2/ (#
<

σc =
I /&(3((0!+)  
M 2cb
fr =
I
frI
  - M2 = (4.9)
cb
#
  M 1
= #+ &!/  !"
$: 0
r=
I
=  < 23 !/
A
 81 82
 
 ()  2" $%
&3/  4.8 
 4.4 !$!")(+ $0)(+
M1 = Pe +
PI
=
⎛
P⎜⎜ e +
r2 ⎞ ⎟
"
⎟
Ac b ⎝ cb ⎠  
#
  P = 9,000×15.79 = 142,110 kg = $%& 4.4 !$!")(+
!'( $ $0)(+"
c = 30 cm. = 0
0$0(,%1(" 
b !
!"
$ = 0 4.4 

   (top and bottom kern point)
r 2
= I 540,000
= = 300 =   < $!")(+$0"!
,%
A 1,800
23  $!"$  49+  2"&!/ $%(%-
e = 0
0
-  < 
+  $&!'  * ( !"
$: 0  1("!1()

+!/  " ) 12 cm.  %
3"
#+ M % ) %3"40 e  ) -
1

  - #+ &!/ ($/

⎛ 300 ⎞
M =
1 142,110 × ⎜12 + ⎟ = 3,126,420 kg.cm = 31,264.2 kg.m
⎝ 30 ⎠
,/&!/ w :-! )4((-! 
-!  = 2,400 ×(0.30×0.60) = 432 kg/m
-! ) w = w + 432 kg/m   -#+ %
T

3"
w L2 (w + 432) ×12.00 2
M = T = 1
8 8
(w + 432)×12.00 2 #+ $8
0, / /
$"
31,264.2 =
8  C-T $!"$  49+ C   4.6()   )*%
w = 1,305 kg / m
&!/!"
$ 1(": 0 
")(+ $0  4.6(
,/      !" 
$%  f
() = r ) C 
" ) &!/1( !"
$: 0 
")(+"
2.0 = 2.0 320 = 35.78 ksc. #+ &!/ $/
f c' *** )  ( +  $0"  !
,%    $!"  $   4 9+ & 
%!2/ 4.7    $!"*
+!'( $
PI frI ⎛ r2 ⎞ frI
M cr = Pe + + = P⎜ e + ⎟+
Ac b cb ⎜ cb ⎟ c
⎝ ⎠ b
  4.1 0!)(+ !"
$ 1(": 0
35.78 × 540,000
M cr = 3,126,420 + = 3,770, 460 kg.cm P Pec b Mc b
30 0= + −
!-! )4((-!   A I I
PI ⎛ r2 ⎞
3,770,460 (w + 432) × 12.00 2 M = Pe + = P⎜⎜ e + ⎟
⎟
(4.10)
= Ac b ⎝ cb ⎠
100 8
w = 1,663 kg / m $"#+8
 8
&/"  #+8
& C.z =
T.z = P.z  z :$#+"
⎛ r2 ⎞
P.z = P⎜⎜ e + ⎟
⎟
⎝ cb ⎠
2
$#+"  z = e + r = e + kt (4.11)
cb
 83 84
#
  kt =
r2
= 0
0(+ )<
+ 
 4.5  0
  $
cb
  
!/ ,%)(+ 4.5  0
  
&
  !)(+"#
&3/  4.1 !"
$ 1( $
 : 0 451 ((0!+#+ 0

P Pec t Mc t
0=
A
−
I
+
I
452 0
!"
$ &  
PI ⎛ r2 ⎞ ,00

M = Pe − = P⎜⎜ e − ⎟ (4.12)
Ac t ⎝ ct ⎟
⎠ 453 !"
$%&!'( $ ,0
⎛
P ⋅ z = P⎜⎜ e −
r2 ⎞
⎟ 0

⎟
⎝ ct ⎠ 454 #+ 0
!/ 
2
$#+" z = e − r = e − kb  
ct
4.5  
 
#
k :0
0(+" )<
+!/ ,%)
  ,00
4&!/$"&,%
b

r2
(+" = 8
$0,  
"!0
ct
 !
!%)(+$0)(+" 4.5.1  



 $0" $  49+ C 0#
2"( (&!#+ 0

!"
$%%-&!/ 
,/ C ")(+0($% () 0
!"

! :/$
 1(" $0,/ C 
"")(+"0($% 1(   0
0$0(
4.7
()  2" $% &!/!':1/ 
()  ,00
  !"
! /
1( $ "  0.003
      $  #+ 8 
4(  %- 

D " C $0 T 0"/ $"4($#+4(
#+ 8 

3"  ,0&3/     0( 
$/$0$#+  !"
$%&!'4(%- !"

$  &  4(  %-  2" $ :  /     #+
8
,%"#+ 0
0,%)( (
,/!/ : ! 
11/$!"$ 
( ((%- , 0( (crushing)
 49+ C 0
" *
+! 
    4.8
!"
!   0.003  ,00
( ( 2
$
1. 

 (tension failure)
(!' $%/
!'0$0( (!"
!
  ,% 0.003 $ - &!/"0( (
2. 
   
     (compression
  4.8 2/ kt = kb =
h h h
− = (4.14) failure) - !/ !' $% "   !"

2 3 6
bh 3 ! ,% 0.003 " !'0 %2" "!/
2
!   "      !  ! #    - 

    !
"#$
r I h
kt = kb = = = 12 =
h 6
c Ac
(bh )
2
 4.14
 85 86
4.5.2 0
!"
$ & 
f ps

": ! 
 (equivalent rectangular concrete stress #
  ωp = ρp =  3 !'( $
f c'
distribution) fy
ω=ρ =  3 !'(9 $%
f c'
fy
ω ' = ρ' =  3 !'(9 $ 
f c'
A ps
ρp = =  "!'( $
bd p
As
ρ= =  "!'(9  
bd
$%
A s'
ρ' = =  "!'(9  
bd
$ 
  4.9 () :!/ / b % dp = 0
01( (!"
$  ),%)
1(*% $ ,%*
+!' $% d - !/ 
p
*
+!'( $, cm
!' $% A  () $0
!"

! 
p
d = 0
01( (!"
$  ),%)
  !'$:/$0(#
 ,0 *
+!'(9  $
0
!"
!   0.003 %, cm
  4.9 () $0
!"
$ b = /, cm
" !"
$ :#/4##
") f  c
A = - !/ !'( $, cm 2

&  4.9 () (&!/0

!"
$& :
ps

A = - !/ !'(9 $%, cm 2

 ! 
#
&!/$ 49+ C " - 4#& () $0
s

A  = - !/ !'(9 $ , cm 2

"  ! 
& ()  -
/&!/$!" /
!"

f = !"
$%&!'( $&80( (
$ ) & () (4
 0.85f  " - 0
0 a
ps

c
, ksc
= β c #
" β $ 
" f    -
1 1 c
f =  !'(9, ksc
y

ω pw , ω w , ω 'w =  3 !'(! !/    3" 

,/ f  ≤ 300 ksc. β =
c 1
0.85 (4.15)   T $0 I 3"
  ω p , ω
,/ f  > 300 ksc. β = 0.85  0.0008(f -300) ≥ 0.65 (4.16)
c 1 c
$0 ω'   $"/ b  &3/
:  /    $ $0(  
4.5.3 
  

&$#'
 !'(/:" &!/(!"

$/&!/( ( >0$%:!  $ & $" -

(!'(0/
"E+) " f !"
$%&!'( $  ,0
ps

 ... !" 0

#
f /!"

! 
ps

&  !"
$%0(9(1 f 2"/
" 0.5f ,!
ω p ≤ 0.36β1
se pu

(4.17)
f 2/  -
ps
d
ω p + (ω − ω') ≤ 0.36β1 (4.17) () ! + (!' $3(
%
dp

ω pw + (ω w − ω 'w )
d
≤ 0.36β1 (4.17) ! 
 (bonded tendon)
dp
⎧
⎪ rp ⎡ f pu ⎤⎫
f ps = f pu ⎨1 − ⎢ρ p ' +
d
(ω − ω')⎥ ⎪⎬ (4.18)
⎪ β1 ⎢⎣ fc dp ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
 87 88
#
  r p
   %,%0     4.9 02/"
!'( $  "  -
C = 0.85f c' ab (4.23)
f py
r = 0.40
p
 0.85 ≤ < 0.90 T = Afps ps

f pu

r = 0.28 
f py
≥ 0.90
$"$ C = T 40)   -
p
f pu
C = T
f pu
 !"
$%0
&!'(  0.85f c' ab = Afps ps

$, ksc. A ps f ps
a = (4.24)
,/  4.18  ω 
"/
""2 - 0.85f c' b
/:2  4.19 $0 4.20
#+ 0
(ultimate moment) ! 0)#+
⎡ f pu d ⎤ (nominal strength) M ! 0
F>G !2/
⎢ρ p ' + (ω − ω ')⎥ ≥ 0.17
n
(4.19)
⎣⎢ f c d p ⎦⎥
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞
Mn = C ⋅ z = T ⋅ z = C⎜ d p − ⎟ = T⎜ d p − ⎟ (4.25)
$0 d' ≤ 0.15d p (4.20) ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

⎡ f pu d ⎤
$"2"$"&"/
,/ ⎢ρ p ' + (ω − ω ')⎥ < 0.17 ! " &3/(M %//
""F>G M #
   φ = 0.9
⎢⎣ f c d p ⎥⎦ u n

" f & 4.18 &!/$" ω /

0   -
ps

() ! + (!' $3(2"

φM n ≥ M u (4.26)

%! 
 (unbonded tendon) $0  "
3""
%2"( 35   $3(2"
%! 
 (unbonded tendon)
0 #+  0
/
" 3(
%! 
 (bonded tendon)
f c'
f ps = f se + 700 +
100ρ p
≤ f py (4.21) 40$$ 
$&!""$! 
f ps ≤ f se + 4000 ksc.
...!&!/(!'94(%-&3(
2"
%! 

#
  fse
 !" 
$%  0(  9( 1 !'  A = 0.004A s
(4.27)
( $, ksc.
() ! + (!' $3(2" #
  A = - !/ !'(9, cm
s
2

%! 
 A = - !/ *%
"0!"$<
+,"!/
$0  "
3""%(  ,%1(/ ($%#+ , cm2 $04H 
" 35 !    & ...
!&!/ φMn 2"/
" 1.2 "
f c' #+    &!/    (  $/   0#"    4
f ps = f se + 700 + ≤ f py (4.22)
300ρ p  !'" 0! 
f ps = f se + 2,000 ksc.
φM n ≥ 1.2M cr (4.28)
4.5.4  
 
#+ 0
!$ C  $0$ T #
  M = #+  $!  f = 2.0
cr r
f c'

!'( $:$" #

  T = A f " f  ps ps ps

! / 4.5.3 $0(!'(//  4.17

 89 90

 4.6   !#+   0
   - !2/&/
  4.18 02/" r = p

  $0 

%! 
*% !/ 0.28
 / 40 cm. % 80 cm.    4.10 &3/ 0!" β1   4.15 ! 4.16 $"

 $3( 7 / 
$%  f  > 300 ksc. %/&3/  4.16   -
c

 1860 /1"<

+ 12.7 mm. β1 = 0.85 − 0.0008(f c' − 300) = 0.85 − 0.0008 × (350 − 300) = 0.81
 10 / $0 0
0
-<
+ 30 cm. $
%0(9(1 120,000 kg.  0
 A ps 10 × 0.9871
ρp = = = 0.00353
bd p 40 × 70
  350 ksc.
ω = ω' = 0 2" !'(9
$"! f &  4.16 2/
ps

⎧ 0.28 ⎡ 18,975 ⎤⎫
f ps = 18,975 × ⎨1 − × ⎢0.00353 × + 0⎥ ⎬ = 17,720
⎩ 0.81 ⎣ 350 ⎦⎭
ksc.
f se f se A ps (!'( $  4.17 $0
 
 & -  $/  "  = ≥ 0.5
f pu f pu A ps " ω = ω' = 0   -%4(
(!2"402/  4.18-4.22 ω p = ρp
f ps
= 0.00353 ×
17,720
= 0.179
#
+"$%0(9(1 = 120,000 kg. *%' f A se ps
f c' 350
0.36β1 = 0.36 × 0.81 = 0.2916
  /!"$%0
! f A #
  2.4
ω p = 0.179 < 0.36β1 = 0.2916  
pu ps


 $3( 7 /  1860  12.7 mm.  -! 10
4.17 &3/2/
/ $"0/0 $%0
18,730 kg.   - 10 / 2/
!#+ 0
&3/  4.24 !0
0 a
" f A = 10×18,730 = 187,300 kg.
pu ps

a=
A ps f ps
=
(10 × 0.9871) × 17,720 = 14.70 cm.
   -  !  "  $%  0(  9( 1  f A = se ps
0.85f c' b 0.85 × 350 × 40
120,000 kg. "$%0
f A = 187,300 kg. 2/"
pu ps
#+ 0
2/"
f se f se A ps 120,000
= = = 0.64 > 0.5 Mn =
⎛
T⎜ d p −
a⎞ ⎛
⎟ = A ps f ps ⎜ d p −
a⎞
⎟
f pu f pu A ps 187,300 2⎠ 2⎠
⎝ ⎝
 "" 0.5 $/ ,&3/
Mn = (10 × 0.9871) × 17,720 × ⎛⎜ 70 − 14.70 ⎞⎟ kg.cm
4.18-4.22 $0#
+ -:
  %&3/ ⎝ 2 ⎠

4.18 ! f ps
Mn = (10 × 0.9871) × 17,720 × ⎛⎜ 70 − 14.70 ⎞⎟ × 1
kg.m
⎝ 2 ⎠ 100
⎧
⎪ rp ⎡ f pu ⎤⎫
f ps = f pu ⎨1 − ⎢ρ p ' +
d
(ω − ω')⎥ ⎪⎬ Mn = 109,584 kg.m
β1 ⎢⎣
⎪
⎩ fc dp ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎭ " φM n ≥ 1.2M cr
Pu
#
  f pu = =
18,730
= 18,975 ksc.   4.7 M cr = Pe +
PI f I
+ r
A ps1 0.9871 Ac b c b
P u
= $%!' 1 /  #
  P = $%0(9(1 = 120,000 kg.
2.4
A = 0.9871 cm = - !/ !' $ 1 /
ps1
2

e = 0
0
-<
+!'( $ = 30 cm.
  2.4 A = bh = 40×80 = 1200 cm = - !/ 
2

  2.4 2/ P = f A = 16,857 kg. y py ps1 c = 0

0*
+!/ ,%1( $%
b

f py
! " 4&3/!" r p
= h 80
= = 40 *(
f pu 2 2
f py f py A ps1 Py 16,857
= = = = 0 .9
f pu f pu A ps1 Pu 18,730
 91 92
40 × 80
3 3 ⎧
⎪ rp ⎡ f pu ⎤⎫
I= bh
= = 1,706,667 cm 4 = #+( $" f ps = f pu ⎨1 − ⎢ρ p ' +
d
(ω − ω')⎥ ⎪⎬
12 12 ⎪ β1 ⎣⎢ fc d p ⎦⎥ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
+3
!/  ⎧ ⎫
× [0.211]⎬ = 17,591 ksc.
0 . 28
f ps = 18,975 × ⎨1 −
f r = 2.0 f c' = 2.0 × 350 = 37.42 ksc. ⎩ 0.81 ⎭
$"2/ (!'( ω p + (ω − ω') d
dp
120,000 × 1,706,667 37.42 ×1,706,667
M cr = 120,000 × 30 + + =6 f ps
3,200 × 40 40 #
  ω p = ρp = 0.00353 ×
17,591
= 0.177
f c' 350
$"2/
M = 67,966 kg.m
cr
d 74
φM n = 0.9 × 109,584 = 98,626 kg.m ω p + (ω − ω') = 0.177 + (0.0569 − 0.0379) × = 0.197 < 0.36β1 = 0.292
dp 70
1.2M cr = 1.2 × 67,966 = 81,559 kg.m
("!'(9 -! (yield)  ,00

φM n > 1.2M cr OK
)
C c + C s = Ts + Tps
0.85f c' ab + A s' f y = A s f y + A ps f ps

 4.7 &  
"    4.6 ,/  4(  !'  ( 
9 DB 25 mm.  3 /&" (
0.85f c' ab = A s f y − A 's f y + A ps f ps = A ps f ps + A s − A s' f y )
 $% $0 2 /&" $    
4.11  !'(9 4,000
A ps f ps + (A '
s − As )f y
ksc. !#+ 0
 - a=
0.85f c' b

9.871× 17,591 + (3 × 4.91 − 2 × 4.91) × 4,000

a= = 16.24 cm.
0.85 × 350 × 40
!"

! !'(9
a 16.24
c= = = 20.05 cm.
β1 0.81
fy
!"

!  ) εy =
4,000
= = 0.00196
Es 2,040,000
 
 1 
"  4.6  1"2/"
 
   
  

f = 18,975 ksc. , r = 0.28 , β = 0.81 , ρ =

pu p 1 p

' ⎛ c − d' ⎞ ⎛ c − d' ⎞ 20.05 − 6

0.00353 εs = εc ⎜ ⎟= 0.003⎜ ⎟= 0.003 ×
⎜ c ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠ 20.05
! f   4.18
!' $ (
ps
'
ε s = 0.00210 > ε y = 0.00196
⎧⎪ rp ⎡ f pu ⎤⎫
f ps = f pu ⎨1 − ⎢ρ p ' +
d
(ω − ω')⎥ ⎪⎬ !"

 !'(9 $%
⎪⎩ β1 ⎢⎣ fc d p ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎭
! ω $0 ω 
⎛d−c⎞ ⎛d−c⎞ 74 − 20.05
fy As f y 3 × 4.91 4,000 εs = εc ⎜ ⎟= 0.003⎜ ⎟= 0.003 ×
ω = ρ = ⋅ = × = 0.0569 ⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠ 20.05
f c' bd f c' 40 × 74 350
ε s = 0.00807 > ε y = 0.00196 !' $%(
fy A s' f y 2 × 4.91 4,000
'
ω = ρ '
f c'
= ⋅
bd f c'
=
40 × 74
×
350
= 0.0379 
⎡ f pu ⎤ 
  
  
  


" ⎢ρ p +
d
(ω − ω')⎥
⎢
⎣ f c' dp ⎥
⎦    !  !#$  %&
= ,/ ω p + (ω − ω') d < 0.36β1 :( !' $%
dp
18,975 74
0.00353 × + × (0.0569 − 0.0379) = 0.211 ≥ 0.17
350 70 0 ,0
&3/2/
 93 94
0
$"!' $ 0!2"'2/ Mn =
⎛
Cc ⎜ d −
a⎞
(
⎟ + C s (d − d ') − Tps d − d p )
⎝ 2⎠
fy
/ ε s' = 0.003⎛⎜ c − d' ⎞⎟ ,/ ε s' > εy = $ Mn =
⎛
0.85f c' ab⎜ d −
a⎞
(
⎟ + A s f y (d − d ') − A ps f ps d − d p
'
)
⎝ c ⎠ Es
⎝ 2⎠
fy
"!' $  ,00
$",/ ε s' < ε y = $ Mn = 0.85 × 350 ×16.24 × 40 × ⎜ 74 −
⎛ 16.24 ⎞
⎟ + 2 × 4.91 × 4,000 × (74 − 6 )
Es ⎝ 2 ⎠
"!' $ 
2" ,00
/ !" − 9.871 × 17,591 × (74 − 70)
Mn = 14,708,200 kg.cm =147,082 kg.m
c $0 a   -
&#+  $ φM n /2"( 1.2 "
 C c + C s = Ts + Tps
#+ $!  M )
)"
!" I 0/(1
cr
0.85f c' ab + A s' σ s' = A s f y + A ps f ps
!'  (  9#
&3/ ! /    $ $0(  $
⎛ c − d' ⎞
$" a = β1c $0 '
σs = εs Es =
'
0.003⎜ ⎟E s %!/    -
⎝ c ⎠

$"2/ !'    $%  3-DB 25 mm. 

A s = 3 × 4.91 = 14.73cm 2

"!"$%!/ 
⎛ c − d' ⎞ 0
0 d = 80
− 6 = 34 cm. $- !'2: 
0.85f c' β1 bc + 0.003A s' E s ⎜ ⎟ = A s f y + A ps f ps 2 sc
⎝ c ⎠
0.85f c' β1 bc 2 + 0.003A s' E s c − 0.003A 's E s d' = (A s f y + A ps f ps ) c
E Es 2,040,000
A sc = s As = As = ×14.73 = 105.67
Ec ' 15,200 350
( )
0.85f c' β1 bc 2 + 0.003A s' E s − A s f y − A ps f ps c − 0.003A s' E s d ' = 0
15,200 f c
  -!'(9 $% #+(+3
$
k 1c + k 2 c + k 3 = 0
2

%" 
− k 2 ± k 22 − 4k 1 k 3
c= I sc = A sc d sc
2
= 105.67 × 34 2 = 122,154 cm 4
2k 1
#
  k 1 = 0.85f c' β1b
!' $  2-DB 25 mm.  '
A sc = 2 × 4.91 = 9.82 cm 2 !"
k 2 = 0.003A s' E s − A s f y − A ps f ps $%!/ :0
0 d scc
80
= − 6 = 34 cm. $
2
k 3 = −0.003A s' E s d' !/ !'(9 $ : 
2/" c $/"2!" a = β1c A scc =
Es '
A sc =
Es '
A sc =
2,040,000
× 9.82 = 70.447 cm 2
Ec
 C c + C s = Ts + Tps  C , T , $0 T 0!"2/
' 15,200 350
15,200 f c
c s ps

$"   -!'(9 $  #+(+

C c = 0.85f c' ab 3
$%!/ 
Ts = A s f y I scc = A scc d scc
2
= 70.447 × 34 2 = 81,437 cm 4
Tps = A ps f ps   -#+(+3
!/  - $0!'(
"" C %- "!' $ ,%)!2"
s 9 2/
bh 3
I= + I sc + I scc
,/!' $ ,%) Cs = A s' f y 12
40 × 80 3
I= + 122,154 + 81,437
,/!' $ 
2",%) 12
⎛ c − d' ⎞
I = 1,706,667 + 203,591
Cs = A s' σ s' = 0.003A s' E s ⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠ I = 1,910,258 cm 4
$"&  4.7 #
&3/""D  
"  4.6
/" I
  ,0!'  (  9
 !&!"

/
$/ "2!#+ 0
M #
&  -&!/ n
PI f I
M cr = Pe + + r
$!'(9 (  T ) :$!) s Ac b c b
120,000 × 1,910,258 37.42 ×1,910,258
M cr = 120,000 × 30 + +
3,200 × 40 40
M cr = 7,177,913 kg.cm = 71,779 kg.m
 95 96
φM n = 0.9 ×147,082 = 132,374 kg.m / #
+&!/!' 18 /2/- ! / 
1.2M cr = 1.2 × 71,779 = 86,135 kg.m
!'( $ A ps = 18 × 0.9871 = 17.7678 cm 2 )*
φM n > 1.2M cr $"!/   (!'9

+)"!'( $!"" 12 cm.   -0
0
 
" - 8
& -!  0,%)( (02"
!    &$"0 $/$0#" &!"%- 
-<
+%!/  e = 90 − 12 = 33 cm. !"

2
&!/! " 0!  $%0(9(1 f = 11,500 ksc. $0 0
 
se

#+(+3
& 
"  4.6  " 1,706,667 f  = 500 ksc. 0
0%0(9(1!'( $ d =
c p

cm &0  
" -(4(!'(9  203,591
4
90-12 = 78 cm.
cm   -#+(+3
4(%-(
4
!!"
$% )0
f $0!"
pu

203,591
× 100 = 11.93 %
$% ) f   - py

1,706,667 Ppu1 18,730

f pu = = = 18,975 ksc.
#+ $!  M & 
"  4.6  " 67,966 kg.m &0 
cr
A ps1 0.9871
 
" - " 71,779 kg.m   -  "4(%- f py =
Ppy1
=
16,857
= 17,077 ksc.
71,779 − 67,966 3,813 A ps1 0.9871
× 100 = ×100 = 5.61 %
f se 11,500
67,966 67,966
 = = 0.61 > 0.50 &3/ 4.18-4.22
& 0&3/" 
"  4.6  4(%-/
f pu 18,975
2/
  4.18
⎧
⎪ rp ⎡ f pu ⎤⎫

 4.8   !#+   0
 f ps = f pu ⎨1 − ⎢ρ p ' +
d
(ω − ω')⎥ ⎪⎬
⎪ β1 ⎢⎣ fc dp ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
  $0 
%! 
  I   ⎩
f
  4.12 &3/!'( $:
  !" rp #
" py = 17,077 = 0.9 &3/ rp = 0.28
f pu 18,975
$3( 7 / $0 
$%
 1860 /1"<
+ 12.7 mm.   4.16
 18 / )*
+!'(  β1 = 0.85 − 0.0008(f c' − 300)
$
"1(")"  12 cm. β1 = 0.85 − 0.0008 × (500 − 300)
!"
$%0(9(1 11,500 ksc.   β1 = 0.69
A ps 17.7678
0
  500 ksc. ρp = = = 0.00456
bd p 50 × 78
ω = ω' = 0 2" !'(9
$""D 02/
⎧ 0.28 ⎡ 18,975 ⎤ ⎫
f ps = 18,975 × ⎨1 − × ⎢0.00456 × + 0⎥ ⎬ = 17,642 ksc.
⎩ 0.69 ⎣ 500 ⎦⎭

& -$0(&!/0
0 a

"& 
I $/"
"&(!2"#
0
0 a "/
"
! 17.5 cm. !2" ,/ a < 17.5 $"
"&0
"
$",/ a > 17.5 ! 0
)"

%-
 
   2.4 
 $ 1860 
  4.24
12.7 mm.  - !/ /0 0.9871 cm $% )0

2
A ps f ps 17.7678 × 17,642
18,730 kg. $0$% ) 16,857 kg. a= = = 14.75 cm < 17.5 cm. (
0.85f c' b 0.85 × 500 × 50
  
 97 98
(2/   -!!/  ! 
11/ 2 ) $   = $%&!' $
(!'( 0.85f c' A c = A ps f ps
0.85 × 500 × (15a + 612.5) = 21.7162 × 17,347
f ps 17,642 1 ⎡ 21.7162 ×17,347 ⎤
ωp = ρ p = 0.00456 × = 0.161 < 0.36β1 = 0.36 × 0.69 = 0.248 a = − 612.5⎥ = 18.26 cm.
f c' 500 15 ⎢⎣ 0.85 × 500 ⎦

!/ :  I *% %

$"(!'( $/
"E+)  (!'(  4.17 #

4.17 :(& >0 8
ω pw + (ω w − ω 'w )
d
≤ 0.36β1
dp
!#+ 0
f ps A pw f ps
#
  ω pw = ρ pw = ⋅ 40
f c' bwdp f c'
a⎞
⎛ ⎛ 14.75 ⎞ A pw
Mn = A ps f ps ⎜ d p −
⎟ = 17.7678 ×17,642 × ⎜ 78 − ⎟
2⎠
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ρ pw =
bwdp
M n = 22,138,079 kg.cm = 221,381 kg.m
 - - A = (!'( $ &!/($ 
8
&! $!
#
4( pw

& $!$1" (web) *%4-  (2) ! b a

φM n ≥ 1.2M cr
w

f I
  - A pw f ps = 0.85f c' b w a
  4.7 M cr = Pe +
PI
+ r 0.85f c' b w a
Ac b c b A pw =
f ps
f cr = 2.0 f c' = 2.0 500 = 44.72 ksc.
0.85f c' b w a
P = A ps f se = 17.7678 × 11,500 = 204,330 kg.
A pw f ps f ps f ps 0.85a 0
e = 33 cm. ω pw = ⋅ = ⋅ = =
h 90
bwdp f c' bwdp f c' dp
cb = = = 45 cm. ω pw = 0.199 < 0.36β1 = 0.248 O.K.
2 2
!" A $0 I !/   I 0( $"(!'(/
"() ,/
 ! 
'/ b = 50 cm. % h = 90 cm. ! /
"// ( (:$$%:! $"0! 4 
*%(: ! 
/ b = 50  15 = 35 cm. % h = 90 
1 1
!#+ 0
#
($ & 
17.5  17.5 = 55 cm.   - $*
+!'( $
A = bh − b 1 h 1 = 50 × 90 − 35 × 55 = 2,575 cm 2 ⎛ df ⎞ ⎛ a⎞
Mn = Cf ⎜ d p − ⎟ + Cw ⎜dp − ⎟
bh 3
50 × 90
b 1 h 13 35 × 55 3 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
I= − = − = 2,552,240 cm 4
12 12 12 12 #
  d p
= %!'( $ = 78 cm.
$" d
f
= ! (1) = 17.5 cm.
⎧ 0.28 ⎡ 18,975 ⎤ ⎫ /;40" = 50  15 = 35 cm.
f ps = 18,975 × ⎨1 − × ⎢0.00557 × + 0⎥ ⎬ = 1 b
f
=
⎩ 0 .69 ⎣ 500 ⎦⎭
b
w
= / $!$1" = 15 cm.
C = $ &"
("0
0 a

"& < 17.5 cm. 4(+  4.24 f

C = 0.85f c' b f d f = 0.85 × 500 × 35 × 17.5 = 260,312 kg.

21.7162 × 17,347
A ps f ps f

a= = = 17.73 cm. > C = $ &$1"! $

0.85f c' b 0.85 × 500 × 50 w

17.5 cm. C = w
0.85f c' b w a = 0.85 × 500 ×15 ×18.26 = 116,408 kg.

$" ("0
0 a 
"& -2"( 0
"   - Mn = 260,312 × ⎜ 78 −
⎛ 17.5 ⎞ ⎛
⎟ + 116,408 × ⎜ 78 −
18.26 ⎞
⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
"    -  2&$1"   (web) 0!$  & M n = 26,043,625 kg.cm = 260,436 kg.m
 " :'! (1)  &"$1"   φM n ≥ 1.2M cr
% a (2)   - fr I
  4.7 M cr = Pe +
PI
+
-  $  = (50 − 15)×17.5 + 15 × a = 15a + 612.5 cm 2 Ac b cb
 99 100
 
"  4.8 " I = 2,552,240 cm , A = 2,575 cm , f =
4 2

r
&3/!'(9 3-DB 16 mm.  A = 6.03 cm s
2

44.72 ksc., c = 45 cm. , e = 33 cm.

b
 "
3""%44(
!"$ 0(9(1 P &! f ps

P = A ps f se = 21.7162 ×11,500 = 249,736 kg. L 1,500

= = 16.67 < 35 &3/  4.21
h 90
$"2/ f c'
249,736 × 2,552,240 44.72 × 2,552,240 f ps = f se + 700 + ≤ f py
M cr = 249,736 × 33 + + 100ρ p
2,575 × 45 45
f ps ≤ f se + 4,000
M cr = 16,278,284 kg.cm = 162,783 kg.m
φM n = 0.9 × 260,436 = 234,392 kg.m #
  f se
=
11,500 ksc.
1.2M cr = 1.2 × 162,783 = 195,340 kg.m ρ p = 0.00456  
"  4.8
φM n > 1.2M cr OK
f py
= 17,077 ksc.
  - f ps = 11,500 + 700 +
500
= 13,296 ksc. < f py
1$" !
 4 100 × 0.0056
&3/2/
f + 4,000 = 11,500 + 4,000 = 15,500 ksc. > f
se ps


 4.10 & 
"  4.8 ,/:  &3/2/
 $02/
%! 
 !'  #
 2!'9 $%0 ,00

(  9  /  &3/   ...

  - T = A f $0(" a < ! = 17.5 cm.
!&!/ 
3" 15   
s s y

C = T = Tps + Ts
!'(9 4,000 ksc. $0 0.85f c' ab = A ps f ps + A s f y
!' ( 92/   $!"  1(  A ps f ps + A s f y (18 × 0.9871)×13,296 + 6.03 × 4,000
a= =
""  5 cm. !#+ 0.85f c' b 0.85 × 500 × 50
 0
 - a = 12.25 cm. < 17.5 cm.O.K.
(!'(  4.17
d
ωp + (ω − ω') ≤ 0.36β1
dp
f ps 13,296
ωp = ρ p = 0.00456 × = 0.121
f c' 500
fy As f y 6.03 4,000
ω=ρ = ⋅ = × = 0.011
f c' bd f c' 50 × 85 500
ω' = 0, d p = 90 − 12 = 78cm., d = 90 − 5 = 85 cm.
0.36β1 = 0.248
d 85
 
   4.27 (!'(9/
ωp + (ω − ω') = 0.121 + (0.011 − 0) × = 0.133 < 0.36β1 = 0.248
dp 78
 ) /(!   $3(2/
%! 

As = 0.004A $"(!'(2"(")
#
  A =  -    ! /       &  "     
" !#+ 0
M $1"$ C n

0!"$* 
+!/  Mn = Tps ⎜ d p
⎛
−
a⎞ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛
⎟ + Ts ⎜ d − ⎟ = A ps f ps ⎜ d p −
a⎞ ⎛
⎟ + Asf y ⎜d −
a
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2
,%1( ($%#+  &
 
" -%!%!/  Mn = (18 × 0.9871)×13,296 × ⎛⎜ 78 − 12.25 ⎞⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
40!/   >0 ⎛
+ 6.03 × 4,000 × ⎜ 85 −
12.25 ⎞
⎟
2,575 ⎝ 2 ⎠
A = = 1,288 cm 2
2 Mn = 18,882,263 kg.cm = 188,823 kg.m
$" A s = 0.004A = 0.004 ×1,288 = 5.15 cm 2
 101 102
 φM n ≥ 1.2M cr 
 4.6 #" 
 
"  4.8 2/ 1.2M = 165,358 kg.m
cr
  
φM n = 0.9 × 188,823 = 169,941kg.m > 1.2M cr 4.6 #" 
#+ 0
  $3(2"
%! 
 461 #"  (%-   &!/ 
0/
"3(
%! 
 !/   (!   2"$/
462 #"  (%-   &!/ 
 $/
463 #"   (%- &0
0

 
4.6   (deflection)
4.6.1 
     


#"   $0

$
( 0!)$/  #
 2 $08
() -! )8
 &!/#"
() $4
) !'( $ &!/#"%-
() $! #+   
 #+ 
#" #+&!/#"%-
4(&!/&3/ 4 9+  4.15 !
0
"$/ 4 3( ( 9)
 103 104
#
E c = 15,200 f c' = 15,200 320 = 271,906 ksc.

 4.11   $3(%!' !  3" bh 3 30 × 50 3
I= = = 312,500 cm 4


 10  !/ / 30 cm. 12 12
L = 10.00 m. = 1,000 cm.
% 50 cm. 
 $ - !/ 
5wL4 5 × 7.776 ×1,000 4
7.90 cm $0 $
 $
2
$" δ= = = 1.19 cm.
384E c I 384 × 271,906 × 312,500
  4.16 !"
$%&
 $ #"%-
   ,"
$"  10,000 ksc.    #" #+ 
 -/
0
 0,"
$ 320 ksc.  !2/  4.15()
  !#"         %   ⎛ ML2 ⎞ ⎛ 237,000 × 1,000 ⎞ 2
δ = 2⎜ ⎟= 2×⎜ ⎟ = 0.35 cm. #"
 $$0-!  ⎜ 16E I ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
⎜ 16 × 271,906 × 312,500 ⎟
⎝ ⎠


  -#"  49+ = 1.19  0.35 = 0.84 cm. #"%-
4.6.2 #"  (%-   &!/  $/
&!/ g
I = #+(+3
!/ '
I
cr
= #+ (  +  3
!/     
$/ < I g

& 
"  4.11 :#" !/ 
2"
$/   ,/  4(  -  !  /  2 
D $%  &  ,% 
2.0 f c' ksc.  0$/ #+(+3
0 &!/
#"4(%-   -&  -0$":3"

3"$#" "$/#
&3/
#+(+3
 -!/  I 2/"#" '2/!%"
g

!
" 3"       !/      $/     #"    #
&3/
-!  w D = 2400bh = 2400 × 0.30 × 0.50 = 360 kg / m
#+(+3
!/ $/ I *% PCI design handbook
cr


 $ :#/4#&!/( 2/  -
$4
)%-:$-! $1" w ! /  1.7.3   1.12
b
(
I cr = nA ps d 2p 1 − 1.67 nρ p )
8Py 8 × (7.90 × 10,000) × (0.03 + 0.15)     4.17 $,%    4  9+  #"    "  $0!  
w =b = = 1,137.6 kg / m
L2 10.00 2 $/
 
 $ $0
0
-<
+ e = 3 cm.

*/
#+'J( 
#+'J(
M end = Pe = (7.90 × 10,000)× 0.03 = 2,370 kg.m =
237,000 kg.cm
-!  w &!/#" &0 $4
) w
D b

&!/#"%-  w > w &!/1 49+ w = w  w =

b D b D

1,137.6  360 = 777.6 kg/m = 7.776 kg/cm

&!/#"%-
4(   % $0&3/ "    4.15 !#" 
1 49+$ - -
5wL4
  4.15 () δ=
384E c I
 105 106

 4.12 
  4.11   " 
/$ '"$ 4.15()
 

 !" = 1,970,000 ksc. ⎛ ML2 ⎞
δ = 2⎜ ⎟= 2 × ⎜⎜
⎛ 237,000 × 1,000 2 ⎞⎟
= 0.28 cm. 
⎜ 16E I ⎟ ⎟
!# $"# " 28
   % ⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 16 × 339,882 × 312,500 ⎠

500 ksc. 

&" 
  
()  '    %""    "#  ()  )  "
" 
 ' = 0.273 + 0.28 = 0.553 cm.  
(superimposed dead load)  1,000 kg/m
() "
%
*)
  !"

() ' %"""#()) 1,800 kg/m

"+ ' %""()-'
 
 () "
%
  *)
      
1,800 kg/m ' 
!" 
"  +    '    %""  

!"* )
  σ b = P
+
Pec
−
Mc

()) 1,000 kg/m '  A I I

wL2 (360 + 1,800)×10.00 2
" σc =
P Pec Mc
m ± M=
8
=
8
= 27,000 kg.m = 2,700,000 kg.cm
A I I
 w = ' %"""
 = '  + !  σ b = 79,000 + 79,000 × 15 × 25 − 2,700,000 × 25
1,500 312,500 312,500
' () σ b = 52.67 + 94.80 − 216.00 = −68.53 ksc.
w = 360 + 1,000 = 1,360 kg/m 
!"*)
 $,
!"-("#*$,  
wL2 1,360 × 10.00 2
M=
8
=
8
= 17,000 kg.m = 1,700,000 kg.cm 
!"
 2.0 f c' = 44.72 ksc.   ' 
P = A ps f se = 7.90 × 10,000 = 79,000 kg. #!" 
("#
!"-   *)
  
    "
e = 15 cm. ! 
c=
50
= 25 cm. 
&  I " 4.29
cr

= nA ps d 2p (1 − 1.67 nρ p )
2
A = 30 × 50 = 1,500 cm 2 I cr

! 
!"*)
   n=
Es
=
Es
=
1,970,000
= 5.796
P Pec Mc E c 15,200 f ' 15,200 500
σb = + − c
A I I A ps 7.90
79,000 79,000 ×15 × 25 1,700,000 × 25 ρp = = = 0.00658
σb = + − bd p 30 × 40
1,500 312,500 312,500
σb = 52.67 + 94.80 − 136.00 = +11.47 ksc. ! 
+
!"*)
 $, + $,!"    '" 

& (
I cr = 5.796 × 7.90 × 40 2 × 1 − 1.67 5.796 × 0.00658 = 49,368 cm 4)
 "!"
#$,  !  $!$+$ E #
&' %""2*)

("#  $"# "$+$    (   ")  !" 

"    
 !"-     %
E c = 15,200 f c' = 15,200 500 = 339,882 ksc. 2.0 f c' = 44.72ksc.

  4.11 !"(  %'  
!"*)
  σ b = Pec Mc
−
P
+
I I A
!"-' 777.6 kg/m ' ()-' 1,000 kg/m # − 44.72 =
79,000 79,000 × 15 × 25 M × 25
+ −
+'  (./ 1,500 312,500 312,500
M = 2,402,333 kg.cm = 24,023 kg.m
w = 1,000 − 777.6 = 222.4 kg/m = 2.224 kg/cm
' %""2(")!"
w +
)01'
cr

wL2 (w beam + w cr ) L
2
M cr = =
" 
' !* "$ 4.15() 8 8
5wL4 5 × 2.224 × 1,000 4 (360 + w cr )×10.00 2
δ= = = 0.273 24,023 =
384E c I 384 × 339,882 × 312,500 8
24,023 × 8
cm.   w cr = − 360 = 1,562 kg / m = 15.62 kg / cm
100
 107 108
 " 
 w "$ 4.15() 
cr

4
5w cr L 5 × 15.62 ×1,000 4
δ= = = 1.915 cm.  
384E c I 384 × 339,882 × 312,500
  ")  !" 
   '    %"" 
2   % 1,800-1,562 = 238 kg/m = 2.38 kg/cm 3-
' '# -' !# /)"/1
#1  I
cr

5wL4
 " 
()) "!"
δ=
384E c I cr
5 × 2.38 × 1,000 4
δ= = 1.847 cm.  
384 × 339,882 × 49,368
' 
 %!"($,!" 7.776 kg/cm -'   '
# 
"$ 4.15()
5wL4 5 × 7.776 × 1,000 4
δ= = = 0.953 cm.  -'
384E c I 384 × 339,882 × 312,500
" 
/$ '"$ 4.15()
⎛ ML2 ⎞ ⎛ 237,000 × 1,000 2 ⎞⎟
δ = 2⎜ ⎟=
⎜ 16E I ⎟
2 × ⎜⎜ ⎟
= 0.279 cm. 
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 16 × 339,882 × 312,500 ⎠

 
 4.13 
  3.8 
&" 
  '" 
"
 '  *" !" 
-)-'   !#)-'
'  ' %""()) 1,800 kg/m "
!
"##
!#('+  $,
 ' = 1.915 + 1.847  0.953 + 0.279 = 4.994 cm.   '
  
A = 3,660 cm 2
I = 4,939,280 cm 4
f ci' = 240 ksc.
f c' = 350 ksc.
4.6.3 " 
)-'"##

1*
& PCI design handbook "
4.1 3-$, $"#& "
&!()"&#

&

&!
-"
 
"  
)  "  !" '   
%"" ' %""()) !#' %"""
'  ' 
 ! ' %"" "#"# %"" 

 )"% (creep) "" "!"-4
*"!"( " 
"##
-()-'"5 !  
 (1)  " 
)-'    
'   %"" # 4  "1
& " 4.1  !"
()"&
$,) '"1
" %' %""2 ("# "" 
"$ 4.15() δ=
5wL4
 ) '!

#" %' 21
$, 384E c I

" 
4$+$ " ('$,'
 %4*1
  E ci = 15,200 f c' = 15,200 240 = 235,477 ksc.

" 
 6&#() w beam = 0.3660 × 2,400 = 878 kg / m = 8.78 kg / cm
  '" 
' 

5wL4 5 × 8.78 × 1,600 4
δ= = = 0.644 cm.  
384E c I 384 × 235,477 × 4,939,280
 109 110

  3.8 !"-

 !"- " 
"##
" !"
  !"     % 273,700 kg. 
&!"( = 2.45 × 2.353 = 5.765 cm.  -'
8Py 8 × 273,700 × 0.375
wb = = = 3,207 kg / m = 32.07 kg / cm
L2 16.00 2
"
%
*)
  !"
"+
 " 
!"(-' " !"
' %""()) 2,000 kg/m
5wL4 5 × 32.07 × 1,600 4
δ= = = 2.353 cm.  -'
384E c I 384 × 235,477 × 4,939,280 
!"*)
  σ b = P + Pec b − Mc b
A I I
  "  
!"(  #  
 
")  
4("#1!" P $, 7
"  
    "  !"    % wL2 (878 + 2,000)×16.00 2
M= = = 92,096 kg.m = 9,209,600 kg.cm
2.3530.644 = 1.709 cm.  -' 8 8


  3.8 !"-

 !" 
  3.8 !" $"#).)* P -
e

 -      !"        % 273,700 kg.    % 228,213 kg. ! +
228,213 228,213 × 37.5 × 50 9,209,600 × 50

&!"( σb = + −
3,660 4,939,280 4,939,280
8Py 8 × 273,700 × 0.375 σb = 62.353 + 86.632 − 93.228
wb = 2
= = 3,207 kg / m = 32.07 kg / cm
16.00 2
L
σ b = +55.757 ksc. 
!"  !
 +
 " 
!"(-'" !"
!"

5wL4 5 × 32.07 × 1,600 4

δ= = = 2.353 cm.  -' "  
  '    %""  
384E c I 384 × 235,477 × 4,939,280
  "  
!"(  #  
 
")  ()) 2,000 kg/m = 20 kg/cm +
4("#1!" P $, 7 5wL4 5 × 20 × 1,600 4
δ= = = 1.215 cm.  
384E c I 384 × 15,200 350 × 4,939,280
"  
    "  !"    %

2.3530.644 = 1.709 cm.  -'
"  
"##
  '   
" 4.1  
&" %" 
"##
%""()) 2,000 kg/m = 20 kg/cm +&

&

' 
!#" !"&#) '$, 1.85 !#
3.00
1.80  %  " 
' 
 = 1.85 ×
δ = 3.00 × 1.215 = 3.645 cm.  
0.644 = 1.191 cm.   " 
" !" = 1.80
   '  "  
  )  -'    " %
× 2.353 = 4.235 cm.  -'
' %""$,
  % 5.765  1.739  3.645 = 0.381
  '" 
)-' " !"
cm.  -'
$,"##
- (&#) ')   % 4.235  1.191 = 3.044 cm.
 -'
(3)  " 
 " %' %""
$,

" 4.1  
&" %" 
"##

' 
 " !" !#' %""())
 " %' %""$,
  % 2.70, 2.45 !# 3.00
 %
" 
"##
' 

= 2.70 × 0.644 = 1.739 cm.  
 111 112
 M 
!""$, f
2 r

 4 frI
M2 = (4.9)
 
 cb
M =M +M cr 1 2

4.1 
 !"# 4.4 '($'$ ! !"  (./
"+ *)
 $,!"- !#! 

"## y , σ c =
P Pey My
± ±
A I I !"  (./"+ *)
%$,!"-
P Pec t Mc t

!"*)
% σ t = − + PI ⎛ r2 ⎞
A I I M = Pz = Pe + = P⎜⎜ e + ⎟=
⎟
P(e + k t ) (4.10)
P Pec b Mc b Ac b ⎝ cb ⎠

!"*)
  σ b = + −
A I I )"/%
3"/ 
() "
)"#/
!")-'"&#  r2
kt =
!" cb
(4.11)

σc =
Pi Pi ey M G y
m ± ()"&)"/ 
A I I
PI ⎛ r2 ⎞
() "
)"#/
!")-'"&#" % M = Pz = Pe − = P⎜⎜ e − ⎟=
⎟
P(e − k b ) (4.12)
Ac t ⎝ ct ⎠
'  %""
Pe Pe ey M T y

  
 
 
σc = m ± (4.3)
A I I r2
kb = (4.13)
4.2 
 !"$%# ct

() " %" !""#%%"-

4.5 &$$
###
Δε s = Δε c 4.5.1 )8"
)"#// $"# 
Δσ s Δσ c () strain !$""##!#)
=
Es Ec
() "+ " %!"-
Es My
Δσ s = Δσ c = nΔσ c = n (4.4) () $"#  strain " 0.003
Ec I
() " %" !""#%%+""-

L L
4.5.2 ""#
!" "
My
ΔL = ∫ ε c dx = ∫
E I
dx % 
0 0 c

ΔL 1 My
L "$
=
L ∫0 E c I
dx
L f c' ≤ 300 ksc. ; β1 = 0.85 (4.15)
ΔL n My
L f c' > 300 ksc.; β1 = 0.85 − 0.0008 f c' ( )
− 300 ≥ 0.65
(4.16)
Δσ s = E s = ∫
dx (4.5)
L L0 I 4.5.3 
!"-  4  ")    !"  #
4.3  &#  $"# 

!"*)
 " !"1

""
%
 $")  &4  ")  )     
σb =
P
+
Pec b Mc
− b (4.6) "+
A I I
ω p ≤ 0.36β1 (4.17)
!"
σ b = −f r = −2.0 f c' !# M = M cr ! d
ω p + (ω − ω') ≤ 0.36β1 (4.17)
 4.6 + dp

ω pw + (ω w − ω 'w )
2.0 f c' I d
M cr = Pe +
PI f I
+ r = Pe +
PI
+ (4.7) ≤ 0.36β1 (4.17)
dp
Ac b c b Ac b cb
 σ b = 0 !#! M 
 M  4.6 + 1

PI ⎛ I ⎞ ⎛ r2 ⎞
M1 = Pe + = P⎜ e +
⎜
⎟=
⎟
P⎜⎜ e + ⎟
⎟
(4.8)
Ac b ⎝ Ac b ⎠ ⎝ cb ⎠
 113 114
ω p = ρp
f ps
=
A ps f ps
⋅ 4") !" () " %/"")4 !"1)+ -
!#
f c' f c'
bd p

fy As f y
ω = ρ = ⋅ 4.""" %!"-  "


1
 
-)
 35
f c' bd f c'
f c'
f ps A pw f ps f ps = f se + 700 + ≤ f py (4.22)
ω pw = ρ pw = ⋅ 4 !""& a $9 300ρ p
f c' bwdp f c'
f ps ≤ f se + 2,000 ksc. (4.22)
A pw f ps = 0.85f c' b w a
0.85f c' b w a
 "
%" $") &4 ") !
 +$$, "
A pw =
f ps 
&/ $"#  M n

0.85f c' b w a !" " C = 0.85f c' ab (4.23)

ω pw =
A pw
⋅
f ps
=
f ps
⋅
f ps
=
0.85a !"-4 T = A ps f ps (4.23)
bwdp f c' bwdp f c' dp
"
 #1" 4.17 # f " 4.18-4.22  
ps C=T
f se f se A ps P 0.85f c' ab = A ps f ps
"
% = = e ≥ 0 .5 $,")-#1
f pu f pu A ps Pu A ps f ps
a=
" 4.18 - 4.22 + +
!
+ 2( 0.85f c' b
(4.24)
" !" / $"# " "#%/ M  n

() " %/"")4 !"1)-

Mn = C⋅z ' ⎛
= 0.85f c ab⎜ d p −
a⎞ ⎛
⎟ = T ⋅ z = A ps f ps ⎜ d p −
a⎞
⎟
⎧ ⎤⎫ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎪ rp ⎡ f pu
f ps = f pu ⎨1 − ⎢ρ p ' +
d
(ω − ω')⎥ ⎪⎬ (4.18) " M 
  4.7 $"#%)()06

⎪ β1 ⎣⎢ fc d p ⎦⎥ ⎪ n
⎩ ⎭
/ $"# #+$1") M   M 
0.85
f py
f pu
≤
0.90 rp 0.40 < ⇒ = M u ≤ φM n = 0.9M n
u

(4.25)
n

f py
≥ 0.90 ⇒ r = 0.28 " !"1)+ -
")4.""" %!"-
p
f pu
As

 ω' "

%" 4.19 !# 4.20 A = 0.004A (4.26)
s
⎡ f pu d ⎤
⎢ρ p ' + (ω − ω ')⎥ ≥ 0.17 (4.19)  A $,' 3"/- *)
!"-
⎣⎢ f c d p ⎦⎥  A $,' 3"/-*)
!"-
!# d' ≤ 0.15d p (4.20)
"
%"! 
$,!"-$, "!" $,
⎡ f pu d ⎤
 ⎢ρ p ' + (ω − ω ')⎥ < 0.17 1 ω' = 0   
⎢⎣ f c d p ⎥⎦ PI f I
φM n ≥ M cr = Pe + + r , f r = 2.0 f c'
" 4.18 Ac b c b
(4.27)
() " %/"")4+ -
!# 4.6 
(deflection)
 "
 4.6.1 
     


1
 
-+ ) 35 

L
≤ 35
h () ' %""2
f c'
f ps = f se + 700 + ≤ f py
100ρ p
(4.21) () !"(
f ps ≤ f se + 4,000 ksc. (4.21) () !"$
!"(
 1.7.3 " 1.12
8Py
wb =
L2
 115 116
4.6.2   
                 


(
I cr = nA ps d 2p 1 − 1.67 nρ p ) (4.28) (1) 
  3.4 !# 3.7 $ "&#
4.6.3 
 
 !"$, 210 ksc. !# 28
 320 ksc.  '

  4.1
(2) 
  3.8 $ "&# !"
$, 210 ksc. !# 28
 320 ksc.  '
  4.2
(3) 
  4.3 $ "
  $,
8
(4) 
  4.4 $ "
  $,
8
(5) 
  4.5 1 "1 
 %
/  (1)
(6) !* ('" !"   
 35 cm.
 5 cm. 1
 !" .95-2534 * 
0/ 5 mm. 
 5  ! 
 
%  1.7 cm. ! )"/%!#)"/ 
!#! "

# ! *)

152 " &#-

 "###$, 
(7) 
  4.6 $  $"# "
$, 400 ksc.
(8) 
  4.7 1  $"# "
/ (7)
(9) 
  4.8 1  $"# " 450
ksc.
(10) 
  4.9 


 !"$, 24 
(11) 
  4.10 

1
 20 "   
$"# " 450 ksc.
(12) 
  4.11 $ "&# !"$,
280 ksc.
(13) 
  4.12 $ $"# " 28

  % 380 ksc.
(14) 
  4.13 $  $"# "
&# !" 280 ksc. !# 28
 400 ksc.
 117 118
 5.1 "!%%;6<)  F $,
!"-"&# !" !# F
ti ci

 $,
!" "&# !"   '
5.1 !%%;6=) " σc =
P Pey
m ±
My
A I I
! 
!""*)
%
5.1 "#$%& Pi Pi ec t M G c t
σct = − + ≥ Fti
"!%% " %/ + 2
). A I I
Pi ⎛ Aec t ⎞ M G c t
 !%%
;6<)!
"
%;6<  ⎜1 − ⎟+ ≥ Fti
A⎝ I ⎠ I
$"#  !#!%%
;6< $"#  !
"
%
!  Zt =
I
!
 "$ +
;6<)  %   '' ("# ct
Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
"!%%;6<) "## Fti ≤ ⎜1 − ⎟⎟ +
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎠ Zt
(5.1)
1 
!")-'"!#4+ ) 
"!%%;6< $"#  ($> " 
  
!""*)
 &# !"

)% )' %"")+$ σcb =

Pi Pi ecb M G c b
+ − ≤ Fci
"!%%;6<)!
"
% A I I
Pi ⎛ Aecb ⎞ M G c b
;6< $"#  "
%(%
+ (#"")4 ⎜1 + ⎟− ≤ Fci
A⎝ I ⎠ I
.""+$1
() $"#  
!  Zb =
I
!
 "$
 " ?
'!%%
!" cb
Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
"  +  )        '  &#  !"!#&#" % Fci ≥ ⎜1 + ⎟− (5.2)
A ⎜⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Zb
' %""
 I = /)"/1 , cm 4

'()
A = ' , cm 2

"$ 5.1 () $, 

T 4") 
Pi
= !"-4") !"   
!""##'0/ e !#"##!#)+$*)
% c "## t
!", kg
!#)+$*)
  c -4") !"!"-$,
b
e = "##'0/4 !", cm.
P 
!""#)!"!
! P $,

i i
M G
= / ' , kg.cm
!"  /'0/ P e *)
 
!"  *)
%
!" I
=   " %*)
%, cm
i 3
Z =
- !#/'  M *)
 
!"-*)

G
t
ct
%
!"  "
 !
+"$ 5.1 () Zb
= I
=   " %*)
 , cm 3

cb

'( !* 

" %' ()-' *)
%#
!" 
()-' *)
 
!"-()-'+$
!" )
#$,!"-"$ 5.1() 
F c
= 
!" &#" %' %""
$, +
F t
= 
!"-&#" %' %""
$, 
 119 120
⎛ Ae ⎞
  '
!"  *)
%+  )  F c R ⎜⎜1 − ⎟
1 Z t ⎟⎠
!#
!"-*)
 + ) F !  ⎝ A
!  α t = Z #+

≥
t
" Pi ⎛ MT ⎞
()"&" F !# F 
#+
 
 
c t
A⎜⎜ Fc −
Zt
⎟
⎟
t
⎝ ⎠
    F !# 
  c ⎛ Ae ⎞
R ⎜⎜1 − ⎟
  F 1 ⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ R (1 − α t e ) − R (α t e − 1) R (α t e − 1)
t
≥ = = =
Pi AFc −
A AFc − α t M T AFc − α t M T − AFc + α t M T

!""*)
% Zt
MT

σ ct =
Pe Pe ec t M T c t
− + ≤ Fc "& MT
> Fc #
")% " >
A I I Zt
Pe ⎛ Ae ⎞ M T $$, < !    '
 "$!%% Fc ≥ ⎜1 −
A ⎜⎝
⎟+
Z t ⎟⎠ Z t
(5.3)
 MT
> Fc
Zt
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M T 1 R (α t e − 1)
 P = RP #+
 Fc ≥ ⎜1 − ⎟+ ≤
e i A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t Pi − AFc + α t M T (5.7.1)
 MT
< Fc

!""*)
  Zt
1 R (α t e − 1)
P P ec M c
σ cb = e + e b − T b ≥ Ft ≥
A I I
Pi − AFc + α t M T (5.7.2)
⎛ MT ⎞ ⎛ Ae ⎞
Pe ⎛
⎜1 +
Ae ⎞ M T
⎟−
" 5.4 A⎜⎜ Ft +
Zb
⎟≤
⎟
RPi ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
Zb ⎟⎠
 "$ +$
Ft ≤
 "$ A⎝ ⎜ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b
⎝ ⎠ ⎝

⎛ Ae ⎞
!  P = RP #+
 R ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
e i 1 ⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ R (1 + α b e )
≤ =
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M T Pi A AFt + α b M T
Ft ≤ ⎜1 + ⎟− AFt + MT
A ⎜⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b (5.4) Zb
1 R (α b e + 1)
≤
" 5.1  "$" " '#+ Pi AFt + α b M T (5.8)

" 5.5-5.8 "@"#

 1
 % e
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ Pi
MG Ae ⎞
A⎜⎜ Fti − ⎟≤ Pi ⎜⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ Zt ⎟
⎠ ⎝ Z t ⎟⎠  1
$,! ' !# e $,! "$ 5.2
Pi

1−
Ae
"@ ! e "!  1
= 0 
1 Zt A Pi
" Pi
≥
⎛ MG ⎞  α t = Z t ! ! #" 3-"$$,1+ '
A⎜⎜ Fti − ⎟
⎟
⎝ Zt ⎠ " 5.5  %" 5.7.1 "" 5.7.2
1 α t e −1
 + ≥ "@ ! e "## 1
Pi − AFti + α t M G (5.5)
αt
⎛ MG ⎞ ⎛ Ae ⎞ " 5.6  %" 5.8 "@ ! e "##
" 5.1 A⎜⎜ Fci +
Zb
⎟ ≥ Pi ⎜1 +
⎟ ⎜
⎟
Z b ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1
−
Ae αb
1+
1 Zb A
" Pi
≥
⎛ MG ⎞ !#!  α b = Zb
A⎜⎜ Fci + ⎟
⎟
⎝ Zb ⎠

1 αbe + 1
#+
 ≥
Pi AFci + α b M G (5.6)
⎛ MT ⎞ ⎛ Ae ⎞
" 5.3 A⎜⎜ Fc −
Zt
⎟≥
⎟
RPi ⎜⎜1 − ⎟
Zt ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
 121 122
!
 "$ 5.2   !*2("$
5.2 $,* Magnel #$"#1/"!%%
 " %/" !"! "")
4.""  %+$()"&"$ 5.2  
  !  !
#
!%%$"#   Pi  #+
("##14") !"3-"!(
  Pi
 ' P1 3-$, %06
 Pi  ' P1 #
i i

  #$,+$+ 3-"$ 5.2  "@

" 5.5  %"@" 5.8 #$, ('!"!#
  P1   '0/ eideal " % #$,"##'
i

0/) 3-#+ ") ("#()"&"$" 


- !#"##" "##'0/
"$"  +") emax 3-
"#
 eideal
!  emax " 5.8 !"+  P1 
i

$=)% )") 4#+  Pi $=)% )") 5  +$

  +$$,  "&       "  ""  " %
/ 4)+$ "@"$ 5.2 # 6&#

 %"$ 5.2.2 " 5.5  %" 5.7.1 ('
!#+  %  !

 " 5.6  %
" 5.8 ('!#+  %  !

 
" #$"%!
! "&'() -'+
"@"$ 5.2
 5.2.1 
  5.2
"$ 5.2.1 !-"$ 5.2 " 5.5
 1
≥ 
   '-(
'  "@-'+$
Pi

("
"@
) " 5.7.1  1
≤ 
   
'
Pi
-('  "@+$ ("
"@
) 
 
" 5.6  1
≥ 
   '-('
Pi

"@-'+$ ("

"@
) " 5.8  1
≤
Pi

   ' -(' "@+$ ("
"@

)
 ' () "& 
  "#
 " 5.5
 %" 5.7.1 ()"&
 "#
" 5.6
 %" 5.8 !

     
 17(#('1 ' % ""
   '
 5.2.2 
 
  !
 123 124
" "$ 5.2.3  "&!"()"& Zb   %+$
 )+$ "@" 5.5  % 5.7.1    " 5.5-5.8 " "#
" 5.6  %" 5.8 
  "@" 5.6  % 5.8    $,   Zb    Zb  '"@" 5.6 #
")'$ # 4 3 % %"@" 5.8 "$ 5.2.4
"   (Zb)min     
!"
" 5.6 (3-4" 5.2) !#
!"" 5.8
(3-4" 5.4)   %
& &  

" 5.2 +
MG Pi ⎛⎜ A e ⎞
⎟
Fci + = 1 + min (5.9)
(Zb )min A min ⎜⎝ (Zb )min ⎟
⎠

" 5.4 +

MT RPi ⎛⎜ A e ⎞
⎟
Ft + = 1 + min
(Zb )min A min ⎜⎝ (Zb )min ⎟
⎠

"
Ft MT Pi ⎛ A min e ⎞
+ = ⎜1 + ⎟ (5.10)
R R (Z b )min A min ⎜⎝ (Z b )min ⎟
⎠

 
 Zb = (Zb)min  ' A = Amin +$


" 5.9  % " 5.10
    '3"#  

Ft MT MG
+ = Fci +
R R (Z b )min (Z b )min
 5.2.3 
 
"   #$%&  (M T − RM G ) 1 = RFci − Ft
(Z b )min
M T RM G
" 4!# 1" % (Z b )min =
RFci − Ft (5.11)
/+" 5.5-5.8 #   Zb  
 ()"& Zt = (Zt)min !# A
" (Zb)min !#  Zt " (Zt)min = Amin " 5.5 (" 5.1) !#" 5.7.1 ("
5.3) 
!"  %
& &
" 5.1 +
MG Pi ⎛⎜ A e ⎞
⎟
Fti − = 1 − min (5.9)
(Zt )min A min ⎜⎝ (Z t )min ⎟
⎠

" 5.3 +

Fc MT Pi ⎛⎜ A e ⎞
⎟
− = 1 − min (5.10)
R R (Z t )min A min ⎜⎝ (Z t )min ⎟
⎠


"   3  

MG F MT
Fti − = c−
(Z t )min R R (Zt )min
1
(M T − RM G ) = Fc − RFti
(Zt )min
M T − RM G
 5.2.4  
 '
()
 Zb * '
(Z t )min = (5.12)
Fc − RFti
 125 126
  (Zb)min > (Zt)min   "1  )'  = wG = 1,000 kg/m
**"
I " 3-  Zb =Zt = Z !%% Zb /-'  MG
> (Zb)min + Zt > (Zt)min 
  + "1 
T   MG =
w G L2 1,000 × 152
= = 28,125 kg.m
Zt > Zb !%% Zb > (Zb)min #* Zt > (Zt)min 
 8 8
M G = 2,812,500 kg.cm
'(#"" # Zb > (Zb)min 

/-'  ' MT
"!%%  ' !"  +  "%  R 3-    w L2 (1,000 + 3,000) × 152
M = T = = 112,500 kg.m
 "
!"-$"#).)* Pe  !"-  " !" Pi T
8 8
⎛ Pe ⎞ M T = 11,250,000 kg.cm
⎜R = ⎟ $)1  R "#
 0.75  0.85  !"+ 
⎜
⎝ Pi ⎟⎠  Pj !"-4") !"&# !"
"? 1 R = 0.85 !  !""?# /%
"?&# !" 8% !# "? '
-1  R 1 R = 0.75 !%%"4!
 !
24 % !"-&# !" Pi !#!"-$"#).)* Pe
"
%  R " ' 3-" "?!"-4")  '
 !"+ 
+

 3 !
Pi = (1.00-0.08)Pj = 0.92Pj
Pe = (1.00-0.24)Pj = 0.76Pj
 "
!"-$"#).)* Pe  !"-&# !" Pi

 5.1 !%%" !"1)-4 R=
Pe 0.76Pj
= = 0.826
Pi 0.92Pj
  1
 
  

1
 15 " " %
! " 5.11 ( (Zb)min
' %"" 3,000 kg/m ( + "
' 

)  $"# "&# M T − RM G 11,250,000 − 0.826 × 2,812,500
= = = 42,663 cm 3
 !"!# 28
    % 350 !# 500 (Z b )min
RFci − Ft 0.826 × 210 − (− 35.78 )

ksc.  % "?!"-

)-'   !#)-' '  !  **
 b - h #  5  '
 %")
&-$, 8 % !# 24 % I=
bh 3
, cb = c t =
h
12 2
 % A = bh
 
 /
!" $"# "&# I I bh 2
Zb = Z t = = =
 !" f ci' = 350 ksc. !#
!" $"# " cb c t 6
28
 f c' = 500 ksc. )

 b = 50 cm.  Zb = (Zb)min !  h
" 1.1 3-"8" %" 50h 2
= 42,663
6
" !"
... $9 2537 #+

42,663 × 6
h= = 71.6 cm.
&# !" 50

!"  1
 50 cm. - 80 cm.   5  '
Fci = 0.60 f ci' = 0.60 × 350 = 210 ksc. bh 2 50 × 802
Zb = Z t = = = 53,333 cm3

!"- 6 6
bh 3 50 × 803
I= = = 2,133,333 cm 4
Fti = −0.80 f ci' = −0.80 350 = −14.97 ksc. 12 12
A = bh = 50 × 80 = 4,000 cm 2
&#" %' %"" w G = 2,400bh = 2,400 × 0.50 × 0.80 = 960 kg / m < 1,000 kg / m O.K.
w G L2 960 × 152

!"  MG =
8
=
8
= 27,000 kg.m = 2,700,000 kg.cm

Fc = 0.45 f c' = 0.45 × 500 = 225 ksc. w T L2 (960 + 3,000) × 152

MT = = = 111,375 kg.m = 11,137,500 kg.cm
8 8

!"-
Ft = −1.6 f c' = −1.6 500 = −35.78 ksc.
 127 128
αt = αb = α =
A
=
4,000
= 0.075 " 5.5  1
= 5 × 10− 6 +
Z 53,333 Pi
1 1 0.075e − 1
= = 13.33 cm. 5 × 10− 6 =
α 0.075 262,380
!  5 " 5.5-5.8  ' 5 × 10− 6 × 262,380 + 1
e= = 30.825 cm.
" 5.5 0.075

" 5.6  1

= 4 × 10− 6 +
Pi
1 0.075e − 1 0.075e − 1
≥ = 0.075e + 1
Pi 4,000 × 14.97 + 0.075 × 2,700,000 262,380 4 × 10 − 6 =
1,042,500
0.075e + 1 0.075e + 1
" 5.6 1 ≥ =
e=
4 × 10− 6 × 1,042,500 − 1
= 42.267 cm
Pi 4,000 × 210 + 0.075 × 2,700,000 1,042,500
0.075
"
%(#
1" 5.7.1 " 5.7.2
" 5.7.2  1
= 5 × 10− 6 +
M T 11,137,500 Pi
= = 208.83 ksc. < Fc = 225 ksc.
Z 53,333 0.075e − 1
5 × 10− 6 =
1" 5.7.2 − 78,314
" 5.7.2 1 − 5 × 10− 6 × 78,314
e= = 8.112 cm
0.826 × (0.075e − 1)
0.075
1 0.075e − 1
≥ =
Pi − 4,000 × 225 + 0.075 × 11,137,500 − 78,314 " 5.8  1
= 5 × 10− 6 +
Pi
" 5.8 0.075e + 1
1 0.826 × (0.075e + 1) 0.075e + 1 5 × 10− 6 =
≤ = 838,005
Pi − 4,000 × 35.78 + 0.075 × 11,137,500 838,005
5 × 10− 6 × 838,005 − 1
e= = 42.534 cm.
""@ ' "@ ! e "##  0.075
13.33 cm. " 5.6 !# 5.8 "## 13.33 cm. " 5.5   5 +$1""@ +"$ 5.3
 % 5.7.2   '!% 1
! e "##1
# 10 cm. 1
!"  
&+ eideal = 25.488 cm. 3-
+ 
# !% 1
 1
 +" !
  
- 80 cm. '"1  emax = eideal = 25.488 cm. +  
Pi
Pi   eideal
 " 5.5  % 5.8 ( eideal  %  Pi  1 0.075 × 25.488 − 1
= = 3.47435 × 10 − 6
;6< "@   '  1
     '
" Pi 262,380
Pi Pi = 287,824 kg.
-  
   P = 287,824 kg.  !"-3-  "? 8 %  
i

1 0.075e − 1 0.075e + 1
Pi
=
262,380
=
838,005
" !"   '#!"- P "!"-4"+A"
j

838,005(0.075e − 1) = 262,380(0.075e + 1) )/+

0.075e(838,005 − 262,380) = 838,005 + 262,380 Pi = (1.00 − 0.08)Pj
43,171.875e = 1,100,385 Pi 287,824
Pj = = = 312,852 kg.
1,100,385 0.92 0.92
eideal = = 25.488 cm.
43,171.875
1 0.075 × 25.488 − 1
= = 3.474 × 10− 6 kg −1 " 2.4 

 !"1) 7 
Pi 262,380
!"- " 1860 * 0/ 12.70 mm. !"-
+  eideal = 25.488 cm. !#  1
= 3.474 × 10− 6   '
Pi $"#  Fpu = 18,730 kg. !"-" Fpy = 16,857 kg.
! 1
-
"
$"#&   6 × 10 −6 !% 1
# 1
Pi

 +$!  1
Pi
$"#& 5 ×10−6 − 6 ×10−6
" 5.5-5.8 (  e " %+$"@  '
 129 130

!"* )
 
σ b = 71.956 + 137.551 − 50.625 = 158.882 ksc.
σ b = 158.882 ksc. < Fci = 210 ksc. O.K.

 " %' %""

Pe = RPi = 0.826 × 287,824 = 237,743 kg.
Pe Pe ec M T c
σc = m ±
A I I
237,743 237,743 × 25.488 × 40 11,137,500 × 40
σc = m ±
4,000 2,133,333 2,133,333
σc = 59.436 m 113.617 ± 208.828

!"* )
%
σ t = 59.436 − 113.617 + 208.828 = 154.647 ksc.
σ t = 154.647 ksc. < Fc = 225 ksc. O.K.

!"* )
 
σ b = 59.436 + 113.617 − 208.828 = −35.775 ksc.
" 1.2 "8
... 
!"- σ b = −35.775 ksc. = Ft O.K.
4") !"&#-
" '+ ) 0.94  
" !#+ ) 0.80  $"#  "
%  ' ' #4
"
%  e !#  P " i
0.94Fpy = 0.94 × 16,857 = 15,846 kg.
5.5 !#" 5.8 3-$,"
 %
!"-
0.80Fpu = 0.80 × 18,730 = 14,984 kg.
" F !# F  % 

  '  Pj = 14,984 kg/  ti t



 !"" 20.88  1 22 !#!"



 !"
-! # (!"-"
) ! #-44#+
  
    
    
  ! "       
Pj = 22 × 14,984 = 329,648 kg.
=
312,852
= 20.88  !#$B-'$, 21 +4 $, 3
14,984   P -' P -'
 *)-'
j i
1
  
Pi
1 '5 # 7  ! "&'# $, 2 1 '5 # 11 -$, 22
e +$
!#
 e   '#
&  e 
 ideal

Pi = 0.92Pj = 0.92 × 329,648 = 303,276 kg.

  '1

 !"1) 7  * 
!  P " 5.5 !# 5.8
0/ 12.70 mm. 
 22  ! #-
!"  % i

0.075e − 1
" 5.5 1
≥
312,852
= 14,221 kg. "##'0/ 25.488 cm. 303,276 262,380
22
e ≤ 24.869 cm.

 


0.075e + 1
  " !" " 5.8 1
≤
303,276 838,005
Pi Pi ec M G c
σc = m ± e ≥ 23.509 cm.
A I I
287,824 287,824 × 25.488 × 40 2,700,000 × 40   '1  P = 329,648 kg. "  P =
σc = m ± j i

4,000 2,133,333 2,133,333 303,276 kg. #""##'0/ e "#
 23.509 
σc = 71.956 m 137.551 ± 50.625
24.869 cm.  !%%"$ 5.4


!"* )
%
σ t = 71.956 − 137.551 + 50.625 = −14.97 ksc.
σ t = −14.97 ksc. = Fti O.K.
 131 132

X 0 1.000 2.000 3.000

Y 0 0.004 0.017 0.038
 0.16 0.164 0.177 0.498

X 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 7.500

Y 0.068 0.107 0.154 0.209 0.240
 0.228 0.267 0.314 0.369 0.400

"&4") !"1 '#



+ (3"/  4""##+ 
"
&$,
  '
" "") ' #


 !"$,
"$("%"##'0/"- !#
$ '+ "'0/$B?(%
"")

 5.2 !%%!* ('"4" !"1)
 +"-#


 !"$,"$("%+
-4  
 1.00 m. 

1
 12.00
%"("%+  
m. " %' %"" 1,000 kg/m ( + "
 2

y=
4e
x2 ' 
)  $"# "&#
L2
 !"!# 28
   % 240 !# 350
 e = "##'0/4") !" ksc.  % "?!"-
3"/     )-'  !#)-' '$, 8 %
4- !# 20 %  %
L = 

  
 "8" %"" !"
.
x = "##
-+$ .. "" 1.1 
 1 #+

$ &# !"
Fci = 0.60f ci
'
= 0.60 × 240 = 144 ksc.
y = ! 4 !"

Fti = −0.80 f ci
'
= −0.80 240 = −12.39 ksc.
"-
"  
& '  #  "%"##  4  " &#" %' %""
-!%%  
&"## y +%
 Fc = 0.45f c' = 0.45 × 350 = 157.50 ksc.
"##  
+$#$,
+ 1"" %4") Ft = −1.60 f c' = −1.60 350 = −29.93 ksc.
 !" $"#&
!* (' h = 40L = 12 = 0.30 m.

 ' L = 15 m., e = 24 cm. = 0.24 m.   x
40
' ('$"#& w G = 2,400h = 2,400 × 0.30 = 720 kg / m 2
  "## 1 m. 

+  -  
/-1
('' 
('
− 24 = 16 cm. = 0.16 m. ! "+
80
= w G L2 720 × 12.002
2 MG = = = 12,960 kg.m = 1,296,000 kg.cm
8 8
4 × 0.24 0.96 2
y= x2 = x /-1
(''  '
152 225
w T L2 (1,000 + 720) × 12.002
MT = = = 30,960 kg.m = 3,096,000 kg.cm
8 8
/ Pi = (1 − 0.08)Pj = 0.92Pj

Pe = (1 − 0.20)Pj = 0.80Pj

+ "
 P
R= e =
0.80Pj
Pi 0.92Pj
= 0.870
 133 134
0.2eideal − 1 0.2eideal + 1
" 5.11 (Zb )min = M T − RM G !  =
RFci − Ft 296,370 608,517
3,096,000 − 0.870 × 1,296,000 608,517(0.2e − 1) = 296,370(0.2e + 1)
  ' (Z b ) = = 12,683 cm3
0.870 × 144 − (− 29.93) 0.2eideal (608,517 − 296,370) = 608,517 + 296,370
min

bh 2
 Z= eideal =
904,887
= 14.49 cm.
6 62,429.4
6 × 12,683
  ' h = 6Z
= = 27.59 cm.
b 100
⎛ 1 ⎞ 0.2 × 14.49 + 1 −6
  '1(' h = 30 cm. = 0.30 m. ⎜
⎜P
⎟
⎟
= = 6.406 × 10 kg −1
⎝ i ⎠ max 608,517

&% ) + (Pi )max = 156,110 kg.
A = bh = 100 × 30 = 3,000 cm 2
!% 1
 1
1
# 1 × 10 −6  $"#& 8 × 10 −6
bh 100 × 30
3 3 Pi
I= = = 225,000 cm 4
12 12
" 5.5 ! 1
= 7 × 10− 6 +
bh 2 100 × 30 2 Pi
Zt = Zb = Z = = = 15,000 cm 3
6 6 0 .2 e − 1
7 × 10− 6 =
w G = 2,400bh = 2,400 ×1.00 × 0.30 = 720 kg / m 296,370
w G L2 720 ×12.00 2 e = 15.373 cm.
MG = = = 12,960 kg.m = 1,296,000 kg.cm
8 8
" 5.6 ! 1
= 7 × 10− 6 +
MT =
w T L2
=
(1,000 + 720)×12.00 2 = 30,960 kg.m = 3,096,000 kg Pi
8 8 0.2e + 1
A 3,000 7 × 10− 6 =
αt = αb = α = = = 0 .2 691,200
Z 15,000 e = 19.19 cm.
1 1
= =5
α 0 .2 " 5.7.1 ! 1
= 7 × 10− 6 +
Pi
0.2e − 1
7 × 10− 6 =
!  5 " 5.5  5.8 + 168,621
0.2e − 1 0.2e − 1 e = 10.90 cm.
" 5.5 1
≥ =
Pi 3,000 × 12.39 + 0.2 × 1,296,000 296,370
" 5.8 ! 1
= 7 × 10− 6 +
0.2e + 1 0.2e + 1 Pi
" 5.6 1
≥ =
0.2e + 1
Pi 3,000 × 144 + 0.2 × 1,296,000 691,200
7 × 10− 6 =
"
% 608,517
e = 16.30 cm.
M T 3,096,000
= = 206.40 ksc. > Fc = 157.50 ksc. 1" +$"@+"$ 5.5
Z 15,000
5.7.1 1

 !"* 0/ 12.7
" 5.7.1 mm. !#"##"-*)
4 = 3 cm.   '"##
1
≤
0.870(0.2e − 1)
=
0.2e − 1 '0/$,+$+ emax +
Pi − 3,000 × 157.50 + 0.2 × 3,096,000 168,621 30 1.27
e max = −3− = 11.37 cm. < eideal = 14.49 cm.
" 5.8 2 2
1 0.870(0.2e + 1) 0 .2 e + 1 #4
"##'0/  + ( 11.37 cm. 

≤ =
Pi − 3,000 × 29.93 + 0.2 × 3,096,000 608,517  ;6< 14.49 cm.   '!  emax = 11.37 cm. 
 1 = 5   ' ! e #!% "##$,1
# 5 " 5.8
α
cm.  +$ e  " 5.5  %" " 5.8
ideal
1 0.2 × 11.37 + 1
5.8 
"  
  !#  e =
Pi 608,517
$$, e ideal Pi = 185,863 kg.
 135 136
"?!"-   !"   % 8 % 
 


  '!"-4") !"&#-
"-
Pi = (1 − 0.08)Pj   " !"
Pi 185,863 Pi Pi ec M G c
Pj = = = 202,025 kg. σc = m ±
0.92 0.92 A I I
185,863 185,863 × 11.37 × 15 1,296,000 × 15
σc = m ±
3,000 225,000 225,000
σc = 61.95 m 140.88 ± 86.40
!"*)
%
σ t = 61.95 − 140.88 + 86.40 = +7.47 ksc. > Fti O.K.
!"*)
 
σ b = 61.95 + 140.88 − 86.40 = +116.43 ksc. < Fci O.K.



Pe = RPi = 0.870 × 185,863 = 161,701 kg.
Pe Peec M T c
σc = m ±
A I I
161,701 161,701 × 11.37 × 15 3,096,000 × 15
σc = m ±
3,000 225,000 225,000
σc = 53.90 m 122.57 ± 206.40

!"* )
%
σ t = 53.90 − 122.57 + 206.40 = 137.73 ksc. < Fc O.K.
" 2.4 

 !"1)
 7 

!"* )
 
!#"!"- " 1860 * 0/ 12.70
σ b = 53.90 + 122.57 − 206.40 = −29.93 ksc. = Ft O.K.
mm. !"-$"#  Fpu = 18,730 kg. !"-" Fpy = 16,857
kg.

 '  e %  %

!* 
" 1.2 !"-4") 
(' 3-"  Pi #" 5.8 3-$,
!"&#
"
 %!"-" Ft
-
"-
 = 0.94Fpy ≤ 0.80Fpu
   
 % 
   ! 
  
  


 !"" 13.48  1") 14  #+ !"
0.94Fpy = 0.94 × 16,857 = 15,846 kg.
0.80Fpu = 0.80 × 18,730 = 14,984 kg.
-4""##'0/ e +4
  '!"-&#-
"-
 14,984 kg.



 !" = 202,025 = 13.48 
14,984 
 5.3 !%%" !""$ 
T  
  '1

 !"1)
 7   

1
 20.00 m. " %' %"" 2,400
* 0/ 12.70 mm. 
 14  ! #-
!" kg/m ( + "
' 
)  
202,025
14
= 14,430 kg. $"# "&# !"!# 28

"##'0/-  % e = 11.37 cm.  "$ 5.6      % 320 !# 500 ksc.    %
"?!"-)-'  
!# ) -'  ' $,  8 % !# 24 %
 %
 137 138
 
 "8" %"" !"
. "
&% ) +% $,!
.. " 1.1 #+

 !"  ∑
120
Ay (80 × 120) × 2 − (55 × 90) × 2
90
353,250
y= = = = 75.97 cm = c b
Fci = 0.60f ci' = 0.60 × 320 = 192 ksc. ∑ A (80 × 120 ) − (55 × 90 ) 4,650
c t = 120 − 75.97 = 44.03 cm.
Fti = −0.80 f ci' = −0.80 320 = −14.31 ksc.
A = (80 × 120) − (55 × 90) = 4,650 cm 2
 !


Fc = 0.45f c' = 0.45 × 500 = 225 ksc.
I=
80
(
44.033 + 75.973 −
55
) (
14.033 + 75.973 )
Ft = −1.60 f c' = −1.60 500 = −35.78 ksc. 3 3
I = 5,879,395 cm 4
)'  w G = 1,200 kg / m
I 5,879,395
/-'  Zt = = = 133,532 cm3
ct 44.03
w G L2 1,200 × 202 I 5,879,395
MG = = = 60,000 kg.m = 6,000,000 kg.cm Zb = = = 77,391 cm3
8 8 cb 75.97
/-' %""   Zb > (Z b )min !# Zt > (Zt )min
 ' αt =
A
=
4,650
= 0.0348 ,
1
= 28.74 cm.
w L2 (1,200 + 2,400) × 202 Zt 133,352 αt
M = T =
T = 180,000 kg.m = 18,000,000 A 4,650 1
8 8 αb = = = 0.0601 , = 16.64 cm.
/"? 8% !# 24%   ' Zb 77,391 αb
P (1 − 0.24)Pj 0.76Pj wG =
4,650
× 2,400 = 1,116 kg / m < )
R= e = = = 0.826 10,000
Pi (1 − 0.08)Pj 0.92Pj
+

! " 5.11 w G L2 1,116 × 20.00 2
MG = = = 55,800 kg.m = 5,580,000 kg.cm
M − RM G
(Zb )min = T 8 8
RFci − Ft w T L2 (1,116 + 2,400) × 20.00 2
MT = = = 175,800 kg.m = 17,580,000 kg.cm
!  8 8
!  5 " 5.5-5.8 #+
(Zb )min = 18,000,000 − 0.826 × 6,000,000 = 67,108 cm3
" 5.5
0.826 × 192 − (− 35.78)
" 5.12 1 0.0348e − 1 0.0348e − 1
≥ =
Pi 4,650 × 14.31 + 0.0348 × 5,580,000 260,726
(Z t )min = M T − RM G = 18,000,000 − 0.826 × 6,000,000 = 55,080 " 5.6
Fc − RFti 225 − 0.826 × (− 14.31)
 "$ 5.7 1 0.0601e + 1 0.0601e + 1
≥ =
Pi 4,650 × 192 + 0.0601 × 5,580,000 1,228,158

"
% M T 17,580,000
= = 131.65 ksc. < Fc = 225 ksc. 1
Zt 133,532
" 5.7.2
" 5.7.2
1 0.826 × (0.0348e − 1) 0.0348e + 1
≥ =
Pi − 4,650 × 225 + 0.0348 × 17,580,000 − 525,988
" 5.8
1 0.826(0.0601e + 1) 0.0601e + 1
≤ =
Pi − 4,650 × 35.75 + 0.0601 × 17,580,000 1,077,701
 139 140
 e  " 5.5  %" 5.8
ideal
" 2.4 

 !"1)
 7 

"  !#$ e $, e ideal
!#"!"- " 1860 * 0/ 12.70
0.0348eideal − 1 0.0601eideal + 1 mm. !"-$"#  F = 18,730 kg. !"-" F =
= pu py
260,726 1,077,701
(0.0348 × 1,077,701 − 0.0601 × 260,726)eideal = 260,726 + 1,077,701 16,857 kg
eideal = 61.30 cm. " 1.2 !"-4") 
!"&#-
"-
 0.94Fpy ≤ 0.80Fpu
  '!% 1
 e 1
# 10 -$"#& 90 cm. !
  e = 70 cm. " 5.5 -" 5.8 0.94Fpy = 0.94 × 16,857 = 15,846 kg.
1 0.0348 × 70 − 1 0.80Fpu = 0.80 × 18,730 = 14,984 kg.
" 5.5 ≥ = 5.508 × 10− 6
Pi 260,726
1 0.0601 × 70 + 1
" 5.6 ≥ = 4.24 × 10− 6 !"-&#-
"- = 14,984 kg/
Pi 1,228,158

" 5.7.2 1 0.0348 × 70 − 1

≥ = −2.73 × 10− 6 


 !" = 250,082 = 16.69 
Pi − 525,988 14,984

$,%  e = 0 ! + 1


 !"1)
 7  * 0/ 12.70
1 0.0348 × 0 − 1 mm. 
 18  ! #-
!"  % 14,984 kg. #+
≥ = 1.901 × 10− 6
Pi − 525,988
1 0.0601 × 70 + 1 Pj = 18 × 14,984 = 269,712 kg.
" 5.8 ≤ = 4.83 × 10− 6
Pi 1,077,701 Pi = 0.92Pj = 0.92 × 269,712 = 248,135 kg.
!% 1
 1
1
# 1 - 6 &
 10 !
"@+
-6

  e " % P = 248,135 kg. !  P 

Pi i i

"$ 5.8 " 5.5 !# 5.8

0.0348e − 1
" 5.5 1
≥
248,135 260,726
e ≤ 58.93 cm.
0.0601e + 1
" 5.8 1
≤
248,135 1,077,701
e ≥ 55.63 cm.
1  e = 56 cm. !
#"1  e = e =ideal

61.30 cm. + -  

 
  !"!  #     %
= 13,893 kg . ! "$=)% )") '!%%"$ MN
250,082
18
*) ' #+ +!%""
&+$
 "-!%4+ 
#
#!"-!  +$ 
  e = 56 cm.
+
!%% *$=)% )"
4 12.70 mm.
!  e " 5.8 (  P  +

!"   " ' !#"   e = 56 cm.
ideal i

1 0.0601e + 1 0.0601 × 61.30 + 1 4.68413

  " ## " -' $, *"$>   " 
≤ = =
Pi 1,077,701 1,077,701 1,077,701 "   !%% "$ 5.7
1,077,701
Pi ≥ = 230,075 kg.
4.68413
!"-4") !"&# !" +
Pi = (1 − 0.08)Pj = 0.92Pj
Pi 230,075
Pj = = = 250,082 kg.
0.92 0.92
 141 142


 

 &# !"
Fci = 0.60f ci' = 0.60 × 320 = 192 ksc.



Fti = −0.80 f ci' = −0.80 320 = −14.31 ksc.

!"*)
%"
σt =
Pi Pi ec t M G c t
− + &#" %' %""
A I I
248,135 248,135 × 56 × 44.03 5,580,000 × 44.03 Fc = 0.45f c' = 0.45 × 500 = 225 ksc.
σt = − +
4,650 5,879,395 5,879,395 Ft = −1.60 f c' = −1.60 500 = −35.78 ksc.
σt = −8.91 ksc. > Fti O.K.

!"*)
 "
Pi Pi ec t M G c b
σb = + −
A I I
248,135 248,135 × 56 × 75.97 5,580,000 × 75.97
σb = + −
4,650 5,879,395 5,879,395
σb = 160.81 ksc. < Fci O.K.




Pe = RPi = 0.826 × 248,135 = 204,960 kg.

!"*)
%"
Pe Pe ec t M T c t
'  wG =
3,600
× 2,400 = 864 kg / m
σt = − + 10,000
A I I /%' 
204,960 204,960 × 56 × 44.03 17,580,000 × 44.03
σt = − + w G L2 864 × 10.002
4,650 5,879,395 5,879,395 MG = = = 43,200 kg.m = 4,320,000 kg.cm
2 2
σ t = 89.78 ksc. < Fc O.K.
/%' %"" '

!"*)
 " w T L2 (864 + 4,000 ) × 10.00 2
P P ec M c MT = = = 243,200 kg.m = 24,320,000 kg.cm
σb = e+ e b− T b 2 2

(Zb )min = M T − RM G
A I I
204,960 204,960 × 56 × 75.97 17,580,000 × 75.97
" 5.11
σb = + − RFci − Ft
4,650 5,879,395 5,879,395 (1 − 0.24)Pj 0.76
σb = −34.77 ksc. > Ft O.K.  P
R= e = = = 0.826 ! +
Pi (1 − 0.08)Pj 0.92

(Zb )min = 24,320,000 − 0.826 × 4,320,000 = 106,763 cm3

 5.4 !%%4") !"" %3- 0.826 × 192 − (− 35.78)

$," !""$

I 
10.00 m.     Z = 112,000 cm3 > (Zb )min 1+
"$ 5.9 " %' %"" 4,000 kg/m ( +  + α t = α b = α = A = 3,600
= 0.03214
Z 112,000
"
' )  $"# "&# 1 1
= = 31.1 cm.
 !" !# 28
    % 320 !# 500 α 0.03214
ksc.  % "?!"- !  5 " 5.5 - 5.8 +
)-'   !#)-' '$, 8 % " 5.5
1 0.03214e − 1 0.03214e − 1
!# 24 %  % ≥ =
Pi 3,600 × 14.31 + 0.03214 × 4,320,000 190,361
 "8" %"" !"
... $9 " 5.6
2537 (" 1.1) #+
 1 0.03214e + 1 0.03214e + 1
≥ =
Pi 3,600 × 192 + 0.03214 × 4,320,000 830,045
 143 144
"
%
M T 24,320,000
= = 217.14 ksc. < Fc = 225 ksc. 1"
Zt 112,000
5.7.2
" 5.7.2
1 0.826(0.03214e − 1) 0.03214e − 1
≥ =
Pi − 3,600 × 225 + 0.03214 × 24,320,000 − 43,328
" 5.8
1 0.826(0.03214e + 1) 0.03214e + 1
≤ =
Pi − 3,600 × 35.78 + 0.03214 × 24,320,000 790,359
  e  " 5.5  %" 5.8 
ideal


"   !
!"  e ideal

0.03214e ideal − 1 0.03214e ideal + 1

=
190,361 790,359
0.03214(790,359 − 190,361)e ideal = 190,361 + 790,359 !% 1
  1
1
# 1 × 10−6 - 6 × 10−6 +$
Pi
980,720
e ideal = = 50.86 cm.
19284 "@+ "$ 5.10
!  e " 5.8 (  P 
ideal i

! "@ ! e  31.1 !# 31.1 cm. 

!  1 0.03214 × 50.86 + 1
≤ = 3.333473 × 10− 6
e  50.86 cm.   '%! e !% 1
# 10 %- 40
ideal
Pi 790,359
1

%
- 80 !  e = 60 " 5 Pi ≥ = 299,987 kg.
3.333473 × 10− 6
(  1
#" %1"@ +$ !"-4") !"&# !"
Pi
Pi 299,987
" 5.5 Pj = = = 326,073 kg.
(1 − 0.08) 0.92
1 0.03214 × 60 − 1 1 
 %
  5.3 

 !"1)

≥ = 4.877 × 10− 6
Pi 190,361
7 "!"- " 1860 * 0/ 12.70
" 5.6
1 0.03214 × 60 + 1
mm. "-
!"-&#-
"-  %
≥ = 3.528 × 10− 6
Pi 830,045 14,984 kg.
" 5.7.2 1 0.03214 × 60 − 1
≥ = −27.05 × 10− 6  1 


 !"+
Pi − 34,328
= 21.76 
326,073

!%%+ + 14,984

1

 !"1)
 7  * 
$+$  1
= 4 × 10− 6 !
  e # 

Pi 0/ 12.70 mm. 
 22  ! #-
!"  %
0.03214e − 1 326,073
= 14,822 kg.  '0/ e $-! 
4 × 10− 6 ≥
= 34,328 22

e = 26.84 cm.   % 50.86 cm.  "$ 5.11

1 0.03214 × 60 + 1
" 5.8 ≤ = 3.705 × 10− 6
Pi 790,359
 145 146

 

 
 5.2 "!%%!
4") !"
  
   !"
5.2 !%%!
4") !"
Pi Pi ec M G c
σc =
A
±
I
m
I
 
σc =
299,987 299,987 × 50.86 × 60 4,320,000 × 60
± m
5.2     (cable profile)
3,600 6,720,000 6,720,000 "!%%"    !" #")  "
σc = 83.33 ± 136.23 m 38.57

&$")&4") !"!#"##'0/" &

   ! /   '-#! 
σ t = 83.33 + 136.23 − 38.57 = 180.99 ksc. < Fci O.K.
4") !"  5 

 
 %" 5.1 - 5.4 "! 4")

     !""1
"##'0/" %+
σ b = 83.33 − 136.23 + 38.57 = −14.33 ksc. ≅ Fti O.K. Pi ⎛ Pi e − M G ⎞
" 5.1 −⎜ ⎟⎟ ≥ Fti
A ⎜⎝ Zt ⎠
 " %' %"" " 5.2 Pi ⎛ Pi e − M G ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ Fci
A ⎝ Zb ⎠
Pe = RPi = 0.826 × 299,987 = 247,789 kg.
Pe ⎛ Pe e − M T ⎞
" 5.3 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ Fc
A ⎝ Zt ⎠
Pe Pe ec M T c
σc = ± m Pe ⎛ P e − MT ⎞
A I I " 5.4 + ⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ ≥ Ft
247,789 247,789 × 50.86 × 60 24,320,000 × 60 A ⎝ Zb ⎠
σc = ± m
3,600 6,720,000 6,720,000  "$" " %"%"##'0/ e  '
σc = 68.83 ± 112.52 m 217.14 1 ⎡ ⎛ Pi ⎞⎤
e≤ ⎢M G − Z t ⎜ Fti − ⎟⎥ (5.13)
Pi ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦

  e≤
1 ⎡
+
⎛
Z b ⎜ Fci −
Pi ⎞⎤
⎟⎥
⎢M G (5.14)
Pi ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦
σ t = 68.83 + 112.52 − 217.14 = −35.79 ksc. ≅ Ft O.K.
1 ⎡ ⎛ Pe ⎞⎤
e≥ ⎢M T − Z t ⎜⎜ Fc − ⎟⎟⎥ (5.15)

  Pe ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦

1 ⎡ ⎛ Pe ⎞⎤
σ b = 68.83 − 122.52 + 217.14 = 173.45 ksc. < Fc O.K. e≥ ⎢M T + Z b ⎜⎜ Ft − ⎟⎟⎥ (5.16)
Pe ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦

"$=)% )")# Pi !# Pe  3-

/   '  Pi !# Pe  5 
&
"?  3- 
-!

 3 
&  MG !#
MT 
 !  Pi , Pe ,MG !# MT " 5.13-5.16 4#
+1
" %+  e   5
  e " %+&# !"+
" 5.13 "" 5.14
  e         " % +  &#" % '   
%""+" 5.15 " 5.16
 147 148
 

      
   # #
 5.1   
  7 



! 5.12 #$#%&# '#
#%#
,
&#  1860 #4#50#
12.70 mm.

e ( 
!)
* +,
-#!).!%/ 0 &#  22  ,
 
,

6 14,984 kg. 
(
&#
#,( P j = 22 ×14,984 = 329,648 kg.

%## P  P 

(
i e

Pi = 0.87P j = 0.87 × 329,648 = 286,794 kg.

Pe = 0.71P j = 0.71× 329,648 = 234,050 kg.
!#%#(.0(
$
#(&#
 %#
.0  
(
M = 0  M = 0
G T

# #
 5.1 %&# ' 
#
6#
*   %$

 5.5 #%#% 
 #
 5.1 
.#Z = Z = 53,333 cm
t b
3

$(#%# A = 4,000 cm 2

  
% ##
%#   #   
  & #  ! #  #
 ,
 
 F = 210 ksc. , F = -14.97 ksc.
ci ti

F = 225 ksc. , F = -35.78 ksc.

&##1
,
$
#% #23 c t

%#
# 5.13  5.16 
(FR)   ',
#
%#!##

1 ⎡ ⎛ Pi ⎞⎤

# 4%  8% #&# #1 # 5.13 e≤ ⎢M G − Z t ⎜ Fti − ⎟⎥
Pi ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦

,
$
## # (ES) !#
%# ,
#
%# #  1%  2% 1 ⎡ ⎛ 286,794 ⎞⎤
#&# #1
,
$
### e≤ × ⎢0 − 53,333 × ⎜⎜ − 14.97 −
286,794 ⎣ ⎝
⎟⎥ = 16.12 cm.
4,000 ⎟⎠⎦

, (ANC) !##

 1 ⎡ ⎛ Pi ⎞⎤
# 5.14 e≤ ⎢M G + Z b ⎜ Fci − ⎟⎥
,
#
%## 12%  2% #&# Pi ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦

# 1  
,
    ,(  # # 
(
 (4 
#1
,
$
# e≤
1 ⎡ ⎛
× ⎢0 + 53,333 × ⎜⎜ 210 −
286,794 ⎞⎤
⎟⎥ = 25.72 cm.
286,794 ⎣ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦
# 
% (SH) #1
,
⎝


(%# e 
6!)!%$ 16.12 cm. ,
#

#
$
##%$ 
% (CR) #

1
,
$
##%#
,


1 ⎡ ⎛ Pe ⎞⎤

(RE) ) # 16% # 5.15 e≥ ⎢M T − Z t ⎜⎜ Fc − ⎟⎟⎥
Pe ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦
 
  

  1 ⎡ ⎛ Pe ⎞⎤
# 5.16 e≥ ⎢M T + Z b ⎜⎜ Ft − ⎟⎟⎥
Pe ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦
'&##-#
⎡
1 ⎛ 234,050 ⎞⎤
e≥ × ⎢0 + 53,333 × ⎜⎜ − 35.78 − ⎟⎥ = −21.49 cm.
#1
,
,( = FR + ES + ANC = 0 + 1 + 234,050 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦
12 = 13 %

(
,
$ P = (1.00  0.13)P = 0.87P
i j j
%# e 6%$ 21.49 cm. 
 #,
#

#%#

 
% # e         !  #  % #  +,
   

-#
#
−21.49 ≤ e ≤ 16.12 cm.
#1
,
 (
 = 13 + 16 = 29%

(
,
$ P = (1.00  0.29)P = 0.71P
e j j
 149 150
 3.75 m. 
   ## 5.14
$
# 3.75 m. #!#
,
#
 #
!#%# e≤
1 ⎡ ⎛
× ⎢20,250 × 100 + 53,333 × ⎜
295,035 ⎞⎤
⎜ 210 − ⎟⎥
 #,
#
%# ( 7.50 m.) 
(%##1#
*  295,035 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦

7 #
%#!#%# 6,
#
e ≤ 31.49 cm.
0+4 
(%# e 
6!)!%$ 22.90 cm. ,
#
#
FR = = 2%
2 %#
1+ 3
ES = = 1.5% ## 5.15
2
12 + 2 1 ⎡ ⎛ 242,291 ⎞⎤
ANC = = 7% e≥ × ⎢83,531× 100 − 53,333 × ⎜
⎜ 225 − ⎟⎥
2 242,291 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦
#1&#
'-#
= 2 + 1.5 + 7 = 10.5% e ≥ −1.72 cm.
 #1
,
# #(#%#%$ 16% ## 5.16
#1&#
'
# = 10.5 + 16 = 26.5% 1 ⎡ ⎛ 242,291 ⎞⎤
e≥ × ⎢83,531× 100 + 53,333 × ⎜
⎜ − 35.78 − ⎟⎥
242,291 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦

e ≥ 13.27 cm.
# 5.15  %# e 
 #,
#
%# 1.72 cm.
# 5.16  %# e &# #,
#
%# 13.27 cm.

(%# e 6!)!%$ 13.27 cm.

(

$(
50&#
3.75 m. #

,
$&#
(%$
!#
 %$ 13.27 ≤ e ≤ 22.90 cm.
Pi = (1.000 − 0.105) P j = 0.895P j = 0.895 × 329,648 = 295,035 kg.
Pe = (1.000 − 0.265) P j = 0.735P j = 0.735 × 329,648 = 242,291 kg. 

   ( 7.50 m. 
  )
%#
 # L (&# 6&# w #1&#
,( $%$'-#

&#% ## %# 

!8#!#%#(

%$ wL LOSS = 4 + 2 + 2 = 8 %
2 #1&#
,((
 $%$'
#

(.0&#
x #!#%#%$
LOSS = 8 + 16 = 24 %
wL wx 2
Mx =
2
x−
2

(
,
$'-#
P 
,
!94 P #
i e

+,
-# Free-Body Diagram !  #
#,( 
(
Pi = (1.00 − 0.08)P j = 0.92P j = 0.92 × 329,648 = 303,276 kg.
# #
 5.1 (&#%# w = 960 kg/m (&# 6
G
Pe = (1.00 − 0.24)P j = 0.76P j = 0.76 × 329,648 = 250,532 kg.
  w = 3,960 kg/m %## M  M &#
3.75 m.
T G T
#.0#(&#%# w (&# 6  w
#!#
 # G T

960 × 15
2 2
wGL
MG =
w G Lx w G x 2 960 ×15 × 3.75 960 × 3.75 2
− = − = 20,250 kg.m MG = = = 27,000 kg.m = 2,700,000 kg.cm
2 2 2 2 8 8
w Lx w T x 2 3,960 ×15 × 3.75 3.960 × 3.75 2 w L2 3,960 ×15 2
MT = T − = − = 83,531 kg.m MT = T = = 111,375 kg.m = 11,137,500 kg.cm
2 2 2 2 8 8
%#
# 5.13  5.16
%## 5.13  5.16  # ## 5.13
## 5.13 1 ⎡ ⎛ 303,276 ⎞⎤
e≤ × ⎢2,700,000 − 53,333 × ⎜
⎜ − 14.97 − ⎟⎥
1 ⎡ ⎛ 295,035 ⎞⎤ 303,276 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦
e≤ × ⎢20,250 × 100 − 53,333 × ⎜
⎜ − 14.97 − ⎟⎥
295,035 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦ e ≤ 24.87 cm.
e ≤ 22.90 cm.
 151 152
## 5.14 Pi = (1.000 − 0.075) P j = 0.925P j = 0.925 × 329,648 = 304,924 kg.
Pe = (1.000 − 0.235) P j = 0.765P j = 0.765 × 329,648 = 252,181 kg.
1 ⎡ ⎛ 303,276 ⎞⎤
e≤ × ⎢2,700,000 + 53,333 × ⎜
⎜ 210 − ⎟⎥
303,276 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦ .0   #(& #    %#
w #G

e ≤ 32.50 cm. (&# 6(

 w $ %# 3.75 m. /#
T


(%# e 
6!)!%$ 24.87 cm. #
#6
 #
,
!) x = 3.75 m. # 
(
## 5.15 M G = 20,250 kg.m = 2,025,000 kg.cm
M T = 83,531 kg.m = 8,353,100 kg.cm
1 ⎡ ⎛ 11,137,500 ⎞⎤
e≥ × ⎢11,137,500 − 53,333 × ⎜
250,532 ⎣ ⎜ 225 −
⎝
⎟⎥
4,000 ⎟⎠⎦ %##
* 
# 5.13 -,
5.16 
(
e ≥ 9.89 cm. ## 5.13
## 5.16 e≤
1 ⎡ ⎛
× ⎢2,025,000 − 53,333 × ⎜⎜ − 14.97 −
304,924 ⎞⎤
⎟⎥
304,924 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦
1 ⎡ ⎛ 250,532 ⎞⎤
e≥ × ⎢11,137,500 + 53,333 × ⎜
⎜ − 35,78 − ⎟⎥
250,532 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦ e ≤ 22.59 cm.

e ≥ 23.51 cm. ## 5.14


(%# e &#6!)!%$ 23.51 cm. e≤
1 ⎡ ⎛
× ⎢2,025,000 + 53,333 × ⎜⎜ 210 −
304,924 ⎞⎤
⎟⎥
304,924 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦

 
     $( 
5  0        %$ 
e ≤ 30.04 cm.
23.51 ≤ e ≤ 24.87 cm. +,

 %&# '# 5.1

(%# e 
6 %$ 22.59 cm.
## 5.15
 11.25 m. 
   $,
#
 #
#
%#
1 ⎡ ⎛ 252,181 ⎞⎤
 !#
e≥ × ⎢8,353,100 − 53,333 × ⎜⎜ 225 −
252,181 ⎣
⎟⎥
4,000 ⎟⎠⎦
⎝
#%#7
#1&#
,
#
%# e ≥ −1.13 cm.
!#
## 5.16
4+8
FR = = 6% 1 ⎡ ⎛ 252,181 ⎞⎤
2 e≥ × ⎢8,353,100 + 53,333 × ⎜⎜ − 35.78 − ⎟⎥
2 +1 252,181 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦
ES = = 1.5%
2 e ≥ 12.22 cm.
ANC = 0
# 5.15 %# e 
 ##
%# 1.13 cm. # 5.16
##1$
###
, ANC
%# e #
%# 12.22 cm. 
(%# e 6
= 0 /#% ## L !-,
 11.25 m. +,
  
%$ 12.22 cm.
anc


(
L anc − 7.50 2%

 
     $( 
5  0        %$ 
=
L anc 12% 12.22 ≤ e ≤ 22.59 cm.
6L anc − 45 = L anc
45 !#%##

L anc = = 9.00 m. < 11.25 m.

6 −1
#1 & #
 $ 
###  
, 
#1&#
 $#1&#
'-#

 9.00 m.  !#%##

,
#
##
1'( 
(
LOSS = 6 + 1.5 + 0 = 7.5 %
#1&#
,($'-#
#1&#
,(# ## 
(#1


&#
(
##
LOSS = 8 + 1 + 0 = 9 %
LOSS = 7.5 + 16 = 23.5 %
#1&#
,(# #$'
#
#
,
'-#
P 
,
!94 P #
i e
# 
(#1&#
,('
#
11.25 m. #!#

LOSS = 9 + 16 = 25 %
 153 154

,
$ 
'-#
P i 
 5.3 # &# &#
!
#

,
!94 P ##
e 
  
Pi = (1.00 − 0.09)P j = 0.91P j = 0.91× 329,648 = 299,980 kg. 5.3  &# &#
!
#
Pe = (1.00 − 0.25)P j = 0.75P j = 0.75 × 329,648 = 247,236 kg.
531 #/
 
,

!#%#
6
 .0(
#4 /
#


(&#%#
w (&# 6  w %$
G T
532 #/
 
,

MG = 0
MT = 0


%##
* # 5.13 -,
5.16  
## 5.13 5.3     
1 ⎡ ⎛ 299,980 ⎞⎤ $ #.?@A# !
e≤ × ⎢0 − 53,333 × ⎜
⎜ − 14.97 − ⎟⎥
299,980 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦ #$(#%# A !#'
A  ps

e ≤ 15.99 cm. $(

50 e #(
&##  &#

# φM n
## 5.14 ## #&#

# M $ -# φM n # # M #
u u

e≤
1 ⎡ ⎛
× ⎢0 − 53,333 × ⎜
299,980 ⎞⎤  ( -# φM n  # M 
/%#

u
⎜ 210 − ⎟⎥
299,980 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦ φM n .9##!#(
e ≤ 24.00 cm.
$(
50#6 %$ 15.99 cm. 5.3.1  
   
## 5.15 /#'##7/#
!
⎡ 247,236 ⎞⎤
e≥
1 ⎛
× ⎢0 − 53,333 × ⎜
⎜ 225 − ⎟⎥ 5.14 () # .?@A#!#'
247,236 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦

A $(
50 e
ps
e ≥ −35.20 cm.
&###.0!
#! 5.14
## 5.16
() .# 4.25
1 ⎡ ⎛ 247,236 ⎞⎤
e≥ × ⎢0 − 53,333 × ⎜
⎜ − 35.78 − ⎟⎥ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞
247,236 ⎣ ⎝ 4,000 ⎟⎠⎦ M n1 = T ps ⎜ d p − ⎟= A ps f ps ⎜⎜ d p − ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
e ≥ −21.05 cm.
# 5.15 $(
50
 ##
%#
-#&#

# φM n1 # #$# &#

35.20 cm.  # 5.16 $(

50
 ##


# M &#!)
* / /#&#

21.05 cm. +,

&# # 
( u


#/
/ -# φM n1  # M 
##
$(
506 %$ 21.05 cm. u

 (&#
/
/
9# 
,



$(
50 %$ −21.05 ≤ e ≤ 15.99 cm.
/
    
  % ##
#9#/$/ &#

# 
%#
 ! 5.13

 
% # 
#  -#/ 
,
#
! #!#''B06 (balanced condition)
&##  !) 
!) (compression failure)
%#(!#
# /###$# 
#
#  !#'
# # 4.17 %$
 155 156
&# #$ 

-#!

( ε ps 
) %# 
,


-#!,


  ( f ps 
) #
# %# f 
#-#
ps

%##
+#
# 4.17  # 0.36β1 
(#%#

f #%&# '
ps

-# M !).0/,($

##
n2

9# 
,
#

Mu
M n 2 = M n − M n1 = − M n1 (5.17)
φ
. M ## M n 2 = Ts z 2 = A s f y z 2
n2

## 5.17  5.18 #!#' 

,
A  # s

Mu
− M n1
φ
As = (5.19)
fyz2
ω p ≤ 0.36β1 (4.17) . A %$ !#'9# 
,

$ d
ω p + (ω − ω') ≤ 0.36β1 (4.17) /,(&# /&#

#
dp
M %$ &#
# .0
#
ω pw + (ω w − ω 'w )
n1
$ d
≤ 0.36β1 (4.17)           9#
dp
'/ 
,
#
 &# 
,
/#!
%# ω /,( '
 
 %# ω ' = 0 %# M u
%$ &#
!
#
#
#
+#
# 4.17 /,(&## # 0.36β1  φ %$  % '& # 

 #    % #

(#/9#(/(
 
,
# 0.9

/$#
+#
# 4.17  # 0.36β1 
z 2
%$ 
.0%% 
C  2

# !  5.3.2 T ##9#

s

((%#
φM n1 %# # M  u
  
,
+,
 #     # % #
!#'!C1#$
% # %$%##
+#$
.!#'# 0.9(d-a ) 1

# 4.17 
%
 # 0.36β1 #/ 

,
A /
#
 /$/%#
φM n
s

! 5.14 () 

#/9# 
 5.5 #%#%
 #
 4.6 +,


,
 # ! #   /$  /  % # 
φM n #!   -# .0   !  
 #   M  # 
n

! (  #$  

 9##  # 109,584 kg.m 
%&# '#!#'
 #$ 6%# (ε s > ε y ) %$ 
,
 

/#!#/$#
9#%## &#
%# σ s = f y  (.0!
# M #
u

9#(&#
,
/90
#/,( (Tps + Ts ) !) 135,000 kg.m (
(&#
%#

4  
   / 90  
%   
/  #,(  (C = Tps + Ts ) 
4,000 ksc.
/$#6 %# #
/90/,(
' 
%
%
 0.85f c' %#
a 

/#,( (a 2 > a 1 ) $%# a /4&#% #,


 c /#! 
 157 158
5.3.2 
       
#    9#/   # !/$   & # 

!
#/,(( -#/7/# 
,
#


  5.3.1 &#%##
+#
# 4.17 /,(
## # 0.36β1 -#/9# 
#! 
# 4.17 (
d
ω p + (ω − ω') ≤ 0.36β1
dp
 
 # #
 4.6 %# ω p = 0.179 +,

 #
9# 
,
&#%# ω  9# 

0.36β1 (= 0.292)   # 
(   #   (    !C 1 #$ 
% #
&#%# ω' # 4.17 %#(

#
4%#
 #/&#

##/7/#9#

#
+## 4.17  # 0.36β1 %#,

%
% #
 
,
/
#
 .
# #
5 cm. &#
 /
/
% #,!94
9# 
,
d = 75 cm.
  #& # % 1 #       

(
.0%% #9# 
,

9# 
,

(%$ #
(&#
+,
!#'%#
(
% #,
 c !!
! (c = c ) 
(%# a
2 1
z 2 = 0.9 (d − a 1 ) = 0.9 × (75 − 14.70) = 54.27 cm.
,
!!
! 
%#
a ## #
 4.6 
1

## 5.19 #!#'9#


,
/#!##
Mu
− M n 135,000 − 109,584
φ
As = = 0 .9 = 18.62 cm 2
fyz2 4,000 × 54.27
$ 4-DB 25 mm. (A = 19.64 cm ) &# /$/&#

s
2


##! 5.16
  !  #'    
 #    # #
!$ .# 4.17
ωp = 0.179
fy As f y 19.64 4,000
ω = ρ = ⋅ = × = 0.075
f c' bd f c' 40 × 75 350

%#
# 4.17
d 75
ω p + (ω − ω') = 0.179 + (0.075 − 0) ×
dp 70
d
ω p + (ω − ω') = 0.259 < 0.36β1 = 0.292 O.K. $%# a !!
%#
 .%
dp
C # #
! 5.17 ()  5.17 () $
#
c


% C # 
,

T 
(
c ps

%#
T ! 5.17 ()  5.17 () # %$#/
ps

9#$

(
 
,


#!#(
   
 #! 5.17 () ##-# # 


 
 ε 's  #$ 


 
,
ε s #
 159 160
' ⎛ c 2 − d' ⎞
ε s = 0.003⎜
⎛ c − d' ⎞
⎟ = 0.003⎜ 1 ⎟ (5.20) 
 5.6 %#%
 #, #
⎜ c ⎟ ⎜ c ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ 4$4## #
30 cm. , 70 cm.
⎛ d − c2 ⎞ ⎛ d − c1 ⎞
ε s = 0.003⎜
⎜ c
⎟ = 0.003⎜
⎟ ⎜ c
⎟
⎟
(5.21) 
!)  
 
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
7 #%#
,
&#  1860 #
2 1

-# #$ %#

9#
4#50#
12.70 mm. &#  10 
# ε y 
( 

 

$(
50# 25 cm. 
,
!94
σ's  
,
       
  
,
σ s
# 125,000 kg. &#
!
%
##-##
# 320 ksc. 
%&# '#!#'
σ s' = E s ε 's -# ε s' < ε y (5.22)

+,
&#
%# 4,000 ksc. 
/
σs = f y
'
-# ε s ≥ ε y
'
(5.22)
 # !/$     #    & # 
 6 M  # 
n
σs = Esεs -# ε s < ε y (5.23) 100,000 kg.m
σs = f y -# ε s ≥ ε y (5.23)
. f !)&#
%#


-#.0/,(#9#

,
 
(!) M  # n2

Mu
M n 2 = M n − M n1 = − M n1 (5.24)
φ
. M ##
n2

M n 2 = C s (d − d') = Ts (d − d') = A 's σ 's (d − d') = A s σ s (d − d ')

(5.25)  
 ###
 2.4   
  7 
## 5.24 # 5.25 !# #  1860 #4#50#
12.70 mm. &#  10  

,
 6!# 10 ×18,730 = 187,300 kg.
Mu
− M n1 # 
,
!94
,
6!
φ
A s' = (5.26) Pe 125,000
= = 0.67 > 0.5 !)

σ s' (d − d') Pu 187,300

Mu
− M n1
φ 
  4.18  4.22
As = (5.27)
σ s (d − d')
## 4.18
⎧ ⎡ f pu ⎤⎫
## 5.26 # 5.27  ⎪
f ps = f pu ⎨1 −
rp
⎢ρ p ' +
d
(ω − ω')⎥ ⎪⎬
⎪ β1 ⎣⎢ fc dp ⎦⎥ ⎪
9# 
 A s' 9# 
,
A s  ⎩ ⎭

#' 
  
,
# $ σ s' = σ s .
18,730
+,
 #/ ' σ s' = σ s = f y  
-,
&#
6 f pu =
0.9871
= 18,975 ksc.

%#
f py 16,857
= = 0.9 
( rp = 0.28
f pu 18,975
## 4.16 β1 = 0.85 − 0.0008 (f c' − 300)
β1 = 0.85 − 0.0008(320 − 300) = 0.834
A ps 10 × 0.9871
ρp = = = 0.00548
bd p 30 × 60

(
#9# 
( ω = ω' = 0
 161 162
%#  #$/9# 
,
#

 !C1#$
% # 
#/#!#'
⎧
f ps = 18,975 × ⎨1 −
0.28 ⎡
× ⎢0.00548 ×
18,975 ⎤ ⎫
+ 0⎥ ⎬ = 16,905 ksc.
!#'6 
(#/&#
!
#,

⎩ 0. 834 ⎣ 320 ⎦⎭ 
 9# 
,

!/*  
.9# 
,

# #

# 5
  !#' cm. &#%# d = 70  5 = 65 cm. 9# 

f ps
ωp = ρp = 0.00548 ×
16,905
= 0.289 < 0.36β1 = 0.36 × 0.834 = 0.30 &## 
#!) d = 5 cm.
f c' 320

 #% #,

 
a 20.45
## 4.24 c=
β1
=
0.834
= 24.52 cm.

a1 =
A ps f ps
=
(10 × 0.9871)×16,905 = 20.45 cm.  #$ 6 %#
0.85f c' b 0.85 × 320 × 30
fy 4,000
.0!
# εy =
Es
=
2,040,000
= 0.00196

M n1 =
a⎞
⎛ ⎛
⎟ = (10 × 0.9871) × 16,905 × ⎜ 60 −
A ps f ps ⎜ d p −
20.45 ⎞
⎟  # 
9# 
## 5.20
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
' ⎛ c − d' ⎞ ⎛ 24.52 − 5 ⎞
M n1 = 8,305,917 kg.cm = 83,059 kg.m < 100,000 kg.m ε s = 0.003⎜ ⎟ = 0.003 × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.00239 > ε y
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 24.52 ⎠

.0!
# M  #&#
 6
#%$
n1

100,000 kg.m -#/.0!

##
  ##-/9# ((

7/#9# 
,
 5 cm. #4
#

%# &#% #,!94
#7/#

9#%$ 70  5 = 65 cm.

!#'%#
.0%% z 2

z 2 = 0.9(d − a 1 ) = 0.9 × (65 − 20.45) = 40.10 cm.

## 5.19 !#'9# 
,
/#!  #$ 
9# 
,
## 5.21
# ## ⎛ d−c⎞ ⎛ 65 − 24.52 ⎞
M − M n1 100,000 × 100 − 8,305,900 ε s = 0.003⎜ ⎟ = 0.003 × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.00495 > ε y
As = n = = 10.56 cm 2 ⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 24.52 ⎠
f yz2 4,000 × 40.10
6! #$ 
9# 

$ 3-DB 22 mm.  A s = 11.40 cm 2  
,
#
# # #$ 6%# 
( 

  !#' -#!# &#

%#%$ f = 4,000 ksc. $(

9# 
,

#
fy As f y 11.40 4,000
ω=ρ
f c'
= ⋅ = ×
bd f c' 30 × 65 320
= 0.073 &#
!
#
/ M n2

ω' = 0 M n 2 = 100,000 − 83,059 = 16,941 kg.m = 1,694,100 kg.m

d 65
ω p + (ω − ω') = 0.289 + (0.073 − 0 )× = 0.368 > 0.36β1 = 0.300 !#'9# 
,
 

dp 60

#
M n2 1,694,100
A s = A s' = = = 7.06 cm 2
f y (d − d') 4,000 × (65 − 5)

$ 2-DB 25 mm.  A = 9.82 cm (

9# 

s
2

,
 


! 5.19
 163 164
M T − RM G
# (Z b )min = (5.11)

 5 RFci − Ft

&#
  (Z t )min = M T − RM G (5.12)
  Fc − RFti
#&#%1%$ 5.11
5.1 
!" %# R = 0.75 $
#  R = 0.85 $


'-#

5.2  

(cable profile)
Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
Fti ≤ ⎜1 − ⎟+ (5.1) 1 ⎡ ⎛ Pi ⎞⎤
A⎝ ⎜ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t ## 5.1 e≤ ⎢M G − Z t ⎜ Fti − ⎟⎥ (5.13)
Pi ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦
Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
Fci ≥ ⎜1 + ⎟− (5.2) 1 ⎡ ⎛ Pi ⎞⎤
A ⎜⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b ## 5.2 e≤ ⎢M G + Z b ⎜ Fci − ⎟⎥ (5.14)
Pi ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦

' (&# 6$'

# ## 5.3 e≥
1 ⎡
⎢M T −
⎛
Z t ⎜⎜ Fc −
Pe ⎞⎤
⎟
⎟⎥ (5.15)
Pe ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M T
Fc ≥ ⎜1 − ⎟+ 1 ⎡ ⎛ Pe ⎞⎤
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t
(5.3) ## 5.4 e≥ ⎢M T + Z b ⎜⎜ Ft − ⎟⎥
⎟ (5.16)
Pe ⎣ ⎝ A ⎠⎦
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M T
Ft ≤ ⎜1 + ⎟− (5.4) 
% #$
#1&#
  3
A ⎜⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b

 α t = A
 α b = A
! # 5.1  5.4
Zt Zb 5.3  
  
 5.3.1  
   
αte −1
## 5.1 1
≥ (5.5) ## 4.25 M n1
⎛
= Tps ⎜ d p −
a⎞ ⎛
⎟ = A ps f ps ⎜ d p −
a⎞
⎟
− AFti + α t M G
Pi ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
α be + 1
## 5.2 1
≥ (5.6)
Pi AFci + α b M G   ## 4.17
## 5.3 1 ≤ R (α t e − 1) -# M T > Fc (5.7.1) ω p ≤ 0.36β1
Pi − AFc + α t M T Zt
d
R (α t e − 1) MT ω p + (ω − ω') ≤ 0.36β1
$ 1
≥ -# < Fc (5.7.2) dp
Pi − AFc + α t M T Zt
ω pw + (ω w − ω 'w )
d
R (α b e + 1) ≤ 0.36β1
## 5.4 1
≤ (5.8) dp
Pi AFt + α b M T
&#4## 5.5  5.8 !#D#$( -# M !).0/,(#9# 
,

n2

Mu
  #6
#D## 5.5  # 5.8 /$# M n 2 = M n − M n1 =
φ
− M n1 (5.17)
%# eideal .%##
*   ##
 #
# M n 2 = Ts z 2 = A s f y z 2 ≈ 0.9(d − a 1 )A s f y (5.18)
#  e   Mu
− M n1
eideal ##%# eideal 
#%# emax # As =
φ
(5.19)
fyz2
!#

#.%
#
## 5.8 /$#%# Pi
6/$!6
5.3.2  
   
#%&# '#6  #$ 
9#
' ⎛ c 2 − d' ⎞ ⎛ c − d' ⎞
MG Pi ⎛ A min e ⎞ ε s = 0.003⎜ ⎟ = 0.003⎜ 1 ⎟ (5.20)
## 5.2 Fci + = ⎜1 + ⎟ (5.9) ⎜ c ⎟ ⎜ c ⎟
(Z b )min A min ⎜⎝ (Z b )min ⎟
⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
⎛ d − c2 ⎞ ⎛ d − c1 ⎞
Ft MT Pi ⎛ A min e ⎞ ε s = 0.003⎜ ⎟ = 0.003⎜ ⎟ (5.21)
## 5.4 + = ⎜1 + ⎟ (5.10) ⎜ c
⎝
⎟
⎠
⎜ c
⎝
⎟
⎠
R (Z b )min (Z b )min
⎜ ⎟ 2 1
R A min ⎝ ⎠
 165 166
 
9#
  6.1 
7$,(%

σ s' = E s ε 's -# ε s' < ε y (5.22)   

σ s' = f y -# ε s' ≥ ε y (5.22) 6.1 %&# '
7$,(%
σs = Esεs -# ε s < ε y (5.23) 

σs = f y -# ε s ≥ ε y (5.23) 611 @'## $

#
7$
 Mn2 !).0/,(#9# 612 # 
%0#%## 

Mu 7$
M n 2 = M n − M n1 = − M n1 (5.24)
φ 613 &#
##
7$ 

M n2 = C s (d − d') = A s' σ s' (d − d') = Ts (d − d') = A s σ s (d − d') %

(5.25) 614 &#
##
7$ 

#!#'9# 
,
 
  
7$
Mu
φ
− M n1 615 &#&# # 
A s' = ' (5.26)  
7$
σ s (d − d')
Mu
− M n1   
φ 6.1   !" #  
As = (5.27)
σ s (d − d')
# %#0 .%
#
 .0
  5 !)$
% ##%#
 #
#

7$% #

#  #
7$!) !#%$
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#/$!.0##
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%# #.0  
7$&#  
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 # 20.00  #
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40 cm. , 
,

(diagonal tensile stress) % 
,
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100 cm. #


%# 4.00  4/$( # 
(diagonal cracking $ inclined cracking)
&#! #
%#
#  
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#
% # % ##
/$(   15 # %#!#/ 

cm. (&# 6 500 kg/m2  %#!) 7$   -#    #.0+,
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%    
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   (& # ! $  ,
 !)  
  &#
%'-#
280 ksc. 6.1.1 
  
(shear cracking)
'
# 320 ksc.   
  7 
#%#
,
&#  1860 #4#50#
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7$
 %$
12.7 mm. # (  %##
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9#  
7$ ((
) 


   &#

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 167 168
. φ %$ %'&#


7$+,
%## 0.85
Vn %$  & # 
 # #
7$   6 (nominal shear
strength)
##H#&# #%#%

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7$ 6
(
Vn = Vc + Vs (6.2)
. Vc %$  & # 
 # #
7$   

%
Vs %$&#
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7$ 

 
7$ %$!$
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6.1.3 

 


 

% ###
7$
% Vc /#'##
$ 
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7$$# #4

.0   
7$ Vci  &#
##
7$#4


7$  Vcw $%#
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7$ -# #
7$,(
 

7$!
## (,(  '.0
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() %   
  &  '(  
  
(
%  @'##   ##/#.0  4
 
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#
6
%#(
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4

7$#4
... &####%#
Vci 
(
&# 
#! 6.1 ()  # (A)-
(A) -# 
7$$!/ ,#! ΔVi ΔM cr
Vci = 0.16 f c' b w d p + Vd +
  
$(,

 
  ## ΔM max
(6.3)
    #  
         " (shear-
compression failure) . Vci %$&#
##
7$'##
( ) 
       
   $ 
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7$  
(web-shear cracking) .     0       % #        #
##  (    '  
7$ 
#  0.45 f c' b w d p , kg
.0%#  #/  '
 4

f c' %$&#
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7$&# 
 '
%# / # bw %$% # #

 
%#, cm
%## T $ I  #
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+
(B) 0



6.1.2   
 # 0.8h . h !)% #,
#
#&#%1%$
 &#
 
7$ (-# dp < 0.8h  0.8h  dp), cm
 φVn # #$# &#
 
7$,($ Vd %$  
7$  $ 
#(& #   
 


# Vu #/#'#, kg
φVn ≥ Vu (6.1)
 169 170
ΔVi %$  
7$  /    (factored shear) #%&# '%# Vc &# %#%


$ 
#(& #   6  (
    ,
!94 Pe 
 # 40 

(&# 
#/#'#, kg &#
,
!

Fpu (Pe ≥ 0.40Fpu ) -#
ΔM max %$  .     0  /    (factored 
###%# #
Vci  Vcw ##%# Vc #
moment) #6$
#(&# 6 #!(
(
 (&#
 
# ⎛
Vc = ⎜⎜ 0.16 f c' + 49
Vu d p ⎞
⎟b w d p (6.6)
⎟
/  #'# (# 
   ! (& #   ⎝ Mu ⎠
6  /$      .0    #    . Vu %$
7$/ #/#'#, kg
/#'##6), kg.cm Mu %$.0 /    ,( /  

ΔM cr %$  % # .0   /    #.0  

7$/  Vu #/#'#, kg.cm
(& #    
 & #     # #
$
#4
.0#/#'#
  kg.cm . ΔM cr ##-##
ΔM cr =
I
yt
(
fr + f pe − f d ) (6.4)

. I %$.00

#%#, cm4
yt %$ #+0
# 
$/
(
-,
4 
%# , cm Vu d p
≤ 1.0
Mu
f r = 1.6 f c' %$.
#, ksc
0.53 f c' b w d p ≤ Vc ≤ 1.33 f c' b w d p
fd %$ 
%  '4 
#! 6.2 -#!)%#
  (&#
## ,($
#(&# 
, ksc
ΔVi Vu
64 %#
# 6.3 %#

ΔM max Mu
( ) %
&'(
 # 6.6 ##%###!(

 Vcw wL
− wx
L − 2x
#H# ... &## Vcw ##  x * V
= 2 = (6.7)
M wL wx 2 x (L − x )
⎛ x−
Vcw = ⎜ 0.93 f c' + 0.3f pc ⎞⎟b w d p + Vp (6.5) 2 2
⎝ ⎠
6.1.4  

 


   

. Vcw %$&#

##
7$'## '&#
##
7$
%
$
#4

7$ , kg  #
7$,(

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7$
fpc %$ 
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## (%$

#$
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7$ !
# 6.1  6.2
Vp %$  
!    


    #
      
   #    /  #'#+,
φ(Vc + Vs ) ≥ Vu
Vu Vu
# P sin α $ Pα , kg Vs =
φ
− Vc =
0.85
− Vc ≤ 2.12 f c' b w d (6.8)
dp %$#4 6 
-,

6+0


(
 # 0.8h $ h !)% #,

# (-# # 0.8h  dp =
0.8h), cm
 171 172
6.1.4  

 


   
()  
  
 
A vf yd p
Vs = (sin α + cos α ) (6.10)
s
. α %$  6    #
     
7$  
 %# 
! 6.4

(%)  
   !"#
. Vs %$&#
##
7$ 

$% 
%&' (#
 
7$, kg
  $% %"  (# $$'  )(#  
Vu = 1.4VD + 1.7VL %$  & # 
 
7$  
(' 

#$,(
, kg
Vc %$  & # 
 # #
7$   

Vs = A v f y sin α ≤ 0.80 f c' b w d p (6.11)

% +,
!)%# #
Vci  Vcw,
kg
()  
  
VD %$
7$#(&# 6%
, kg
!"#$%*& %   (#
VL %$
7$#(&# 6, kg
  !"#+,% %"(#$$'- )(#  '
%#
Vs #
(
V ./)
(# 6.10
s

()  
  
6.1.5  
     

  

Avf yd p
() $$ 
 
Vs = (6.9) - 

 
7$ #
(

s
. Av %$$(#
 
7$ 7#  
%#
#
 3
h $ 60 cm. 
4
!!)! ,

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-# Vs %# 1.06 f c' b w d p 


$%,
,


# $(   ,
!)  
 # 
   
3
Vs ≤ 1.06 f c' b w d p ; s ≤ h ; s ≤ 60 cm
 , cm2 4
fy %$ & # 
%#
     
7$  , Vs > 1.06 f c' b w d p ; s =
s
2
ksc
s %$

 
7$, cm -  
7$ !) !
dp %$#4 6 
-,
#

%# 
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.
6#
6+ 0

, cm #6,
#
% #,
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5# !

≥ 0 .8 h ##  
,

4# 
7$(#
 1

 173 174
() 
   
 6.1 
  
7$
- %# Vs #    
&# %#%
,

7$ 
%## # 2.12 f c' b w d p -## #(# 

! 6.5 ./#'#
#.,( # (1)-(1), (2)-(2), (3)-(3)  (4)-(4)
Vs ≤ 2.12 f c' b w d p %#% ## 
30   (&# 6
- - # 
7$  /    Vu  % #     # # 2,500 kg/m 
 !94 
%,
,

& # 
 # #
7$   
%    
   '
 %# 450,000 kg
&#!)
 
7$ (/#'# 4/$( H# ,
#
%#%# 420,000 kg . #
# -#!)%#% #, 25 cm. $ 2.5 #

!94(
#
&##
% ##
!I%# $%,
,

% # #

  (
( 
 -,
,
#
%# $(
50
%##6) 4/$(,H## φVc ≥ Vu ,
#
%#%## 70 cm   '

 $(
50
 
 (&#%#
-# Vu ≤ φVc 
 
7$
2 6,600
w D = 2,400A = 2,400 × = 1,584 kg / m
  4/$( , H## 10,000
'%# $%### (&# 6 / ##H# wU ##
h ≤ 25 cm w U = 1.4w D + 1.7 w L = 1.4 × 1,584 + 1.7 × 2,500 = 6,468 kg / m
h ≤ 2.5h f #
.%
/##. #
b 4ex 2 4 × 0.70 × x 2
h≤ w y=
4ex
− =
4 × 0.70 × x
−
2 L L2 30 30 2
-#!)!#
$ %#(
 2.8x 2 .8 x 2
2.8 ⎛⎜ x2 ⎞
y= − = x− ⎟

7$ 30 900 30 ⎜⎝ 30 ⎟⎠
- - # % # 
7$  /    Vu  % # #  #
%,
,

& # 
 # #
7$   
% 
⎛ φVc ⎞
⎜ Vu >
⎜ ⎟
⎟  
7$ #!#'&#6
⎝ 2 ⎠


# 
7$ (Av)min   cm2 +,
###
 6.12
3 .5 b w s
(A v )min = (6.12)
fy
'
%
+,

!94
Pe  # 40 % 
&#
,
!

Fpu
!#'&#6
 
7$#%# # #

# 6.12  6.13

A ps f pu s dp
(A v )min = (6.13)
80f y d p bw
. Aps %$$(#

, cm2
fpu %$ 
,
6!
 #% #
4

, ksc y' =
dy
=
2 .8 ⎛
⎜1 −
x⎞
⎟
dx 30 ⎝ 15 ⎠
## 6.7 ## 
7$.0
V L − 2x 30 − 2x
= =
M x (L − x ) x (30 − x )
 175 176
ΔVi ΔM cr
Vci = 0.16 f c' b w d p + Vd +
450,000 − Pe x −0 ΔM max
#!#%# =
450,000 − 420,000 15 − 0 Vci = 0.16 400 × 30 × 96 + 22,810 + 1.633 ×110,809 = 212,977 kg
x Pe 448,800
Pe = 450,000 − (450,000 − 420,000) × f pc = = = 68.0 ksc
15 A 6,600
Pe = 450,000 − 2,000x 2 .8 ⎛ x⎞
Vp = Pe sin α ≈ Pe tan α = Pe ⋅ y' = Pe × ⎜1 − ⎟
 x #!#+#-,
#
%# (0 ≤ x ≤ 15) 30 ⎝ 15 ⎠
2.8 ⎛ 0.60 ⎞
Vp = 448,800 × × ⎜1 − ⎟ = 40,212 kg
30 ⎝ 15 ⎠
⎛
Vcw = ⎜ 0.93 f c' + 0.3f pc ⎞⎟b w d p + Vp
⎝ ⎠

Vcw = (0.93 400 + 0.3 × 68.0 )× 30 × 96 + 40,212

Vcw = 152,532 kg < Vci

( V = V = 152,532 kg
c cw

⎛L ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞
Vu = w u ⎜ − x ⎟ = 6,468 × ⎜ − 0.60 ⎟ = 93,139 kg
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Vu 93,139
= = 109,575 kg < Vc = 152,532 kg
φ 0.85
Vc 152,532
= = 76,266 kg
2 2
# (1)-(1)  x = 0.60 m. Vu V
> c
φ 2

⎛L ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞ 
(
 
7$#
6## 6.12
Vd = w d ⎜ − x ⎟ = 1,584 × ⎜ − 0.60 ⎟ = 22,810 kg
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ # (2)-(2)  x = 5.60 m.
c 38.41 2.8 ⎜ ⎛ x ⎟2 ⎞
⎛L ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞
dp = t + y = + x− Vd = wD⎜ − x ⎟ = 1,584 × ⎜ − 5.60 ⎟ = 14,890 kg.
100 100 30 ⎜⎝ 30 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

2.8 ⎛⎜ 0.60 2 ⎞⎟ ct ct 2.8 ⎛⎜ x 2 ⎞⎟ 38.41 2.8 ⎛⎜ 5.60 2 ⎞

⎟
d p = 0.3841 + × ⎜ 0.60 − dp = +y= + x− = + × 5.60 −
30 ⎝ 30 ⎟⎠ 100 100 30 ⎜⎝ 30 ⎟⎠ 100 30 ⎜⎝ 30 ⎟
⎠

d p = 0.3841 + 0.05488 = 0.43898 m. = 43.898 cm dp = 0.3841 + 0.4251 = 0.8092 m. = 80.92 cm < 0.8h = 96 cm

y = e = 0.05488 m = 5.488 cm ≈ 5.49 cm  d = 96 cm. %# y = 0.4251 m = 42.51 cm = e

p

0.8h = 0.8 × 120 = 96 cm > d p  d p = 96 cm

ΔVi 30 − 2x 30 − 2 × 5.60
= = = 0.138 m −1
ΔM max x(30 − x) 5.60× (30 − 5.60)
ΔVi 30 − 2x 30 − 2 × 0.60 Pe = 450,000 − 2,000x = 450,000 − 2,000× 5.60 = 438,800 kg
= = = 1.633 m −1
ΔM max x (30 − x ) 0.60 × (30 − 0.60) P P ec 438,800 438,800× 42.51× 81.59
f pe = e + e b = + = 252.77 ksc.
A I 6,600 8,170,000
fr = 1.6 f c' = 1.6 × 400 = 32 ksc wDx 1,584× 5.60
MG = (L − x ) = × (30 − 5.60) = 108,219 kg.m = 10,821,900 kg.cm
Pe = 450,000 − 2,000 × 0.60 = 448,800 kg 2 2
M c 10,821,900× 81.59
fd = G b = = 108.07 ksc.
I 8,170,000
Pe Pe ec Pe Pe yc b 448,800 448,800 × 5.49 × 81.59
f pe = + = + = +
I
yt
( I
cb
)
ΔMcr = f r + f pe − f d = f r + f pe − f d = (
8,170,000
81.59
)
× (32 + 252.77 −108.07)
A I A I 6,600 8,170,000
f pe = 92.61 ksc ΔMcr = 17,693,800 kg.cm = 176,938 kg.m

1,584 × 0.60
2
w DL w x w x
MG = x− D = D (L − x ) = × (30 − 0.60)
2 2 2 2
MG = 13,971 kg.m = 1,397,100 kg.cm
M Gc MG cb 1,397,100 × 81.59
fd = = = = 13.95 ksc
I I 8,170,000

ΔM cr =
I
yt
(
f r + f pe − fd =) 8,170,000
81.59
× (32 + 92.61 − 13.95)
ΔM cr = 11,080,900 kg.cm = 110,809 kg.m
 177 178
Vci = 0.16 f c' b w d p + Vd +
ΔVi ΔM cr
ΔM max

( V = V = 33,338 kg
c ci

⎛L ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞
Vci = 0.16 400 × 30 × 96 + 14,890 + 0.138 ×176,938 = 48,523 kg Vu = w u ⎜ − x ⎟ = 6,468 × ⎜ − 8.60 ⎟ = 41,395 kg > Vc = 33,338 kg
Pe 438,800 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
f pc = = = 66.48 ksc
A 6,600 Vu 41,395
Vs = − Vc = − 33,338 = 15,362 kg
2.8 ⎛ x⎞ φ 0.85
Vp = Pe sin α ≈ Pe tan α = Pe ⋅ y' = Pe × ⎜1 − ⎟
30 ⎝ 15 ⎠
$!!) DB 12 mm. %$( 
7$
#
2.8 ⎛ 5.60 ⎞
Vp = 438,800 × × ⎜1 − ⎟ = 25,665 kg
30 ⎝ 15 ⎠ A v = 2 ×1.13 = 2.26 cm 2
Vcw ⎛
= ⎜ 0.93
⎝
f c' ⎞
+ 0.3f pc ⎟b w d p + Vp
⎠ %## 6.9 #
s 
!
Vcw (0.93 400 + 0.3 × 66.48)× 30 × 96 + 25,665 = 136,672 kg > V
= ci = 48,523 kg A vf yd p 2.26 × 4,000 × 96
s= = = 56.49 cm = 0.5649 m

( V = V = 48,523 kg
c ci Vs 15,362
# (4)-(4)  x = 11.60 m.
⎛L ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞ ⎛L ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞
Vu = w u ⎜ − x ⎟ = 6,468 × ⎜ − 5.60 ⎟ = 60,799 kg > Vc = 48,523 kg Vd = wD⎜ − x ⎟ = 1,584 × ⎜ − 11.60 ⎟ = 5,386 kg.
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Vu 60,799
Vs = − Vc = − 48,523 = 23,005 kg ct ct 2.8 ⎛⎜ x 2 ⎞⎟ 38.41 2.8 ⎛⎜ 11.60 2 ⎞
φ 0.85 dp = +y= + x− = + × 11.60 − ⎟
100 100 30 ⎝ ⎜ ⎟
30 ⎠ 100 30 ⎝⎜ 30 ⎟
$!!) DB 12 mm. %$( 
7$
# ⎠
dp = 0.3841 + 0.6640 = 1.0481 m. = 104.81 cm
A v = 2 ×1.13 = 2.26 cm 2
 d = 104.81 cm. %# y = 0.6640 m = 66.40 cm = e
%## 6.9 #
s 
!
p
ΔVi 30 − 2x 30 − 2 ×11.60
= = = 0.032 m −1
ΔM max x (30 − x ) 5.60 × (30 − 11.60)
A vf yd p 2.26 × 4,000 × 96
s= = = 37.72 cm = 0.3772 m Pe = 450,000 − 2,000x = 450,000 − 2,000 × 11.60 = 426,800 kg
Vs 23,005 P P ec 426,800 426,800 × 66.40 × 81.59
f pe = e + e b = + = 347.68 ksc.
# (3)-(3)  x = 8.60 m. A
wDx
I 6,600
1,584 × 11.60
8,170,000

MG = (L − x ) = × (30 − 11.60) = 169,044 kg.m = 16,904,400 kg.cm

⎛L ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞ 2 2
Vd = wD⎜ − x ⎟ = 1,584 × ⎜ − 8.60 ⎟ = 10,138 kg. M G c b 16,904,400 × 81.59
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ fd = = = 168.82 ksc.
I 8,170,000

dp =
ct
+y=
ct
+
2.8 ⎛⎜
x−
x 2 ⎞⎟ 38.41 2.8 ⎛⎜
= + × 8.60 −
8.60 2 ⎞
⎟ ΔM cr =
I
yt
(
f r + f pe − f d =
I
cb
)
f r + f pe − f d =(8,170,000
81.59
)
× (32 + 347.68 − 168.82)
100 100 30 ⎜⎝ 30 ⎟⎠ 100 30 ⎜⎝ 30 ⎟
⎠ ΔM cr = 21,114,400 kg.cm = 211,144 kg.m
dp = 0.3841 + 0.5726 = 0.9567 m. = 95.67 cm < 0.8h = 96 cm

 d = 96 cm. %# y = 0.5726 m = 57.26 cm = e

p
Vci = 0.16 f c' b w d p + Vd +
ΔVi ΔM cr
ΔM max

Vci = 0.16 400 × 30 × 104.81 + 5,386 + 0.032 × 211,144 = 22,204 kg

ΔVi
= 30 − 2x = 30 − 2 × 8.60 = 0.070 m −1 Pe 426,800
ΔM max x (30 − x ) 5.60 × (30 − 8.60) f pc = = = 64.67 ksc
A 6,600
Pe = 450,000 − 2,000x = 450,000 − 2,000 × 8.60 = 432,800 kg
2. 8 ⎛ x⎞
P P ec 432,800 432,800 × 57.26 × 81.59 Vp = Pe sin α ≈ Pe tan α = Pe ⋅ y' = Pe × ⎜1 − ⎟
f pe = e + e b = + = 313.06 ksc. 30 ⎝ 15 ⎠
A I 6,600 8,170,000
2.8 ⎛ 11.60 ⎞
w Dx 1,584 × 8.60 Vp = 426,800 × × ⎜1 − ⎟ = 9,029 kg
MG = (L − x ) = × (30 − 8.60) = 145,760 kg.m = 14,576,000 kg.cm 30 ⎝ 15 ⎠
2 2
⎛ ⎞
M c 14,576,000 × 81.59 Vcw = ⎜ 0.93 f c' + 0.3f pc ⎟b w d p + Vp
fd = G b = = 145.56 ksc. ⎝ ⎠
I 8,170,000
Vcw = (0.93 400 + 0.3 × 64.67 )× 30 ×104.81 + 9,029 = 128,516 kg > V
ci = 22,204 kg
I
( I
)
ΔM cr = f r + f pe − f d = f r + f pe − f d =
yt cb
(8,170,000
81.59
)
× (32 + 313.06 − 145.56)
ΔM cr = 19,976,900 kg.cm = 199,769 kg.m
ΔVi ΔM cr

( V = V = 22,204 kg
c ci
Vci = 0.16 f c' b w d p + Vd +
ΔM max ⎛L ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞
Vu = w u ⎜ − x ⎟ = 6,468 × ⎜ − 11.60 ⎟ = 21,991 kg
Vci = 0.16 400 × 30 × 96 + 10,138 + 0.070 ×199,769 = 33,338 kg ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Pe 432,800
f pc = = = 65.58 ksc Vu 21,991
A 6,600 Vs = − Vc = − 22,204 = 3,668 kg
2.8 ⎛ x⎞ φ 0.85
Vp = Pe sin α ≈ Pe tan α = Pe ⋅ y' = Pe × ⎜1 − ⎟
30 ⎝ 15 ⎠  # V < V 
#  φ = 0.85 +,
#&## #
u c
2.8 ⎛ 8.60 ⎞
Vp = 432,800 × × ⎜1 −
30 ⎝
⎟ = 17,235 kg
15 ⎠ 
!#8
Vcw ⎛
= ⎜ 0.93
⎝
f c' ⎞
+ 0.3f pc ⎟b w d p + Vp
⎠
$!!) DB 12 mm. %$( 
7$
#
Vcw = (0.93 )
400 + 0.3 × 65.58 × 30 × 96 + 17,235 = 127,464 kg > Vci = 33,338 kg
A v = 2 ×1.13 = 2.26 cm 2
 179 180
%## 6.9 #
s 
! 
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%

s=
Avf ydp
=
2.26 × 4,000 × 96
= 258.31 cm = 2.5831 m   
Vs 3,668
6.2 %&# '
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cracking strength)
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(6.23)
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# 6.20 &## #4#

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 Mts ##-### 6.27
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## 6.20  6.21 At α t x L yLf y
M ts = (6.27)
 # s

(τ cr − τ c )prestressed = k(τ cr )nonprestressed (6.22)

 185 186
. A t %$$(#
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 (%/
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s %$

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⎟
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⎥
⎛ x L + yL ⎞
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αt %$%# !,(  # 
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⎢
y
⎜
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 ##-### 6.28 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 3C t ⎠ ⎥⎦
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xL
(6.28) ∑ x2y

Mtu %$.0 /  (factored torsional

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!6
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7$
#
bwdp
, ksc (%# d > 0.8h . h %$% #,
p

(


%0#%#()
τu =
M tu
%$  & # 
# 
  
∑ ηx 2 y  
 .0 
6
 M # (1)-
tu


#, ksc (1) %##
M*tc ⎛L ⎞
τ*c = %$&#
# 

M tu = 1.7 w L ⎜ − x ⎟e
∑ ηx 2 y ⎝2 ⎠

%$ 
&# (

 M tu
⎛ 30
= 1.7 × 2,500 × ⎜
⎞
− 0.60 ⎟ × 0.30
⎝ 2 ⎠

7$, ksc M tu = 18,360 kg.m = 1,836,000 kg.cm
 191 192
# #
 6.1 # (1)-(1) %#
7$
6 %#

 V = 93,139 kg u τ *c =
33.38
= 27.04 ksc
⎛ 33.38 32.34 ⎞
2
 ##!#  !I !!#  1+ ⎜ ⋅ ⎟
⎝ 52.96 28.17 ⎠
/$&#
#
#,(,
!#' !I!)!4$4#. M *tc = τ *c ∑ ηx 2 y = 27.04 × 65,175 = 1,762,300 kg.cm = 17,623 kg.m
% ##!)%#7 25 cm 
! 6.12 #%#!9L

# 
4$4#(

!# $
#
&#   M tu 18,360
M tn = = = 21,600 kg.m > M *tc = 17,623 kg.m
0.35 0.35 φ 0.85
η= = = 0.350
0.75 +
x
0.75 +
30 
(,

!/$ 

y 120
&#
 ##-#&#
# 

&#  !I
0.35 0.35
7$
% v*c ' (


7$ 
η= = = 0.365
0.75 +
x
0.75 +
25 ## 6.44
y 120 vc 52.96
v *c = = = 31.05 ksc
2 2
⎛v τ ⎞ ⎛ 52.96 28.17 ⎞
∑ ηx 2 y = (0.35 × 30 2 ×120)+ (0.365 × 25 2 × 120) = 65,175 cm 3
1 + ⎜⎜ c ⋅ u ⎟
⎟
1+ ⎜ × ⎟
τ
⎝ c v u ⎠ ⎝ 33.38 32.34 ⎠
# #
 6.1 # (1)-(1) σ p = f pc = 68.0 ksc 
( Vc* = v *c b w d p = 31.05 × 30 × 96 = 89,424 kg
## 6.19 &#
#### $
## 
$
# Vn =
Vu 93,139
= = 109,575 kg > Vc* = 89,424 kg
%
## φ 0.85

10σ p

(
!/$ 
7$
10 × 68.0
τ cr = 1.6 f c' 1+ = 1.6 400 1 + = 52.58 ksc
f c' 400
 


  %# M  %#
φ(0.25τcr ∑ ηx 2 y)
&# %$   # (  
 
tu

φ(0.25τ cr ∑ ηx 2 y ) = 0.85 × 0.25 × 52.58 × 65,175 = 728,200 kg.cm

xL = 30 − 3 − 3 = 24 cm

φ(0.25τ cr ∑ ηx 2 y ) = 7,282 kg.m < M tu = 18,360 kg.m

! 
 

(
%4

# $
## y L = 120 − 3 − 3 = 114 cm %$   # #
 (

7$
 
(
# 6.43 ## τ*c 
! 
 
## 6.43 
(
yL
= 2.23 > 1.5  1.5
114
* τc α t = 0.66 + 0.33 = 0.66 + 0.33 ×
τc = xL 24
2
⎛ τc ⎞
1 + ⎜⎜ ⋅
vu
⎟ $%#

! s = 20 cm M 30 cm.
⎝ vc τu ⎟
⎠
x L + y L 24 + 114
s = 20 ≤ = = 34.5 cm O.K.
4 4
. ## 6.27 #$(#
!
⎛ 10σ p ⎞ ⎛ 10 × 68.0 ⎞  
 #
f c' ⎜ 1 + − 0.6 ⎟ = 1.6
τ c = 1.6
⎜
⎝
f c' ⎟
⎠
400 ⎜ 1 +
⎜
⎝ 400
− 0 .6 ⎟
⎟
⎠ At =
M ts s
=
(M tn − M *tc )s
α t x L yLf y
α t x L yLf y
τ c = 33.38 ksc
At =
(2,160,000 − 1,762,300)× 20 = 0.48 cm 2
# #
 6.1 1.5 × 24 × 114 × 4,000
Vc 152,532
vc = = = 52.96 ksc
bwdp 30 × 96
Vu 93,139
 

  #!#'!#
vu = = = 32.34 ksc
bw d p 30 × 96 # 6.9
τu =
M tu
=
1,836,000
= 28.17 ksc
Vs
A = s = n
(V − Vc* )s = (109,575 − 89,424)× 20 = 1.05 cm 2
∑ ηx 2 y
v
65,175 f yd p f yd p 4,000 × 96
 193 194
!#'!
#$%!,

   
 #     
      
 7$   /    *   %$ 
2 × 0.48 + 1.05 = 2.01 cm 2 
(-#$ DB 12 mm. #
$( 1.13 cm2 
(-#% 2 #$( 2 ×1.13 = 2.26 cm2
%$ DB 12 mm.@ 0.20 m.
***  

 

 1
 ***
!  !#'!6

 ## 6.35

3.5b w s ⎛⎜ 12σ p
⎞ 14b w s
⎟≤
A v + 2A t = 1+ '
f y ⎜⎝ ⎟
⎠fc fy
3.5 × 30 × 20 ⎛ 12 × 68 ⎞ 14 × 30 × 20 
 6
A v + 2A t = ⎜1 + ⎟≤
4,000 ⎝ 400 ⎠ 4,000
A v + 2A t = 1.60 cm 2 ≤ 2.1 cm 2 
!#' ! $( 
# # 2.26
cm # #!#'6
 1.60 cm2 
#
2 6.1  !"#
#!#'# /$ 
#  
   
7$   - #     
   
# 6.29 /#
7$
=
⎛ xL + yL ⎞ ⎛ 24 + 114 ⎞
cm 2
6.2.1 
  
(shear cracking)
AL 2A t ⎜⎜ ⎟=
⎟ 2 × 0.48 × ⎜ ⎟ = 6.62
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ()   !"
#$% 
&
  %# AL ## 6.32 '$ $( (flexural-shear cracking)
3.5b w s ⎛⎜ 12σ p ⎞⎛ x + y
⎟⎜ L L ⎞ ⎛ x L + yL ⎞
  '
7$#.0#
AL ≤ 1+ ' ⎟
⎟ = 1.60⎜ ⎟⎟
f y ⎜⎝ fc ⎟⎜ s ⎜
s
⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
/  #
#
%# 6

⎛ 24 + 114 ⎞
AL ≤ 1.60 × ⎜
⎝ 20 ⎠
⎟ = 11.04 cm 2 O.K. (%)      !"
%   )  
(web-shear cracking)
  %# AL ## 6.33   '
7$
# .0
$ / 6

14b w s ⎛ x L + y L ⎞ ⎛ 24 + 114 ⎞ 6.1.2   

AL ≤ ⎜ ⎟
⎟= 2.10 × ⎜ ⎟ = 14.49 cm 2 O.K.
f y ⎜⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠ 
 &#
 
7$ φVn
# #$# &#
 
7$,($
# Vu
$
##%&# ' fy 
! 4,000 ksc. 7/# φVn ≥ Vu (6.1)
 SD-40 #6
%$ DB 10 . Vn = Vc + Vs (6.2)
mm $(# 0.785 cm2 
 #
#
 6.1.3 

 


 
 V c

 30 cm  ,

 18 DB 10 mm $( AL = 14.14 cm2 /#'##%#
Vci  Vcw

(#! 6.13  18-RB 9 mm (,
!!) 18-DB ()  
           !"

10 mm 
9 # ( #$%'$ $(  Vci
ΔVi ΔM cr
Vci = 0.16 f c' b w d p + Vd + ≥ 0.45 f c' b w d p (6.3)
ΔM max
ΔM cr =
I
yt
(
fr + f pe − f d ) (6.4)
. fr = 1.6 f c'
 195 196
(%) 
  !"
% 6.1.5  
     

) Vcw () $$ 

  
Vcw ⎛
= ⎜ 0.93 f c' ⎞
+ 0.3f pc ⎟b w d p + Vp (6.5) ! #
(
7#%#
⎝ ⎠
3
' Pe ≥ 0.40Fpu ## Vc # Vs ≤ 1.06 f c' b w d p ; s ≤ h ; s ≤ 60 cm
4
⎛ Vu d p ⎞ s
Vc = ⎜ 0.16 f c' + 49 ⎟b d (6.6) Vs > 1.06 f c' b w d p ; s =
⎜ M u ⎟⎠
w p 2
⎝
-  
7$ !) !
(
(
Vu d p
#

%# 
 #
.
6#
≤ 1.0 #6,
#
% #,
%#&#6 45 
5# !

Mu
0.53 f c' b w d p ≤ Vc ≤ 1.33 f c' b w d p ##  
,

4# 
7$(#
 1
### 
7$.0 
wL () 
  
− wx
L − 2x
 x * V
= 2 = (6.7) Vs ≤ 2.12 f c' b w d p
M wL wx 2 x (L − x )
x− φVc
2 2 -# Vu ≤ 
 

2
6.1.4  

 


   
7$
φ(Vc + Vs ) ≥ Vu
  4/$( , H##
V V
Vs = u − Vc = u − Vc
φ 0.85
(6.8) '%# $%###
h ≤ 25 cm
(
( Vu = 1.4VD + 1.7 VL
h ≤ 2.5h f
bw
h≤
%#
Vs #
( 2
()  
   -#!)!#
$ %#(

   
7$
A vf yd p - - # % # 
7$  /    Vu  % # #  #
Vs = (6.9)
s %,
,

& # 
 # #
7$   
% 
()  
   ⎛ φVc ⎞
⎜ Vu > ⎟  
7$ #!#'&#6
  ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠

Vs =
A vf yd p
(sin α + cos α ) (6.10) 
# 
7$ (Av)min   cm2 +,
###
s  6.12
()  
   3.5b w s
(A v )min = (6.12)
!"#$% 
%&' fy
 (#  $% %"(#$$')(# ' Pe ≥ 0.40Fpu (
 ('  A ps f pu s dp
(A v )min = (6.13)
Vs = A v f y sin α ≤ 0.80 f c' b w d p (6.11) 80f y d p bw

()  
  
6.2 
  
!"#$%*& %   (#
6.2.1 
 
 (torsional shear stress)
  !"#+,% %"(#$$'- )(#  ' Mt
V ./)
(# 6.10 τ= (6.14)
s ηx 2 y
Zia  McGee 
0.35
η= (6.15)
x
0.75 +
y
 197 198
-#/ Mt # Mt #!) Mtcr
M tcr 6.2.4  !  "  
τ cr = (6.16)
ηx
2
y #  #    
   
!)  !#
'%##4$4#  T, I #
$ L ( ACI #!(# 6.16 φM tn ≥ M tu (6.24)
M tcr M tn = M tc + M ts
τ cr = (6.17) (6.25)
∑ ηx 2 y M tc = (∑ ηx y )τ c
2
(6.26)
! 6.9 !   0.35
η=
x
0.75 +
6.2.2      

   
     (torsional y
cracking strength) Atα t x L yLf y
M ts = (6.27)
s
4#

Hsu yL
⎛ ⎞
α t = 0.66 + 0.33 ≤ 1 .5 (6.28)
10σ p xL
( )
τ cr prestressed = ⎜ 1 +
⎜
( )
⎟τ
⎟ cr nonprestressed
(6.18)
⎝
f c' ⎠
# 6.18  # 6.2.5  "! # 

"  
10σ p
#H# ACI &#!#'#
(τ cr )prestressed = 1.6 f c' 1 + (6.19)   AL &# %
 .%#
f c'
# #
%### 6.29  6.30
6.2.3  

    AL =
⎛ xL + yL ⎞
2A t ⎜⎜ ⎟ (6.29)
⎟
⎝ s ⎠
Hsu  # (τ cr − τ c )prestressed = (τ cr − τ c )nonprestressed (6.20) ⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
&# %
AL = ⎢
28xs ⎜
⎜
M tu ⎟
⎟
⎛ x L + yL ⎞
− 2A t ⎥ ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟ (6.30)
⎢ f Vu ⎥⎝ s ⎠
τ cr − τ c = τ cr − μτ cr = (1 − μ )τ cr = kτ cr
y ⎜ M tu + ⎟
(6.21) ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢
⎣ ⎝ 3C t ⎠ ⎥
⎦
. Hsu &##
 # μ = 0.4 
( k = 0.6 bwd
. Ct = (6.31)
&# %
## 6.20  6.21 ∑ x2y
 # &# %
( Naaman  #
(τ cr − τ c )prestressed = k(τ cr )nonprestressed (6.22) /
## 6.29 /
/  Zia  Hsu 
-# (τ cr )nonprestressed = 1.6 f c' ## 6.19 / #%# ## 6.29 
 # # #
 6.22 ##-#&#
### 
## 
# 6.32  6.33
%

( AL ≤
3.5b w s ⎛⎜ 12σ p
1+ '
⎞⎛ x + y
⎟⎜ L L ⎞
⎟ (6.32)
f y ⎜⎝ ⎟⎜ s ⎟
fc ⎠⎝ ⎠
⎛ 10σ p ⎞
( )
τ c prestressed = 1.6 f c ⎜ 1 +
'
⎜ '
− k⎟
⎟
(6.23) 14b w s ⎛ x L + y L ⎞
fc AL ≤ ⎜ ⎟ (6.33)
⎝ ⎠ f y ⎜⎝ s ⎟
⎠

Zia  McGee %# k = 1 − 0.133 .

η  
  

"  
%# η ### 6.15 %#
x
# 6.15 
y (1) #

 # 9 mm.
#16#%#(* (2)  #
#!#4 %#. #

#
 #
 30 cm
(3) 6  6   
      # 

#
 1 
 199 200

6.2.6  
  
   10σ p
() -#.0 /  (factored torsional . C = 12 − (6.40)
f c'
moment) Mtu %## # φ(0.25τcr ∑ ηx 2 y) 
%&# '4  Ct ### 6.31


  4
.0
7$ -# # 6.2.7 $%     &  & & 

$# %#(

%4

 τ c < τ c  v c < v c   ## 
* *

() !#'!6 % #/90

# ##-
# 6.41
- &# %
⎛ τ* ⎞ ⎛
2
v *c ⎞
2
⎜ c ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =1 (6.41)
#H# ACI &#!#' ⎜τ
⎝ c
⎟
⎠
⎜
⎝
vc ⎟
⎠
!6
# 6.34 τc
*
τu
!# 6.41 .%#   
14b w s v *c vu
A v + 2A t = (6.34)
fy
%# v c = 0.53 f c'  τ c = 0.64 f c' 
- &# %
Zia  Hsu &# %

!#'!6

# 6.35
* 0.64 f c'
3.5b w s ⎛⎜ 12σ p ⎞ 14b w s
⎟≤
τc = (6.42)
A v + 2A t = 1+ ' (6.35) 2
f y ⎜⎝ fc ⎟
⎠ fy ⎛ 12 v u
1 + ⎜⎜
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎝ τu ⎠
(%)  

  ! 
!)  !#
&# %
Zia  Hsu 
# 6.36  6.37
xL + yL #
(
s≤ (6.36) τc
4 *
τc = (6.43)
s ≤ 30 cm (6.37) ⎛τ v ⎞
2
1 + ⎜⎜ c ⋅ u ⎟
(
) #! 
7$
 ⎝ vc τu
⎟
⎠

6
#! # d + b $ d !) v *c =
vc
(6.44)
2
% #,!94 ('%
 dp )  d ⎛v τ ⎞
1 + ⎜⎜ c ⋅ u ⎟⎟

 # 0.8h -# # 0.8h ($ h !)% #,
⎝ τc vu ⎠

#)   b %$% # #

# 


%0#%# . τ c = 1.6
⎛
f c' ⎜ 1 +
10σ p ⎞
− 0.6 ⎟   ksc (6.45)
⎜ f c' ⎟
( ⎝ ⎠

() %#
6
.0 /  (Mtu)max  vc %$%#6 #
v  v +,
 ci cw

 ## 6.3  6.5 #&# , ksc

- &# %
vu =
Vu
bwdp
(Mtu) 
%# (Mtu)max +,
 M tu
## 6.38 τu =
∑ ηx 2 y
(M tu )max = 5φM tc (6.38) M*tc
τ*c =
- & #  %    
Zia  ∑ ηx 2 y
McGee %# (Mtu)max   v *c =
Vc*
bwdp
kg.cm  
# 6.39
⎛ ⎞

(&# 
%0#%# 
  
7$
10σ p
0.0884∑ x 2
yC⎜ 1+ ⎟ f c' 
# 4.46 # 6.25 +,
!)#&# 
%0
⎜ f c' ⎟
(M tu )max =
⎝ ⎠ (6.39)
#%# 
#

2
⎛ 10σ p ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜
CVu 1 + '
⎟
M tn = M *tc + M ts (6.46)
fc
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 30C t M tu ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
 201 202

  7.1 /?  '!#,
%
 
,

[1] &#  #
 6.1 .! 
% ## !) 35   
 #%#!)4$4# #
0.80  , 7.1 #/?%&# '  '!#
1.40  $(
50,
#
%# 0.90  ,
%
,

(!)!#
 #
 6.1   
[2] #  [1] - #  

  & # $( 
5 0  # #-#


#% 2
#
%# #  4#(& #   6  #  %$ ',
-#
4##,# (bond)
2,500 kg/m &#$(
##
%#! 0.20  #! 7.1 () ',

-#
4#
 
!#(


%#,
   # #    # (bearing)  #
4, (steel anchorage plate)
 #
/# #! 7.1 () .!G#/#
&#7/#6!)
#
7$ [1]  
  #
  !)  4    
,
##
!!
(&### !#

7.1  !"!#$%& '    

! &%(
) 
#-#
##%',

 

!) 0 !#%*
/,(#
,#%  -,
&#



,
#&#  #  (transfer length
$ transmission length) 
# ( 
,#

##  /#

,# $-#

!  

,#
,


%#
%

#H#&# #%#%

...
&#-#


,
 

##
 7.1
 203 204

 7.1    %)-   -(  (" %   
%)%   -" + %%&  "
 %

/
-(%. ") T
" . *& 7.2 ()
(&)"

 2%%
()
7 % (
/  %
%
6%7.%1( 12.7 mm %)% 10 % 
)
/ %()
(&)"
 *"%*&-(" 

  


  ()
(%&*"+ 12,500 kg
! " #  %&'()*%"'%
 
 P i

/ %-("
 *"%*&*& , kg
()  *++# ,
*&(" "
Pi = 10 × 12,500 = 125,000 kg.
(" %& %"'% f ci' ≥ 280 ksc. 8% )..*. -
/ *&%)--(
()   -(    "
 .  ) %+% % ("% %)%
)
%&)%+%&"
") (compaction) %)%& Pspt = 0.04Pi = 0.04 ×125,000 = 5,000 kg
)%( 
 
 
 Pspt
%'*&-( (*&  A v = =
5,000
= 4 cm 2
() % %)  -  "
 fs 1,250

-(

 0 *& (%/ . 
*&
*"+
( )  &  0 " %  - -(  "
 /

"+%& % ( (sleeves) -* "%/


(debonding tape) -)
*&& 1 0 "%/
 2%
(-((%"+ 
%&'
-"+%&"
 %

/ -(% 
-(
-%"
%"%'  % -%%

/ -(*&
-(" /  %2  -("%  -("% * (-( ( RB 9 mm. %)% 4 % %'*&

,
 )..*. -%
--( (-"+ %) 4% -( A v = 4 × 2 × 0.636 = 5.088 cm 2 > 4 cm 2 ,
-
 
/ %-("
 *"%*&-("  ,
-%) .% h 100
= = 25 cm  (% -( (& 4 ) 
*&- -( (% 1,250 ksc ) -( ()  4 4
&   )  -)  ) 3   
  -   -(  (
 -
('%)%*&
( % 1
 )(/ 25
4 s= = 8.3 cm
 '%)% Marshall ( Mattock %*& 7.1 % 3

- -( ("% %)% (-( () ") *& 7.1

" %&'
Pi h
"' 3"+%%) A v = 0.021
fsLt
Pi h
A v = 0.021 (7.1) ,
*& Pi = 10 ×12,500 = 125,000 kg , h = 100
fsLt
,
*& A %'*&-%"
 -( (,

2  cm, f = 1,250 ksc )% L = 50 * %6%7.%1(  -(
s t
v

( )     4% "

 = 50 ×1.27 = 63.5 cm
" %"'%
0.021× 125,000 × 100
Av = = 3.31 cm 2
 h
 (% 1,250 × 63.5
5
f   -% )  *&  -   -(  ( 5/   -(  ( RB 9 mm  %)% 3  % &
s

%%- 1,250 ksc A v = 3 × 2 × 0.636 = 3.816 cm ,

) -.%
2

h )(/*"' -
 '%)%
h 100
= = 20 cm  (% &   -(  (
5 5
L  %%- 50 * % 20
s= = 10 cm
t

6%7.%1(  -("

 3 −1
 205 206

 7.2 ;+) (/
 %&"

 %

/ -(*&-("
  
7.2 ;(%)+) (/

 %&"
 %

/ -(*&-("
721 +++) (/
 %&"

 %

/ -(*&-("
722 ++%
 /

7.2.2  
 

723 ++-("% 

 *& 0% /
"+ -( "

 
()
+%%& +*% (bearing stress) 5/ 8% ).
7.2    !"#
$% "!&
.*. -%
)*& 7.2 ( 7.3

!$
()  "
. 1
%&+) (/
 '%)%"+ "

A2
/
()%-%"
-%"
*&&6%) (web) f cp = 0.8f ci' − 0.2 ≤ 1.25f ci' (7.2)
A1
%-%"
") I  )% (-,/'%%-6% ()  %
-((/
() 

&/'% (
.. *& 7.4) ( A2
f cp = 0.6f c' ≤ f c' (7.3)
(
!?--%)
/ %%)"' 3 )))%%) A1
3
h (%) 60 cm *&)%(-") & -("% ,
*& f cp -%) +*%*&-, ksc
4
f ci' (" "
(" %&
+
) - 6)
%% -( % 4 cm "

,ksc
-( "%+
/  2%-("%  2%-( (
f c' (" "
(" %& %
) %%)"' 3"+%%
,ksc
+++) (/
%%&"
 &
A1 %'*&-%"
%&*&"+ +*%,
)%  ++%
 /
--%) %%& 2
cm
. %-%
(++-("% 
A2 %'*&-%"
%& 5/"+
(
.. *& 7.5)
A2
,
& %) ≤ 2 .7 )-% 2.7
A1
 207 208
. *& 7.5  A ( B  
%)+  2%& #
" %&'
7.%1(  6%+*%/
 " + ,  *&( () &/

&)) ( -%"

*&
)% C ( D -"+/

&) 2%)(/-
))  ,   2%( /
 2%-
-) 7.%1(  6%+*%/


 A, B, C ( D &+()  -
 2a %
*&()-) 2A "+ C (- 2b 
%
*&() 2B "+ D -%'*& A 

2

A 2 = 2a × 2b = 4ab

7.2.3   



/ %%&+)/

%
%)"' 3"+%%*"' %* (/(* ) . *& 7.6
()  2% (% -%/
. *& 7.6 ()  2%
%
 "
/
P  "
C () %%)* C
b d

3& /'%+%((  -

C  (
-%"

%  C *& " % 

  %  *  -   &  
/ T %
d b

%)"' 3%-


(  %&'3&%&% 
%%)%% (
*&
 / ( 6)% )%. *& *   # *&+) (/
&
7.6 ()  2%* )  %5/ (" @

/  /

&)) ( -%"
. *& 7.7  "
"
 6%
-%"%
" %"'%-( ("% /   2%) &-(&+( /

) (
-%"
/
(- 
-.
)   %-%"
% . *&
7.7 () (  **& (/
 2%%
. *& 7.7 () &%6%4,%1 M  %

b

. *& 7.7 () 5/ + *&&) ,%1"

+
(bursting moment)
+ / )% (%
" . *& 7.7 ( ) ,%1"
+
M  b

.%*%
),%1.)+  C "+ T 5/ -
b b

-)  .)+*"'  %&'  h

" %"'%
(
2
,%1
)

⎛h⎞ ⎛h⎞
Mb = Cb ⎜ ⎟ = Tb ⎜⎟ (7.4)
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠

,
*& ,%1"
+
M -

b

,%1
"
%  *+%%. *& 7.7 () -
. *& 7.7 ( )
" %"'%,%1"
+
*&/ -%/
 )(/%-


P h P a1 P
Mb = × − × = (h − a 1 ) (7.5)
2 4 2 4 8
 209 210

*& 7.4 ( 7.5 -

/ T *& b
-"+,%1"
 M *&
*&%(
s


/'%
)  '%)% 5/  2%-% *& 3%& 2% 0
) . *& 7.8
() - M 

s
P ⎛ a1 ⎞
Tb = ⎜1 − ⎟ (7.6) P⎛ h⎞
4 ⎜⎝ h ⎟⎠ Ms = ⎜e − ⎟ (7.11)
2⎝ 4⎠

,
*& T b

/ *&*-
 %)% 
/ %*7* "' 3 T 5/ 
,%1"

b
%, kg +
-
*& 7.12 ,
. *& 7.8 ( )
P  "
"
 ,kg Mb
Tb = (7.12)
a 1
))  /
%*7* 
&)"+ Lb
)(/ %, cm ,
*& T b

/ %*7* "' 3*&
,%1
h )(/ %, cm "
+
M , kg b



/ T *& 7.6 () -
b
L b
% ,%1.)+ C  T 5/ &
b b

-("%  A 
 sb ,
 * "+ he
,
*& h &  e
2
T
A sb = b (7.7) *"+ 2 * 7.%1(  
fs
,
*& f s
-%)
/ *&- -("% /
/ 6)%&*&(*&
 %)
,ksc -) /
C . *& 7.9
a

8% )..*. -%

)) 
/ %*7* "' 3*&
,%1"
 T s

2,000 -
*& 7.13
fs = ≤ 1,250 ksc (7.7)
D Ms
Ts = (7.13)
,
*& D %6%7.%1(  -("% , Ls
cm ,
*& T s

/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"

%  %)-(    " %   %))   M s

*& 7.4 / 7.7 

,
 (&% h  2% b ( a  2% a 1 2
L s
 % ,%1 .  )+ C -T 5/ &  
s s

() &/
.)  ,
 *"+ 0.6 * -)
 **&+) (/

. *& 7.8 () /
C a

+) (%&'(  2%%. *& 7.8 () 

,%1
 ++( . *& 7.8 () ,%1*&
/'%& %

,%1"
+
5/ -%&/

&)( -%"
%
*&
 ,%1"
 (spalling moment) &*7*  "%"+
,%1"
+
-%  ,%1"

*&
+) (%. *& 7.8 () -% *&
,%1"

+
. 
-% *&& 3% 2% 0 ) x %
. *& 7.8 ( )  2%-% *& 3% 2% 0
" %"'%
P P
x= (x − x ' ) (7.8)
h 2 a1

" %"'% x=
x' h
(7.9)
h − 2a 1
. *& 7.8( ) ,%1"
+
M . 
-
 b

1⎛P⎞ 2 1⎛ P ⎞ Px 2 P
⎟(x − x ') (x − x ')2
2
Mb = ⎜ ⎟x − ⎜ = − (7.10)
2⎝h⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ 2a 1 ⎟⎠ 2h 4a 1
 211 212

%)-"+&/

&)) ' 7.%1
("+&/
.)  &  3--% *&
&,%1"
+
(,%1"
*&
,
-("-
-% *&& 3% 2% 0 )%-
/ %*7"' 3(
- -("% 
&)"%"+&
/
.)  ,
 L b = h e ( L s = h
2 2

 7.9   he
   Lb 
 7.12

-("% "+

/ %*7"' 3*&

,%1"
+
(,%1"
 -

*& 7.14 (*& 7.15 (
"+
  -" + 
/ %* 7 "' 3*&  
,%1 "

+

Tb
A sb = (7.14)
fs
-"+
/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"

Ts
A ss = (7.15)
fs
,
*& A sb
%'*&-%"
 -("% "+

/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"
+

2
,cm
  7.2  +++) (/
 %%&"

A ss
%'*&-%"
 -("% "+
 %

/ -(*&-(" %
-%"
) 50 cm

/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"
,cm 2

(/ 100 cm
" 
%. *& 7.11 %
 6%
f s
-%)
/ *&- -("%
-(/
) 32 cm (/ 32 cm *-(
 (-% f %*& 7.7)
s
"
 &%
%6%7.%1( *"+ 10
cm -%
- "
 &*"+ 300
() &/

&)) ' 7.%1
"%  "
*A6(&*"+ 225 "% ("
&*&/

&)) ' 7.%1 -%) *&
/'%
"
(" %& (*& 28 )"%
-  (% -%/  %
&*"+ 320 ksc ( 350 ksc (
"+
 &*&/

&)) ( -%"
-/
.) 
-%)  % 2%-(&
" 
%. *& 7.10 ()
++(  %-"+&%&'
)%. *& 7.10 ()
6%4,%1%+) (/
. *& 7.10() 5/ ,%1&
*"' ,%1"
+
(,%1"
 / &*"' *& (
%,%1"
 ((/ &-%/ ,%1"

+

" . *& 7.10 ()
 213 214
 )+-%) +*% %&-(" 6%-(
" %"'%-%'*&-%"
-("%  A 
) sb

/

Tb 51,000
%'*& %&*&"+ +*% A *"+%'*& A sb = = = 40.80 cm 2
b fs 1,250
 6%-(/
-"(+
)'%*& *-("


" %"'% -( DB 16 mm (&%'*& 2.01 cm -( ( 2 ) %
2

π -%/ 
  & 4     
/ &  %'  *&   (  
 *  " +
A b = 32 × 32 − × 10 2 = 945.46 cm 2
4 4 × 2.01 = 8.04 cm 2 %)%
 -( (*& -

 --%) +*%*&
/'%+%%& σ b
σb =
Pi
Ab
=
300,000
945.46
= 317.31 ksc %)%
= A sb
A s1
= 408.04.80 = 4.98 ⇒ 5 

*& 7.2 -%) +*%*&-

A2
 
 
f cp = 0.8f ci' − 0.2 ≤ 1.25f ci'
A1 
/ %)

,
*& A = 945.46 cm ( A %'*&-%"
 5/"+
1
2
2

   . *& 7.5 ( )    - % )   %   & %&' %"' %

A 2 = 50 × 100 = 5,000 cm 2 % /
) -% (
A2
-%"
)+")% ≤ 2.70
A1
A2
=
5,000
= 5.29 > 2.7  2.7 *%

A 1 945.46
f cp = 0.8 × 320 × 2.7 − 0.2 = 404.8 ksc
-( (*"' 5 
 ) -.%)  (% h = 100
1.25f ci' = 1.25 × 320 = 400 ksc
cm %)%) -) 
-( ( n = %)%
-( ( 
sb

f cp = 404.8 ksc > 1.25f ci' 1 = 5  1 = 4 )

" %"'%-& 
)
h 100
 f = 400 ksc  % -%
5/ ) s= = = 25 cm
cp n sb 4
-%) *&
/'%
" %"'%-%"
&) (
4" +*% %-%" 
.%7 "%AA & 15 cm   
 /'%
 % -%) +*%*&
/'%+%%& σ b 
Pe 225,000
σb = = = 237.98 ksc
Ab 945.46
*& 7.3 -%) +*%*&-
A2 A2
f cp = 0.6f c' ≤ f c' ; ≤ 2.7
A1 A1

" %"'%*%

f cp = 0.6 × 350 × 2.7 = 345.1 ksc < f c' = 350 ksc Pi ⎛ a 2 ⎞ 300,000 ⎛ 32 ⎞
Tb = ⎜1 − ⎟⎟ = × ⎜1 − ⎟ = 27,000 kg
-%) +*%*&- 345.1 ksc ) 4 ⎜⎝ b ⎠ 4 ⎝ 50 ⎠
Tb 27,000
-%) +*%*&
/'% 237.98 ksc -%"
/ (
4" A sb =
fs
=
1,250
= 21.60 cm 2
 +*% %  -( (%&' ) -.%) b
*& 7.6 -
/ %)
 T b
 50 cm  (%  2 DB 16 mm & 4  
%'*&
Pi ⎛ a 1 ⎞ 300,000 ⎛ 32 ⎞
Tb =
4 ⎝
⎜⎜1 − ⎟=
⎟
h ⎠ 4
× ⎜1 − ⎟ = 51,000 kg
100 ⎠
(
8.04 cm -%"+*
 %)%
*& 
2

(-( ( DB 16 mm & D = 1.6 cm --%)

/ *& %)%
= A sb
A s1
= 218.04.60 = 2.69 ⇒ 3 
%)%) 2 )
- fs =
2,000 2,000
= = 1,250 ksc
D 1.6
 215 216
-& 
 s=
50
= 25 cm -% *
   
 )+-%) +*% %&-(" 6%
2
-(/
(
 1 6%)
-%" 
.%7  15 cm  (
4"
&
π
A b = 25 × 25 − × 10 2 = 546.46 cm 2
4
Pi
 σb = =
200,000
= 365.99 ksc
Ab 546.46
A2
-%) +*%*&- f cp = 0.8f ci' − 0.2 ≤ 1.25f ci'
A1
A1 = A b = 546.46 cm 2
A 2 = 50 × (2 × 22.5) = 2,250 cm 2
A2 2,250
= = 4.12 > 2.7 Use 2.7
A1 546.46
f cp = 0.8 × 320 × 2.7 − 0.2
f cp = 404.8 ksc > 1.25f ci' = 400 ksc

 7.3  +++) (/
 %%&"
Use f cp = 400 ksc

 %

/ -(*&-(" %
-%"
) 50 cm
%  f cp > σ b 
)-%"
(
4"%
(/ 100 cm
" . *& 7.15 -("
 &

)  -%
- "
%-( "+ +*%
Pe
"
 (
% *"+ 200 "%  % σb = =
150,000
= 274.49 ksc
Ab 546.46
 "
 * A 6 (
( 150 " %   (" "
-%) +*%*&-
(" %& (*& 28 )"% & A2
f cp = 0.6f c' ≤ f c'
*"+ 320 ksc ( 350 ksc (
"+ A1
f cp = 0.6 × 350 × 2.7 = 345.1 ksc
f cp < f c' = 350 ksc O.K.
%  f cp > σ b 
)-%"
(
4"%"+ +*%
 %

 
 
-(%%)


*& 7.9 -% *&

,%1"
+
. 

x' h 10 × 100
x= = = 20 cm
h − 2a1 100 − 2 × 25
 217 218
*& 7.10 ,%1"
+
. 
-

Pi x 2 P

 
Mb = − i (x − x ')2
2h 4a 1
400,000 × 20 2 400,000
Mb = − × (20 − 10)2
2 ×100 4 × 25
M b = 400,000 kg.cm = 4,000 kg.m
*& 7.11 ,%1"
. 
-

Pi ⎛ h ⎞ 400,000 ⎛ 100 ⎞
Ms = ⎜e − ⎟ = × ⎜ 27.5 − ⎟
2 ⎝ 4⎠ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ Pi ⎛ a 2 ⎞ 400,000 ⎛ 25 ⎞
Tb = ⎜1 − ⎟
⎟= × ⎜1 − ⎟ = 50,000 kg
M s = 500,000 kg.cm = 5,000 kg.m 4 ⎜⎝ b ⎠ 4 ⎝ 50 ⎠
*& 7.12 
/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"
+
- Tb 50,000
A sb = = = 40 cm 2

 fs 1,250
M b 400,000 / %
Tb = = = 17,778 kg
Lb 0.5 × 45 -(-"+ A *&) %) 0.2h = 20 cm 
ss

*& 7.13 
/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"
- (%  2%-( () -?&%'*&"+
/ *"' -
2 


 2% 2 × 2.01 = 4.02 cm %)%
*&  12.12 = 3.01 

M s 500,000 4.02
Ts = = = 15,152 kg
Ls 0.6 × 55 "
-( 3 ) %
DB 16 mm ) -.%) 20 cm . *&
(-( ( DB 16 mm (%&%'*&-%"
2.01 cm 2
7.19
&-%)
/ *&- fs = 2,000
D
= 21,000
.6
= 1,250 ksc

Tb 17,778
A sb = = = 14.22 cm 2
fs 1,250
Ts 15,152
A ss = = = 12.12 cm 2
fs 1,250

-(-"+"+
/ %*7"' 3*&

,%1"
+
 ) .%) h  (% 45 cm
e

(-(-"+"+
/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"

  ) -  .  % ) 0.2h  (%5/ &   *  " + -(%&' ) %) b = 50 cm 
0.2 ×100 = 20 cm 5/ -(-"+
/ *"'  %
%&'

(% 
.. *& 7.19 ()  *
%) 
)%. *& 7.19 %6%-( () -? 2  -( () (%)% 2 )
-(-"+ A ) %) h = 45 cm 
(+)
sb e
) 4  )*"' -
 2% 6  &%'*&-( ("+
/
++%"+(+( -( () (-%/ ) "+-( (
6 × 2.01 = 12.06 cm 2
" %"'% %)%
40
= 3.32 

) -?&-%/ ) ) %2  ) &%'*& 4 # ( 2.01 cm 

%'
2
12.06
*&"+
/ 4 × 2.01 = 8.04 cm %)%
*& 
2
& = 0.50
= 0.216  *&  0.15  
3.32 − 1
14.22
8.04
= 1.769 ⇒ 2 
- / &
/ 45 cm *& . *& 7.19
 . *& 7.19 %"'%& & 15 cm
 219 220
Pi
 σb = =
220,000
= 402.59 ksc

 7.4  +++) (/
 %%&"
Ab 546.46
 %

/ -(*&-(" %
-%"
) 40 cm -%) +*%*&- f cp = 0.8f ci'
A2
− 0.2 ≤ 1.25f ci'
(/ 100 cm /
*& (% 2%/

&) A1

) ' 7.%1
" . *& 7.20 %
 6%-( %  σ b < f cp 
)-%"
(
4" +*%
/
*"+ 25 × 25 cm -%
- "

Pe
 220 "%  "
*A6( 170  % σb = =
170,000
= 311.09 ksc
Ab 546.46
"%  (" "
(" %&   A2
f cp = 0.6f c' ≤ f c'
(*& 28 )"%*"+ 350 ( 400 ksc (
"+ A1
f cp = 0.6 × 400 × 2.7 = 394.4 ksc < f c' = 400 ksc
%  σ b < f cp 
)-%"
(
4" +*%
 %

 
 
-(%)

%'*&-%"
A = 40 × 100 = 4,000 cm 2
bh 3 40 ×100 3
,%1%%1& I= = = 3,333,333 cm 4
12 12
)A&* )+-%) +*% %&-(" 6% -%) %%&
Pi Pi ec 220,000 220,000 × 30 × 50
-(/
f= m = m
A I 4,000 3,333,333

π -%) %%& f = 55 m 99

A b = 25 × 25 − × 10 2 = 546.46 cm 2
4

%'*& 5/"+ A 2

A 2 = 40 × 40 = 1,600 cm 2
A 1 = A b = 546.46 cm 2
A2 1,600
= = 2.93 > 2.7 Use 2.7
A 1 546.46 -%) *&6)+% f t = 55 − 99 = −44 ksc
f cp = 0.8 × 350 × 2.7 − 0.2 = 442.7 ksc -%) *&6 )( f b = 55 + 99 = +154 ksc
1.25f ci' = 1.25 × 350 = 437.5 ksc < f cp -%) *&
/'%. (  2%%'-%"+* 
Use f cp = 437.5 ksc %++( %
" %"'%%'-%"+* *&6)+%(( 
%%. *& 7.22 () &*"+ 44 × 40 = 1,760 kg / cm *&
6)+% (*&6)(  2% 154 × 40 = 6,160 kg / cm
 221 222
1
× (6,160 − 4,626)× 19.37 = 14,856.8 kg - 
C  2%
- x -(&(
1
2

x1 100 − x 1  2 ×19.37 = 12.913 cm 

 , %1
= 3
1,760 6,160
kg.cm *7* %B )%
14,856.8 × 12.913 = 191,850.8
6,160x 1 = 176,000 − 1,760x 1
176,000 176,000  *
%5 %
8,800 × (19.37 − 7.5) = 104,456 kg -
x1 = = = 22.22 cm
6,160 + 1,760 19.37 − 7.5
7,920 
C  = 5.935 cm 
 , %1
2
104,456 × 5.935 = 619,946.4 kg.cm *)%  %B   )
-% *&
M . 
-% *&& 3%
s
,%1*"' -

)
 2% 0 5/ .*&-% B 6)+% %(  2% 2x = 1

44.44 cm
" %"'% ,%1 M *&-% B -
. *& 7.22 ( )
s
M b = 867,830 + 191,850.8 − 619,946.4
 .)+(
%&%
M b = 439,734 kg.cm
1 1
× 1,760x 1 = × 1,760 × 22.22 = 19,553.6 kg Ts =
Ms
=
579,314
= 11,586 kg
2 2 Ls 0.5 × 100
-  (-(&   ( 2 % 3   x 1 Mb 439,734
Tb = = = 21,987 kg
 2 2
× 22.22 + × 22.22 = 29.627 cm
" %"'% Lb 0.5 × 40
3 3
-( ( DB 12 mm -%) *&-
M s = 19,553.6 × 29.627 = 579,314 kg.cm
,%1 M *&
 3% 2% 0 &*& fs =
2,000
= 1,667 ksc. > 1,250 ksc  f = 1,250 ksc
s
b 1 .2
-%/ ,
-) *
%5 * "+ *
%) . *& A ss =
Ts 11,586
= = 9.27 cm 2
fs 1,250
7.22 ()
Tb 21,987
6,160 + (6,160 − 79.2x 2 ) A sb = = = 17.59 cm 2
8,800(x − 7.5) =
2 ×x 2 fs 1,250
2
8,800x 2 − 66,000 = 6,160x 2 − 39.6x 22 -(-"+"+
/ %*7"' 3*&

39.6x 22 + 2,640x 2 − 66,000 = 0 ,%1"
+
 ) -.%) h  (%5/ &
e

− 2,640 ± 2,640 2 + 4 × 39.6 × 66,000 *"+ 40 cm (-(-"+"+

/ %*7"' 3*&

x2 =
2 × 39.6 ,%1"
  ) -.%) 0.2h  (%5/ &
− 2,640 ± 4,174.2 1,534.2
x2 = = = 19.37 cm 0.2 ×100 = 20 cm
79.2 79.2
-(-"+ A *&) %) 40 cm  (
sb

-% *&
M . 
-% *&& 3% %2 %. *& 7.24  DB 12 mm.@ 0.10 m %)% 2 )
" %"'%%
b

0 --% C - 6)(  % 2% x = 19.37 cm -%/ 

& 4 / &%'*&-%"
4 ×1.13 = 4.52 cm 2 %)%
*&
2

" %"'%,%1 M *&-% C -
 * ) %2   17.59 = 3.89 ⇒ 4 
& s = 40
= 13.3 cm
b
4.52 4 −1
&-(& -.%
 6,160 kg/cm (%
% 6,160-  &  2% 10 cm < 13.3 cm 

79.2x = 6,160 − 79.2 ×19.37 = 4,626 kg / m +  2%
2 -(-"+ A *&) %) 20 cm  (
ss

&-(&6%6) x . 4,626 kg/cm 


2 %  ( ) & 2  %'  *& 2.26 cm 
   %)%)   2

4,626 × 19.37 = 89,605.6 kg - 

C  % 2 
x 2 19.37
9.27
2.26
= 4.1 ⇒ 5 ) / -( 2% 5-DB 12 mm
= = 9.685 cm 
,%1+
C 6(.
2 2
 "+
" () 89,605.6 × 9.685 = 867,830 kg.cm 
%B &)%-%/  2%)%-(. -(&%
 
%'*&-(&-
 223 224

 7

    


7.1  !

"#$


Pi ⎛ a 2 ⎞ 220,000 ⎛ 25 ⎞
Tb = ⎜1 − ⎟= × ⎜1 − ⎟ = 20,625 kg
4 ⎜⎝ b ⎟
⎠ 4 ⎝ 40 ⎠
Tb 20,625
A sb = = = 16.5 cm 2
fs 1,250
-(%&' ) %) b = 40 cm 
(% %. *& 7.24  2%-( ( 2 ) 
/ & 4  %'*&
" +    4 ×1.13 = 4.52 cm 2   %)%
*&     
  


16.5
4.52
= 3.65 ⇒ 4 
-  40
4 −1
= 13.33 cm  ! " #  %&'()*%"'%
& *&  10 cm 
 ()  *++# ,
*&(" "

(" %& %"'% f ci' ≥ 280 ksc.

()   -(    "
 .  ) %+% %
%&)%+%&"
") (compaction) %)%&
)%( 
 
 

() % %)  -  "

-(

 0 *& (%/ . 
*&
*"+
( )  &  0 " %  - -(  "
 /

"+%& % ( (sleeves) -* "%/


(debonding tape) -)
*&& 1 0 "%/
 2%
(-((%"+ 
%&'

Marshall  Mattock  

 7.1 


 !"#
 
Pi h
A v = 0.021 (7.1)
fsLt
,
*& A v
%'*&-%"
 -( (,

2 
( )     4%
 h
 (%
5
f s
  -% )  *&  -   -(  ( 5/
%%- 1,250 ksc
h )(/*"' -
 '%)%
L t
 %%- 50 * %
6%7.%1(  -("

 225 226

7.2  !

" 7.2.3 ++-("% 

%

/ -(*&-(" %)+  2%& #

" %&'
7.2.2 ++%
 /
() &/

&)) ( -%"

()  "

. 1
A2
f cp = 0.8f ci' − 0.2 ≤ 1.25f ci' (7.2)
A1
()  %
A2
f cp = 0.6f c' ≤ f c' (7.3)
A1
,
*& f cp -%) +*%*&-, ksc
f ci' (" "
(" %&
,ksc
f c' (" "
(" %& %
,ksc
A1 %'*&-%"
%&*&"+ +*%,
2
cm
A2 %'*&-%"
%& 5/"+
(
.. *& 7.5) ⎛h⎞ ⎛h⎞
Mb = Cb ⎜ ⎟ = Tb ⎜⎟ (7.4)
A2
,
& %) ≤ 2 .7 )-% 2.7 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
A1
P h P a1 P
Mb = × − × = (h − a 1 ) (7.5)
2 2 2 2 8

*& 7.4 ( 7.5 -

/ T *& b


/'%
)

P ⎛ a1 ⎞
Tb = ⎜1 − ⎟ (7.6)
4 ⎜⎝ h ⎟⎠

,
*& T b

/ *&*-
 %)%
%, kg
P  "
"
 ,kg
a 1
))  /
%*7* 
&)"+
)(/ %, cm
h )(/ %, cm
Tb
A sb = (7.7)
fs
,
*& f s
-%)
/ *&- -("%
,ksc
8% )..*. -%
))
2,000
fs = ≤ 1,250 ksc (7.7)
D
 227 228
,
*& D %6%7.%1(  -("% , ,
*& T b

/ %*7* "' 3*&
,%1
cm "
+
M , kg b

%  %)-(    " %   %))  L b

% ,%1.)+ C  T 5/ &b b

*& 7.4 / 7.7 

,
 (&% h  2% b ( a  2% a 1 2 ,
 *"+ he
,
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e
2
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2 * 7.%1(  /
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6)%&*&(*&
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a

. *& 7.8 -% *&

,%1"
+
 7.9   he
   Lb 
 7.12
. 
-% *&& 3% 2% 0 ) x %. *& 7.8 
/ %*7* "' 3*&
,%1"
 T -
 s

( )  2%-% *& 3% 2% 0

" %"'% *& 7.13
P P
x= (x − x ' ) (7.8) Ts =
Ms
(7.13)
h 2 a1 Ls

" %"'% x=
x' h
(7.9) ,
*& T 
/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"
 M
h − 2a 1 s s

L % ,%1.)+ C -T 5/ &

s s s

. *& 7.8( ) ,%1"

+
M . 
-
 ,
 *"+ 0.6 * -) /

1⎛P⎞ 2 1⎛ P ⎞ Px 2 P
C -("% "+
/ %*7"'
a
⎟(x − x ') (x − x ')2
2
Mb = ⎜ ⎟x − ⎜ = − (7.10)
2⎝h⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ 2a 1 ⎟⎠ 2h 4a 1 3*&
,%1"
+
(,%1"

-

-"+,%1"
 M *&
*&%(
s
  -" + 
/ %* 7 "' 3*&  
,%1 "

 '%)% 5/  2%-% *& 3%& 2% 0

) . *& 7.8 +

() - M 

s Tb
A sb = (7.14)
fs
P⎛ h⎞
Ms = ⎜e − ⎟ (7.11) -"+
/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"

2⎝ 4⎠
Ts
A ss = (7.15)
fs

/ %*7* "' 3 T 5/ 
,%1"

b
,
*& A %'*&-%"
 -("% "+
+
-
*& 7.12 ,
. *& 7.8 ( ) sb

Mb
/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"
+

Tb = (7.12) 2
Lb ,cm
A ss
%'*&-%"
 -("% "+

/ %*7"' 3*&
,%1"
,cm 2

f
s
-%)
/ *&- -("%
 (-% f %*& 7.7)
s
 229 230

 
[1] -*") *& 7.1 ,
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120 cm )) 6%) (web)  20 cm  2% 25 cm
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 L b = h e ( L s =
h
2 2
 231 232

 8.1 
   
  
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 235 236
8.4.2 
 (2) 

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 8.1 
  $& #   ## 18.00 m
" #      '&  (  ) 
#  30 cm ' 90 cm  ! 8.4  
3"& 250,000 kg  "*,'
220,000 kg ' % 
'&()' #"/%! 15 cm
8.4.3  &!  !"()*

'"! #  1.20 m #'
-& %( 
#"<
?:@'(
   '   '&  !  )  # '" (  '

 "'  !#- &  !   ' #     
  %  " 
$%&#!-&//&# &#'&!     %(0 !! 240 kg/m '" 2

3;% % %(0 1,600 kg/m  (#3

2

(1) 
 3&# !% &# !%%& =
     /!     ')       '" ( (' "' &#
%( #   400 ksc '"'&
! 240 ksc
 237 238



&# !,#  - 
Pi Pi ec M G c
σc = m ±
A I I

!
wL2 648 × 18.00 2
MG = = = 26,244 kg.m = 2,624,400 kg.cm
8 8
&!-
%
  '  /   0&              &-
E c = 15,200 f c'  B(  250,000 × 25 ×
90
2,624,400 ×
90
250,000
#... &
'/0& '&! E c = 15,100 f c' σc = m 2 ± 2
30 × 90 1,822,500 1,822,500
B(        ')   #... σ c = 81.48 m 135.80 ± 108.00
$&    #  /!         #&   # #&  &# !,#
  ')* & ! %"$ &#/!# σ t = 81.48 − 135.80 + 108.00 = +53.68 ksc
"#
&!-  ' "3 0.7 % C! /#&  &# !,#'&
&#
'/0& σ b = 81.48 + 135.80 − 108.00 = +109.28 ksc

nc =
15,200 f c' ( )
slab
=
240
= 0.77  
15,200 (f )
'
c precast
400
&# !!%!,# 
 
! 8.1
ΔMy
(E c )slab Δσ c =
b tr = be = b n = 120 × 0.77 = 92.40 cm It
(E c )precast e c
/! 3"$ %(0 !! 240 kg/m '" 2

 !' ' #"" #!'! 

%(0 1,600 kg/m #; 240 + 1,600 = 1,840 kg/m
2 2

30 × 90  15 × 92.4 C</+<&#   


/!    )  ##  1.20 m - %(     =
  ! 8.4 () ;0
1,840 ×1.20 = 2,208 kg / m '"%(/% 432 kg/m ; 2,208
(30 × 90 + 15 × 92.4)c t = (30 × 90)× ⎛⎜15 + 90 ⎞⎟ + (15 × 92.4)× ⎛⎜ 15 ⎞⎟ + 432 = 2,640 kg/m %
<&#!- 
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
4,086c t = 162,000 + 10,395 wL2 2,640 ×18.00 2
ΔM = = = 106,920 kg.m = 10,692,000 kg.cm
172,395 8 8
ct = = 42.2 cm
4,086  ' 
<<$ I = 4,372,824 cm 4

c b = 90 + 15 − 42.2 = 62.8 cm

<<$   !,#0 & y = 42.2 cm &-

bh 3 30 × 90 3 10,692,000 × 42.2
I= = = 1,822,500 cm 4 σc = + = +103.18 ksc
12 12 4,372,824

<<$  ' !&"#&  /%'&! y = 42.2 

( )
nb
I t = ∑ i y13i − y 32i 15 = 27.2 cm &-
i =1 3
10,692,000 × 27.2
It =
30
3
[
× (42.2 − 15)3 − (− 62.8)3 +
92.4
3
]
× 42.2 3 − (42.2 − 15)3 [ ] σc = +
4,372,824
= +66.51 ksc

[ ]
I t = 10 × 27.2 3 + 62.8 3 + 30.8 × 42.2 3 − 27.2 3[ ] !,#'& & y = 62.8 cm '"
<( &#  ;
I t = 4,372,824 cm 4 '
%(  = 10,692,000 × 62.8
σc = − = −153.55 ksc
4,372,824
2,400 × 0.30 × 0.90 = 648 kg / m
%(/%'&! = 2,400 × 0.15 ×1.20 = 432 kg / m
 239 240
&# !(#3- '&!% ;  

&# !' '&!;!
'/0& 
 &# /#& ! 8.1
/ /!"&# !% "  3  
  %( !'"
&!(#3-  #&#
'/0& n & %
c /! /03<& = &' %( &  ')
&# ,! #  '' ; "*,' 220,000 kg  '/!   %
σ c = n c (+ 103.18) = +0.77 ×103.18 = +79.45 ksc &# !,#  - 
&# !& σc =
Pe Pe ec M G c
m ±
A I I
σ c = n c (+ 66.51) = +0.77 × 66.51 = +51.21 ksc 90 90
220,000 × 25 × 2,624,400 ×
&# !,#0  σc =
220,000
m 2 ± 2
30 × 90 1,822,500 1,822,500
σ c = +53.68 + 66.51 = +120.19 ksc
σc = 81.48 m 135.80 ± 64.80
&# ,! #'& 0 
&# !,#
σ c = +109.28 − 153.55 = −44.27 ksc
σ c = 81.48 − 135.80 + 64.80 = +10.48 ksc
&# !,#'&
σ c = 81.48 + 135.80 − 64.80 = +152.48 ksc
 &# !!%!,# 

 - 
ΔMy
Δσ c =
It
/! /%%(-' # %(! !%"%(
!'&! = 2,400 × 0.15 = 360 kg / m 2 %( !&#!
240 kg/m '"%(0 1,600 kg/m #; 360 + 240 +
2 2

1,600 = 2,200 kg/m "(##  1.20 m. - %(

2


 8.2 
   # &  ! 8.1  w = 2,200 × 1.20 = 2,640 kg/m  %
<&#! %
(#3&# !% 
!%& =  % %(3" wL2 2,640 × 18.00 2
ΔM = = = 106,920 kg.m = 10,692,000 kg.cm
'&! 8 8
10,692,000 × 42.2
!,#0 Δσ c = + = +103.18 ksc
4,372,824
!&"#&  '&!
10,692,000 × 27.2
Δσ c = + = +66.51 ksc
4,372,824
10,692,000 × 62.8
!,#'& 0 Δσ c =− = −153.55 ksc
4,372,824

(      '&  ! &  & #  ! (  #3-  ; 

& #     !  ' ' # & #      3 &  !
(#3-  #&#
'/0& n = 0.77  ";&!
c

%
 241 242
!,#0
! I /
<<$  , cm 4

σc = +0.77 ×103.18 = +79.45 ksc A //%! , cm 2

!& σc = +0.77 × 66.51 = +51.21 ksc P /  ') ' &  , kg
i

&#   -  e /""/% +< , cm

!,# & M /
</! %(, kg.cm
G

σ c = +10.48 + 66.51 = +76.99 ksc Z=t

I
/
' ,# , cm 3

ct
!,#'&
( # &# !,#'& 3"& /
σc = +152.48 − 153.55 = −1.07 ksc
Pi Pi ec b M G c b
σ cb = + − ≤ Fci
A I I
&
Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
Fci ≥ ⎜1 + ⎟− (8.3)
A ⎜⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b





#&3"!/%'&!% #'
,&-# #&7  - )%' #
 %  ')    "*,' P e

8.4.4  
     &#  !,#


! σ ct =
Pe Pe ec t M G c t M s c t
− + + ≤ Fc
A I I I
P ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G M s
8.4.5 & Fc ≥ e ⎜⎜1 − ⎟+ +
A ⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t Zt
  P = RP &' #"- #&
e i

RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G Ms
≥ ⎜1 − ⎟ + +
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t
Fc (8.4)
Zt
&# !,#'&
Pe Pe ec b MGcb Mscb
σ cb = + − − ≥ Ft
A I I I
&
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G M s
Ft ≤ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ − − (8.5)
A ⎝ Zb ⎠ Zb Zb

! M /
</! %(/%'&!, kg.cm
 '&() " 
s

3&# !% !%& = -& #&

 
&# ! B(
3 %
%(0!!%%%" 


 #"
 &# !!%%%- 
&# !,# σ ct = Pi − Pi ec t + M G c t ≥ Fti
A I I !,# Δσ ct =
(M '
D + ML )
(8.6)
P ⎛ Aec t ⎞ MGct Z 't
σ ct = i ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ + ≥ Fti
A ⎝ I ⎠ I
!,#'& Δσ cb = −
(M '
D + ML )
(8.7)
& Z 'b
Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
Fti ≤ ⎜1 − ⎟+ (8.2)
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t
 243 244

! Δσ ct /&# !!%!,#  ! 8.2 "-

/!  '" M L
M 'D
Fti −
MG
=
Pi ⎛
⎜1 −
A min e ⎞
⎟ (8.12)
Δσ cb /&# !!%!,#'&   (Z t )min A ⎜⎝ (Z t )min ⎟
⎠

/!  M 'D '" M L ! 8.10 "-

M 'D /
</! %(0 ! Fc
−
MG
−
Ms
−
(
m t M 'D + M L ) = P ⎛⎜1 −
i A min e ⎞
⎟
R R (Z t )min R (Z t )min R (Z t )min A ⎜ (Z t )min ⎟⎠
/!  = (/  %(    '" ⎝

%(/%) (8.13)
M L /
</! %(0
 ! 8.12  8.13
 #&    C &
(1 − R )M G + M s + m t (M 'D + M L )
Z 't /
' 
 ,#  (Z ) = (8.14)
Fc − RFti
t min

 '&() ! 8.3 "-

Zb'
/
' 
 ,#'&   MG Pi ⎛ A min e ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟
 '&() Fci +
(Z b )min
=
A ⎜⎝ (Z b )min ⎟
⎠
(8.15)
 %&# !,#'",#'&   ! 8.11 "-
 '&()3"$ & &-% Ft
+
MG
+
Ms
+
(
m b M 'D + M L ) = P ⎛⎜1 +
i A min e ⎞
⎟
!,# R R (Z b )min R (Z b )min R (Z b )min A ⎜
⎝ (Z b )min ⎟⎠
σ ct =
Pe
−
Pe e M G
+ +
Ms
+
(M '
D + ML )
≤ Fc (8.16)
A Zt Zt Zt Z 't  ! 8.15  8.16
( C  &'"&
& -
≥
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
⎜1 − ⎟ + +
Ms
+
(M '
D + ML ) (1 − R )M G + M s + m b (M 'D + M L )
Fc
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t Zt Z 't
(8.8) (Z ) = (8.17)
RFci − Ft
b min

!,#'& ! 8.14 '" 8.17 /&

' ! !0!
σ cb =
Pe
+
Pe e M G
− −
Ms
−
(M 'D + ML )
≥ Ft ,#'",#'&     '&()
A Zb Zb Zb Z 'b
"!- & %(    %   -&   #& & 
&
%  %
≤
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
⎜1 + ⎟ − −
Ms
−
(M '
D + ML )
A ⎜⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b
Ft (8.9)
Zb Z 'b 8.4.5 
        
 ( mt =
Zt
'" mb =
Zb
 8.8 '" 8.9 
   
Z 't Z 'b
   '"""/%  +  <  
&-  ! 8.10 '" 8.11
 '&() "
"$ ,4
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G Ms (
m t M 'D + M L )
Fc ≥ ⎜1 − ⎟+
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t
+
Zt
+
Zt
(8.10) Magnel $& # 
      "

Ft ≤
RPi ⎛
⎜1 +
Ae ⎞ M G
⎟− −
Ms
−
(
m b M 'D + M L ) (8.11)
 &-%
A ⎝⎜ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b Zb Zb ! 8.2 &-

(#3 !')!0  ⎛
A⎜⎜ Fti −
MG ⎞ ⎛
⎟ ≤ Pi ⎜1 −
Ae ⎞
⎟
⎟ ⎜ Z t ⎟⎠
 '&() "(#3- %3"& ⎝ Zt ⎠ ⎝
Ae
'"3"$  /! &# !%" 0 Zt
−1

 %%  % !$  !')!0( / 1

≥ (8.18)
Pi ⎛ MG ⎞
A⎜⎜ − Fti + ⎟
 '&()/! 8.2, 8.3, 8.10 '" 8.11
 ⎝ Zt ⎟
⎠

( &# ! %&&&# ! ( # ! 8.3 &-
Ae
+1
1 Zb
≥ (8.19)
Pi ⎛ MG ⎞
A⎜⎜ Fci + ⎟
⎟
⎝ Zb ⎠
 245 246
! 8.10  M 'T = M G + M s + m t M 'D + M L ( )  8.4.6  
    
&-  
 
R ⎜⎜
⎛ Ae ⎞
− 1⎟
 "!%("& "
⎟
⎝ Zt M 'T
1
≤
⎠
  > Fc (8.20.1) ! - &  %(    %    '&  !   $ 
Pi ⎛ M 'T ⎞⎟ Zt
A⎜ − Fc +
⎜ ⎟
/! %( '&!'"/! 03<& =
⎝
Zt ⎠
"&  ' %(    (    & #  !    %  '!  ' - &  
⎛ Ae ⎞
R ⎜⎜
⎝ Zt
− 1⎟
⎟
M 'T %& %%  ""/  %3"&
/ 1
≥
⎠
  < Fc (8.20.2)
Pi ⎛ M 'T ⎞⎟ Zt   $ ! 8.2 '" 8.3  %
A⎜ − Fc +
⎜
⎝
Zt ⎟
⎠ 

! 8.11  M 'B = M G + M s + m b M 'D + M L ( )  !,# Fti ≤
Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
⎜1 − ⎟+ (8.22)
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t
&-
Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
⎛Ae
R ⎜⎜
⎞
+ 1⎟
!,#'& Fci ≥ ⎜1 +
⎜
⎟− (8.23)
⎟ A⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b
1 Z
⎝ b ⎠
≤
Pi ⎛ M 'B ⎞
(8.21)  
 
A⎜ Ft + ⎟
⎜
⎝
Zb ⎟
⎠ &  "!%( %( 
! 8.18  8.21 (,4  '&!"&' %(  % &# /
Pe Pe ec t M G c t
'
 1
;%  y '" e ; !,# σ ct = − + ≤ Fc
Pi A I I
 x "- D ! 8.9 0!D -  &-
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
& 1
=0 "- &/% +< e = Z t (! Fc ≥ ⎜1 − ⎟+
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t
(8.24)
Pi A
Pe Pe ec b M G c b
8.18 '" 8.20 '"- &/% +< e = − Z b (! 8.19 !,#'& σ cb = + − ≥ Ft
A A I I
'" 8.21 #3! ;&#C ,' % ! &-
C! ;#3!- Ft ≤
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ − (8.25)
A ⎝ Zb ⎠ Zb

/! %%%(-' #  %%(
 /%'&! %(0 '"%(0
 !!/!= "
"
  &#
 -  %
!,#
Pe Pe e M G M s + M 'D + M L
σ ct = − + + ≤ Fc
A Zt Zt Z 't
&-
Fc ≥
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
⎜1 − ⎟+ +
mt Ms( '
+ MD + ML ) (8.26)
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t Zt
!,#'&
Pe Pe e M G M s + M 'D + M L
σ cb = + − − ≥ Ft
A Zb Zb Z 'b
&
Ft ≤
RPi ⎛
⎜1 +
Ae ⎞ M G
⎟− −
mb Ms( + M 'D + ML ) (8.27)
A ⎜⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b Zb
 247 248

  '&() "(#3-  

 8.3 $&# ## 24.00 m " #
 &# !%3"& '"3"$  '&()'"/%'&
 /! &# !%" 0! % ! 20 cm  &  ;-&
%  %!$ !')!0( !  %( ""  &'"#&
 '&()"!  %("- ! 8.22, 8.23, 2.00 m (' "' (
8.26 '" 8.27  3"& '"! 28 #&
! 8.22 280 ksc '" 350 ksc '( (' "'
Pi ⎛ ⎞
Fti −
MG
= ⎜1 −
A min e
⎟ (8.28)  /%&& 240 ksc ,#/%
(Z t )min A ⎜⎝ (Z t )min ⎟
⎠
   #D6'    5
! 8.26 cm %(0&& 800 kg/m 2

( #& D6'

Fc
−
MG
−
(
m t M s + M 'D + M L ) = P ⎛⎜1 −
i A min e ⎞
⎟ (8.29) & 2,500 kg/m 7  !
3

R R (Z t )min R (Z t )min A ⎜
⎝ (Z t )min ⎟
⎠
'"!%% ; 8% '"
 ! 8.28 '" 8.29 "- 25% '(

(1 − R )M G + m t (M S + M 'D + M L )
(Z t )min = (8.30)
Fc − RFti

MG Pi ⎛ A min e ⎞
! 8.23 Fci + = ⎜1 + ⎟ (8.31)
(Z b )min A ⎜⎝ (Z b )min ⎟
⎠

! 8.27 "-

Ft
+
MG
+
(
m b M s + M 'D + M L ) = P ⎛⎜1 +
i A min e ⎞
⎟ (8.32)
R R (Z b )min R (Z b )min A ⎜
⎝ (Z b )min ⎟⎠

 ! 8.31 '" 8.32 "-

(1 − R )M G + m b (M s + M 'D + M L )
(Z b )min = (8.33)  
 B(') 
RFci − Ft
#... / ! 1.1 "- #&
8.4.6 
         


 !  Fci = 0.6f ci' = 0.6 × 280 = 168.00 ksc

"%)+,4 '$&#$&#
"-&!  %(
! 8.18  8.21   $ - Fti = −0.8 f ci' = −0.8 280 = −13.39 ksc

 &'!& M 'T  M 'B &% & M 'T '"& M 'B 
 


(    "!  !   %(      $  ! 8.34 '" 8.35 Fc = 0.45f c' = 0.45 × 350 = 157.50 ksc

'( Ft = −1.6 f c' = −1.6 350 = −29.93 ksc

&#
'/0& /%&
(
M 'T = M G + m t M s + M 'D + M L ) (8.34) E c 15,200 240 240
nc = = = = 0.83
M 'B = MG + m (M b S + M 'D +M ) L (8.35) E cp 15,200 350 350
 249 250
! 8.3 B ACI (##  "*,' /%   & #                 
&&! !0 &&-% I = 10,180,000 cm 4 '" A = 4,931 cm !
<  !
2

&! (1) b w + 16h f = 50 + 16 × 20 = 370 cm ,&C<  &  

&! (2) s = 200 cm = ""& "#&  ! '&! 93.2 cm 3"!'",&C<

<   ' #' #&  '&!

&! (3) L 2,400
= = 600 cm ;"" 59.72 cm !(#3-  %""& "#&  %
4 4
 /
&  !   ! 0  /  200 cm  %  ## 
d = 93.2 − 59.72 = 33.48 cm
"*,'/

<<$  
b e = 200 cm
"  ' -  %
##  & b /##   
tr
I = I + Ad 2 = 10,180,000 + 4,931× 33.48 2 = 15,707,209 cm 4
!'&!C! 
'/0& #& ' -;
/%'& !!' ; 
   3 #&#
'/0& n  %
' #";!'!,/, #  166 cm  20 cm 0C<&
c

b tr = n c b e = 0.83 × 200 = 166 cm

 /%  !                ' /  ;"" 20
= 10 cm 
<   <  $  
2
A tr = 20 ×166 = 3,320 cm 2  $  '& ,&C<# -
! ; 0 /! (  & C<     #! I=
bh 3 166 × 20 3
= = 110,667 cm 4
12 12
' ' # A C<& 
tr
20
= 10 cm  /%!  A = 3,320 cm !' # &0C
2
2
 /%! A = 4,931 cm C <& 
2
<  ' &  59.72 cm !(#3
  y = 73.2 cm  &  '&!
t ' #  %""& "#& / d = 59.72  10 =
= 73.2 + 20 = 93.2 cm $ 
<C<- 49.72 cm 
<<$ /%'&!"
y=
∑ Ay = 3,320 ×10 + 4,931× 93.2 = 492,769.2 = 59.72 cm   ' - #&
∑A 3,320 + 4,931 8,251
I = I + Ad 2 = 110,667 + 3,320 × 49.72 2 = 8,317,967 cm 4
,'#
<<$  '

<<$  ' 
-
"&C! ,&0C<  ' "  $
I' = 15,707,209 + 8,317,967 = 24,025,176 cm 4
?:@(#3/
 /%!  4,931 cm = 2

I = I + Ad 2
0.4931 m  %%(  - 
2

 I 
!
 " w G = 2,400 × 0.4931 = 1,183 kg / m

I / 
<   <  $  ,&  C %( /%'&!#  2.00 m 
<  % 0.20 m /
A //%!  %( D6'#  2.00 m 
0.05 m /
d /"""#&  !
w 'D = 2,500 × 2.00 × 0.05 = 250 kg / m
! ,&  C <       '" 
! !  
<<$ %(0##  2.00 m /
w L = 800 × 2.00 = 1,600 kg / m

'   ! -&
/%
 251 252
!,# Zt =
I 10,180,000
= = 139,071 cm 3
yt 73.2 
  ! 8.14
!,#'& Zb =
I
=
10,180,000
= 164,725 cm 3 (Z t ) =
(1 (
− R )M G + M S + m t M 'D + M L )
yb 61.8 min
Fc − RFti
(1 − 0.815)× 8,517,600 + 6,912,000 + 0.230 × (1,800,000 + 11,520,000)

'    5"    (Z t ) min =
157.50 + 0.815 × 13.39

#,' '&!!'  ' # # % % (Z t )

min = 68,950 cm 3 < Z t = 139,071 cm 3 O.K.

'&   & C< '

 % ! 8.17
y 'b = 135 + 20 − 59.72 = 95.28 cm
=
(
− R )M G + M S + m b M 'D + M L
(1 )
  & C< (Z b )
min
RFci − Ft
(1 − 0.815)× 8,517,600 + 6,912,000 + 0.655 × (1,800,000 + 11,520,000)
 '  % (Z b ) min =
0.815 ×168.00 − (− 29.93)
y 't = 135 − 95.28 = 39.72 cm (Z b )
min = 103,161 cm 3 < Z b = 164,725 cm 3 O.K.

 %
'   /!#,'
'&! #' # %
 
 
!  Z 't =
I'
=
24,025,176
= 604,863 cm 3
y 't 39.72 ! 8.18
!'&   Z 'b = ' =
I'
24,025,176
= 252,153 cm 3 Ae
−1
yb 95.28 1 Zt
≥
Zt 139,071 Pi ⎛ MG ⎞
mt = = = 0.230 A⎜⎜ − Fti + ⎟
Z 't 604,863 Zt ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Zb164,725 4,931e
mb = ' = = 0.653 −1
Z b 252,153 1 139,071
≥
  P ;  3"/! 
<#&7 Pi ⎛ 8,517,600 ⎞
4,931× ⎜⎜ − (− 13.39) + ⎟
139,071 ⎟⎠
j
⎝
3"& 8 % '"3"$  25%  %  3"& 1 0.0355e − 1
≥
P '"  "*,'3"$  P - #&
i e Pi 368,032
⎛
Pi = ⎜1.00 −
8 ⎞
⎟P j = 0.92P j ! 8.19
⎝ 100 ⎠ Ae 4,931e
+1 +1
⎛ 25 ⎞ 1 Zb 164,725
Pe = ⎜1.00 − ⎟P j = 0.75P j ≥ =
⎝ 100 ⎠ Pi ⎛ M ⎞ ⎛ 8,517,600 ⎞
A⎜⎜ Fci + G ⎟⎟ 4,931× ⎜⎜168.00 + ⎟
&# R    "*,' P &  3"& P
e i ⎝ Z b ⎠ ⎝ 165,725 ⎟⎠
- 1 0.0298e + 1
≥
Pi 1,081,842
Pe 0.75P j
R= = = 0.815
Pi 0.92P j

<%(  M 'T = M G + M S + m t M 'D + M L ( )
M
</%'&! M
<%(
G S
M 'T = 8,517,600 + 6,912,000 + 0.230 × (1,800,000 + 11,520,000)
0! M '"
<%(0 M -  % M 'T = 18,493,200 kg.cm
D L

M 'T 18,493,200
= = 132.98 ksc < Fc = 157.50 ksc
Zt 139,071
w G L2 1,183 × 24.00 2
MG = = = 85,176 kg.m = 8,517,600 kg.cm
8 8
w L2 960 × 24.00 2
MS = S = = 69,120 kg.m = 6,912,000 kg.cm
8 8
w L2 250 × 24.00 2
M 'D = D = = 18,000 kg.m = 1,800,000 kg.cm
8 8
w L2 1,600 × 24.00 2
ML = L = = 115,200 kg.m = 11,520,000 kg.cm
8 8
 253 254
 %$  8.20.2 & $&#  e $&# '" 10 cm '"$&#  1
$&# '"
Pi
⎛ Ae ⎞ ⎛ 4,931e ⎞
R ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ 0.815 × ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ ' #D! 8.18  8.20.2 - 
1 × 10 −6
1
≥ ⎝ Zt ⎠ = ⎝ 139,071 ⎠
Pi ⎛ M 'T ⎞ ⎛ 18,493,200 ⎞ 30!D e ! 8.19 
A⎜ − Fc + ⎟ 4,931× ⎜⎜ − 157.50 + ⎟
⎜ Zt ⎟ ⎝ 139,071 ⎟⎠ 8.21
$ ! 8.19 #
⎝ ⎠
1 0.0355e − 1 1 0.0298e + 1
≥ ≥ =0
Pi − 148,374 Pi 1,081,842
M 'B = M G + M S + m b M 'D + M L ( ) e=
−1
= −33.56 cm
M 'B = 8,517,600 + 6,912,000 + 0.653 × (1,800,000 + 11,520,000) 0.0298

M 'B = 24,127,560 kg.cm

& e = 100 cm ! 8.19  8.21
! 8.21 ! 8.19
1 0.0298e + 1 0.0298 ×100 + 1 3.98
⎛Ae ⎞ ⎛ 4,931e ⎞ ≥ = = = 3.68 ×10 −6 kg −1
R ⎜⎜ + 1⎟
⎟ 0.815 × ⎜⎜ + 1⎟⎟ Pi 1,081,842 1,081,842 1,081,842
1 Z
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ 164,725 ⎠ 0.0299e + 1
Pi
≤
⎛ M 'B ⎞
=
⎛ 24,127,560 ⎞
=
705,113 ! 8.21
A⎜ Ft + ⎟ 4,931× ⎜⎜ − 29.93 + ⎟
1 0.0299e + 1 0.0299 ×100 + 1
⎜ Zb ⎟ ⎝ 164,725 ⎟⎠ ≤ = =
3.99
= 5.66 ×10 − 6 kg −6
⎝ ⎠
Pi 705,113 705,113 705,113
( 1
'" e % !-D ! 8.11 ( '-D- ! 8.11
Pi

(& !D e
 1
=0 &  "",#'&   0C<
Pi
 ') & 10 cm ""/% +< emax
'"
0! 8.18  8.20.2
e max = 61.8 − 10 = 51.8 cm
! 8.18
& emax ! 8.21 /!& Pi ! !0
1 0.0355e − 1
≥ =0 1 0.0299e + 1 0.0299 × 51.8 + 1 2.54882
Pi 368,032 ≤ = =
Pi 705,113 705,113 705,113
1
e=
= 28.17 cm 705,113
0.0355 Pi ≥ = 276,643 kg
2.54882
& e = 0  8.20.2 /!& 1 /! 7  ' & & 8 %  %
Pi
1 0.0355 × 0 − 1 −1 ⎛ 8 ⎞
≥ = = 6.74 × 10 −6 kg −1 Pi = ⎜1.00 − ⎟P j = 0.92P j
Pi − 148,374 − 148,374 ⎝ 100 ⎠

& e = 100 cm ! 8.18 Pj =

Pi
=
276,643
= 300,699 kg
0.92 0.92
1 0.0355 × 100 − 1 2.55
≥ = = 6.93 × 10 − 6 kg −1
Pi 368,032 368,032
 ! 2.4 ! 2 '#'# $ 7
 '  !( 1860  ,&+<' 12.7
mm   !0"' Fpu = 18,730 kg   !0
Fpy = 16,857 kg '" ! 1.2   !  ')
 3"  #/!  '# & 0.94Fpy ≤ 0.80Fpu
0.94Fpy = 0.94 ×16,857 = 15,846 kg
0.80Fpu = 0.80 × 18,730 = 14,984 kg
  &'#'# !  !!03"  #/! 
/ 14,984 kg (#'#'# !  
(#'#'#
= 300,699
14,984
= 20.07 ⇒ 21    %&'"   # &

  =
300,699
= 14,319 kg ""/% +<!! ' $&# 
21
51.8 cm
'#'#  ! 8.12
 255 256

#&# !,#'",#'& 
 '"!,#0 /%'&!

!,# 
Pe Pe e M G + M S M 'D + ML
σ ct = − + +
A Zt Zt Z 't
1,800,000 + 11,520,000
σ ct = +72.69 +
604,863
σ ct = +72.69 + 22.02 = +94.71 ksc < Fc = 157.50 ksc O.K.

 

!,#'&  
3"& #&# !,#'",#'& 
Pe Pe e M G + M S M 'D + ML
 σ cb = + − −
A Zb Zb Z 'b
Pi Pi e M G
!,# σ ct = − + 1,800,000 + 11,520,000
A Zt Zt σ cb = +22.95 −
252,153
276,643 276,643 × 51.8 8,517,600
σ ct = − + σ cb = +22.95 − 52.82 = −29.87 ksc > Ft = −29.93 ksc O.K.
4,931 139,071 139,071
σ ct = 56.10 − 103.04 + 61.25 !,# /%'&!
σ ct = +14.31 ksc > Fti = −13.39 ksc O.K. σ ctt =
( )
n c M 'D + M L y t
'
Pi Pi e M G I
!,#'& σ cb = + −
0.83 × (1,800,000 + 11,520,000)× 59.7
A Zb Zb σ ctt =
276,643 276,643 × 51.8 8,517,600 24,025,176
σ cb = + − σ ctt = 27.47 ksc < Fctt = 0.45 × 240 = 108 ksc O.K.
4,931 164,725 164,725
σ cb = 56.10 + 86.99 − 51.71
σ cb = +91.38 ksc < Fci = 168.00 ksc O.K.




 #&# !,#'& '"
,#  3"%
Pe = RPi = 0.815 × 276,643 = 225,464 kg

Pe Pe e M G + M S
!,# σ ct = − +
A Zt Zt
225,464 225,464 × 51.8 8,517,600 + 6,912,000
σ ct = − +
4,931 139,071 139,071
σ ct = 45.72 − 83.98 + 110.95
σ ct = +72.69 ksc < Fc = 157.50 ksc O.K.

Pe Pe e M G + M S
!,#'& σ cb = + −
A Zb Zb
225,464 225,464 × 51.8 8,517,600 + 6,912,000
σ cb = + −
4,931 164,725 164,725
σ cb = 45.72 + 70.90 − 93.67
σ cb = +22.95 ksc > Ft = −29.93 ksc O.K.
 257 258

 8.5
<!( !  # 
 8.6
< "'  

 
   
   8.6 (#3
< "'  
8.5 (#3
<!( !

 #  
  
  8.6 $ &$#$%
8.5 

 ! "#$%   &#/%'&!( #' "

< ! (      !    # Mcr /  & '"&#7&"&4&# /%'&!

< ! (    & #   !    %  ! , #    &  &     %!0"' "%&#/%&% ('

 '     fr (        

     "'  (' "'&# /%
3; &# &#;
<4!  # '&!
   & # Mp '"/!'&   &(' !
!) #(' ' #
<4&#! C! !%( 
< φM n "  &#&/&(' !
 ! # ΔM cr "     Mu %/!G #' 

 
 /'&#-    # &(' !
< φM n "  &
M cr = M p + ΔM cr (8.36) #& 1.2 &
<!( ! #

! MP = MG + MS 3-&!  %(3"/%'& φM n ≥ M u

(8.38)
φM n ≥ 1.2M cr
!
MP = M G   3  !    %(     3 "   /% 
'&!
ΔMcr /
<!!/ MP !( $"'
 8.4   #
<   "'   
 ! #C!  #& ! 8.3
( 
- ! 8.37 ;"!#
&# !,#'&  !! #

Pe Pe e Mp ΔM cr
σ c = −f r = + − −
A Zb Zb Z 'b
RPi RPi e Mb m b ΔM cr
− fr = + − −
A Zb Zb Zb
&-
1 ⎛ RPi Z b ⎞
ΔM cr = ⎜ + RPi e − M p + f r Zb ⎟ (8.37)
m b ⎜⎝ A ⎟
⎠

! f r = 2.0 f c'

' , ksc
f c' (' "' &#  "" 95.3 cm  -; 95.28 cm
'""" 59.7 cm  ; 59.72 cm
 259 260
"(
  ! 2.4 '#'# $'#'# 7 # φM n ≥ M u
   1860  ,&+<' 12.7 mm ( )
M u = 1.4 M G + M S + M 'D + 1.7M L
(# 21   "  #!0"'& M u = 1.4 × (85,176 + 69,120 + 18,000) + 1.7 × 115,200
M u = 437,054 kg.m
21×18,730 = 393,330 kg
φM n = 0.9 × 541,466 = 487,319 kg.m > M u $ -
 %&#   "*,'&  !0"'
0.815 × 276,643
# φM n ≥ 1.2M cr
= = 0.573 > 0.5
393,330 ! 8.36 M cr = M p + ΔM cr
! 4.18  "
!
!# M p = M G + M S = 85,176 + 69,120 = 154,296 kg.m
⎧
⎪ rp ⎡ f pu
f ps = f pu ⎨1 −
d ⎤⎫
(ω − ω')⎥ ⎪⎬
(#3&
' fr   $ ('
⎢ρ p ' +
⎪ β1 ⎢⎣ fc dp ⎥⎦ ⎪ "' f c'   3"$  /! 
⎩ ⎭

! f pu =
18,730
= 18,975 ksc  #%!,#'&    %
0.9871
f py 16,857 f r = 2.0 f c' = 2.0 × 350 = 37.42 ksc
= = 0.9  % rp = 0.28
1 ⎛ RPi Z b ⎞
f pu 18,730 ΔM cr = ⎜⎜ + RPi e − M p + f r Z b ⎟⎟
β1 = 0.85 mb ⎝ A ⎠
RPi Z b 0.815 × 276,643 × 164,725
A ps 21× 0.9871 = = 7,531,852
ρp = = = 7.15 ×10 −4 A 4,931
bed p 200 ×145
RPi e − M p = 0.815 × 276,643 × 51.8 − 154,296 ×10
ω = ω' = 0
RPi e − M p = −3,750,562
f c' = 240 ksc  /%  '&  ! "$
f r Z b = 37.42 × 164,725 = 6,164,010
b e = 200 cm -&- ' ;
1
  -&$ 350 ksc ΔM cr = × (7,531,852 − 3,750,562 + 6,164,010)
0.655
& ΔM cr = 15,183,664 kg.cm = 151,837 kg.m
⎧ 0.28 ⎡ − 4 18,975 ⎤⎫
&-
f ps = 18,975 × ⎨1 − ⎢7.15 ×10 × 240 + 0⎥ ⎬
⎩ 0. 85 ⎣ ⎦⎭ M cr = M p + ΔM cr = 154,296 + 151,837 = 306,133 kg.m
f ps = 18,622 ksc 1.2M cr = 1.2 × 306,133 = 367,360 kg.m < φM n O.K.
! 4.24
a=
A ps f ps
=
(21× 0.9871)×18,622 = 9.46 cm
0.85f c' b e 0.85 × 240 × 200
"" a = 9.46 cm < # /%'&! = 20 cm
#3')-& &0'
&0' = 0.36β1 = 0.36 × 0.85 = 0.306
f ps 18,622
ωp = ρp = 7.15 ×10 − 4 × = 0.055 < 0.36β1
f c' 240

 #&3')-&&0' $ -

<"'  
⎛ a⎞
Mn = A ps f ps ⎜ d p − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Mn = (21× 0.9871)×18,622 × ⎛⎜145 − 9.46 ⎞⎟

⎝ 2 ⎠
Mn = 54,146,647 kg.cm = 541,466 kg.m
 261 262

 8.7 (' 5/#! #3&"#&
,# '"/%'&!
  
8.7 (#3(' 5/#!#3&
"#& ,# '"/%'&!
871 (#3(' 5/#! 
-
872 ') 5/
 
8.7  
 ! "# #$
"
 %#&

(   "
  "  3<  /!  & 
"#&  '&!  5/
#-
-&'/!# (slip) ('  5/
&%(7" -&  
($&# ''"  -& # &#
'&!"-'' #?
"-&% 
 5/#!% !&  /%
! 8.14 !('  5/!&%"(
!#
'&! (#3- ! 8.39 C! ;
0"!,#,  C! ,'&/!
/%B!
!#- (!+: Strength of Materials
'&!/%""!#'" 5/-  $&/%()
' #)
% solid plank /!'! Hollow core /'# ΔVQ
=
,#   !      (Topping) "(     vh
Ib f
(8.39)

     5/#*! /$ !

! vh /  & #  5/  #!    %  !
##!#!,#, C! &#& % '" &, ksc
# * !   /    ')     5/  !  &  (shear ΔV / 5/!%(0! 
connector)
&')'
,'&%!,# /!, "(& 

') /%'"! - ')!
,'&%"( '  ;"
' #  3"/%
 ! 5/"#& ,#, %" '&!-&!  %( & ΔV %"%(0 !
')   '&#; '"&  shear key  ,&/%  !'"%(0&% & 3"/%'&!
()!"&  /!$/!"( ,&/%
& # !  %(  ΔV %"%(0 !!
& /% -&#& ,&/%() # shear %(0 '"%(/% #, kg
key " hollow core C! ;,&/%()7& $&# Q /
<  /%! / & (/ 
##&,&/%$ solid plank (B solid /%! /%'&!) 
plank "#  35 cm  5 cm   5 cm $&# ,&C<  

-&#" 4.50 m) , cm3
I /
<<$   

,cm 4

bf /##   ,#& C! "&

#    #    , #   0      
 , cm
 263 264
"3!0"'C! 3"%
&# 5/#!% vuh "
 #%!  ? "-&;' &-& 24.6 ksc C! ##&3')!(0
&&# 5/#!&-  ! 8.42  (3') 5/ '"
v uh =
Vu
(8.40)   vuh < 5.6 ksc )-&(;  ') 5/=
b f d pc
 3! vuh > 24.6 ksc "  (#3
#*
v uh ≤ 0.2f c'
 5/ (shear friction method) # ! 8.7.2 &
v uh ≤ 56 ksc
! 8.40 & v uh ≤ 0.2f c' '" v uh ≤ 56 ksc  #&&!

! vuh /&# 5/# &, ksc

(%   &C! "!& bf 
Vu /  5/ #!  &#  (factored total shear
%
force),kg
bf /##   ,#&, cm 8.7.2 

  !!"
dpc /  #'  "  * , ' ')        
( 
, cm #*%"  #%#3&
8.7.1  
 
  "#&  '&! ')

!#-"   ('  5/ Av "( !G  # 5/% '&#/
 #&(' !   (&# 5/ /! #C! ':3";! ,#&
#!&)$&# C! -  ! 8.41 #/!  5/  #"K#   #(
φv nh ≥ v uh (8.41)   ') 5/ C! ( 
!/ '"-&  #K#   % 5/

! φ = 0.85 /#3'(' ( 5/ #"  # ! #%  
vuh /&# 5/#!% %& %;,' !!%! #/! 
 ! 8.40 &# ksc  ') 5/-&  #K#  
vnh (  '    5/  #! & 5/#!  # - 
&   C! B ACI *
Vnh = μA v f y (8.43)
(& vnh -#  %
v nh = 5.6 ksc (,#,!" -&
! *
Vnh / 5/#! 
 ,kg
I0J, ,#
#%  -& Av //%!  ') 5/, cm2
')       5/  ,&  &  fy /('  ') 5/, ksc
 ,#,
μ /"*L#&!,#,
v nh = 5.6 ksc (,#,!" -&
*!#-$ μ = 1.4 (
I0J, ,#-&%   ')
;/%#', μ = 1.0 (
    5/  3 ! 0 
/!/%,#!% ( ,
(  ! 8.42),&    &  
μ = 0.4 /!/%,#!,
,#,
μ = 0.7 (/!/%,#') '"
v nh = 24.6 ksc (,#,!" -&
 $ #' 3& μ  
 I0J  , , # 
#%  
* # 0.75
') 5/3 
!0 (! 8.42
,&& ,#,
 265 266
 
 w u = 1.4w D + 1.7 w L
& 5/#!%# #! w u = 1.4 × (1,183 + 960 + 250) + 1.7 × 1,600
&"#& , #  Vuh* "  & #& 5/  w u = 6,070 kg / m
#!  #  Vnh* 3 ##3 Vu =
1 1
w u L = × 6,070 × 24 = 72,840 kg
2 2
'(' φ
! 8.40
v uh Vu 72,840
*
Vuh ≤ φVnh
*
(8.44) = = = 11.82 ksc
φ φb f d pc 0.85 × 50 × 145
() 
  
('   5/#!&  
v uh
v nh = 24.6 ksc >
    ')    3!(  0   
φ
'/$ ')' DB 12 mm /%! 5/ -
A v = 2 ×1.13 = 2.26 cm '"(  ' ! 0  f y = 4,000 ksc
2

 %"" s - ! 8.42  %

3.5b w s
(A v )min =
fy
f y (A v )min 4,000 × 2.26
s= = = 129 cm
3.5b w 3.5 × 20
 %$ ')' DB 12 mm # 
& Vuh* %; 5/##!
""& 60 cm (& s    #& 4hf '" #& 60 cm) '
& C! ! ""! !  $&# ($&# # '"
##
  !"" 0.35  $&# (&/! & Vuh* ;
() 
 
 5/!%/!  C f ! 8.15 & C f %&
v uh
#' &# & a  %& Vuh*   $ &  3 % &  v nh = 5.6 ksc < 
φ
 &&-% ')       5/  "$ # *     5/  
& 
Vuh*
= &  0.85f c' ab e  0.85f c' h f b e (8.45) μ = 0.4, f y = 4,000 ksc '" # &  ! 8.4 & 
! 8.43 '" 8.44 -  % a = 9.46 cm
V*
A v ≥ uh (8.46) ! 8.45 *
Vuh = 0.85f c' ab e
φf y μ *
Vuh = 0.85 × 240 × 9.46 × 200

 Vuh* - ! 8.45 3') *
Vuh = 385,968 kg
Av !- ! 8.46 %"  #   ""& !( 3')'!  $ - ! 8.46
'""$&# !$ (#3 Vuh* Vuh*
385,968
Av = =
φf y μ 0.85 × 4,000 × 0.4
A v = 283.8 cm 2

 8.5 #& ! 8.3  # 5/ 3')' 283.8 cm2 "  # "-'""
#! & "#&    '" ! ##$&# / 12.00 m 5'!&## 1.00 m -
/%'&! 3&-% Av =
283.8
= 23.65 cm 2 / m
12.00

() ,#&% ( 

() ,#&
 267 268
 '/$ ')' DB 12 mm  &'" 
 8.8 (' 5/"'# !   
'/%! A v1 = 2 ×1.13 = 2.26 cm 2 "" s
 

/%! ')'! #  #/%! !     
1.00 m  % 8.8 (#3(' 5/"'#! 
s=
A v1
=
2.26
= 0.096 m  

Av 23.65
 
")#&""  ')'"!-  -
8.8   !"#$%&'!$

 &'"$0'# ""  ')'"!%


(## 3"" $&3%"'/')' #"<'"( 5/  
$0'" 2 # "" "'; 
 "' #"<'"(
s = 2 × 0.096 = 0.192 m $ 0.15 m 5/  *!#- (' 5/"'  &
 %$ ')' 2-DB 12 mm.@ 0.15 m &&! "#& Vci C! ;('   5/3
 #/! ,'  5/&#
< '" Vcw C!
;('   5/3 #/! ,' 
5/#
 Vci - ! 8.47 '" Vcw - 
! 8.48 ('   5/3 #/! ,'
  5/&#
<
ΔVi ΔM cr
Vci = 0.16 f c' b w d p + Vd + (8.47)
ΔM max

! f c' /(' "'  , ksc
bw ##  ! !0  , cm
dp /"",#0 /%'&!
0C< ') &  -& 
#& 0.8h  (#3-  #& $ 0.8h
 h
;#'%   
, cm
Vd / 5/! !3 /! %(
  '"%( !/!= !"(&
 '&()3"/%, kg
ΔVi / 5/!&# (factored shear) ! !
3 /! %( 0 !!'"
%(0!"(' "

%' #, kg
ΔMmax /
<!&# (factored moment) ! !
3 /! %(0 ! !'"
%(0!"(' "

%' #, kg.cm
ΔMcr /&
<!!"(& 

(  #! !3
' "
%' # C! - 
! 8.37 &# kg.cm ('  
5/3 #/! ,'  5/
#
 269 270
⎛ ⎞
Vcw = ⎜ 0.93 f c' + 0.3f pc ⎟b w d p + Vp (8.48)
⎝ ⎠

! fpc /  & #    /!     '"

%(0!"(&
 '&  (  )  3"/%  ! (  & C
<  
 (3!C
<       & 4 ,&  /% 
*!
 #& ! 8.5 wu = 6,070 kg/m
  '&  !    & #   
!"" 0.75 m !   5/ Vu - #&
"#& &"#& /%)
 ⎛L ⎞ ⎛ 24.00 ⎞
= − 0.75 ⎟ = 6,070 × ⎜ − 0.75 ⎟
- ! 8.49 &# ksc Vu
2
wu⎜
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

Vp /   "&  #!      Vu = 68,288 kg

') ! !3C! & & Vci ! 8.47
ΔVi
& Pe sin α / Pe α &# kg Vci = 0.16 f c' b w d p + Vd + ΔM cr
ΔM max
   y ;  """#&  C<   
""/% +< e !(& & = $&# 9.00 m ' #
 '"C<  
') # #;  "" e = 0 !''" e =

 & fpc - 
51.8 cm !"" 9.00 m '  % !"" 0.75 m 
' ""/% +< e "- '!'   %
RPi RPi ey' M p y'
f pc = − + (8.49) e−0 0.75 − 0
A I I =
51.8 − 0 9.00 − 0
0.75
e = 51.8 × = 4.3 cm

! e /""/% +< #')  9.00

d p = 20 + 73.2 + 4.3 = 97.5 cm
C<  , cm
0.8h = 0.8 × (135 + 20) = 124 cm > 97.5 cm
A //%!   , cm2
 %$ dp = 124 cm
I /
<<$  , cm4
Mp /
</! %(0!"(& Vd = (w G + w S )⎛⎜ L − 0.75 ⎞⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
 3"/%
 Mp = MG + MS 3 Vd = (1,183 + 960) ⎛ 24.00
×⎜
⎞
− 0.75 ⎟ = 24,109 kg
-&!  %( '" Mp = MG 3!  %(, ⎝ 2 ⎠

ΔVi = (1.4 w 'D + 1.7 w L )⎛⎜ − 0.75 ⎞⎟

L
kg.cm
⎝2 ⎠
MG /
</! %(  ΔVi = (1.4 × 250 + 1.7 ×1,600)× (12 − 0.75)
, kg.cm ΔVi = 34,538 kg
/
</! %( /%'& (1.4w )⎛ L2 × 0.75 − 0.752
2 ⎞
MS ΔM max =
' ⎜
D + 1 .7 w L ⎜
⎟
⎟
!, kg.cm ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
ΔM max = (1.4 × 250 + 1.7 ×1,600)× ⎜⎜12 × 0.75 − 0.75 ⎟
⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
ΔM max = 26,767 kg.m = 2,676,700 kg.cm
$ (
 8.6 #& ! 8.3  # 5/ ΔVi L − 2x 24.00 − 2 × 0.75
= = = 1.29 m −1
!""& !  75 cm #C ΔM max x (L − x ) 0.75 × (24.00 − 0.75)

<   ')         !

8.16 ! 8.37
1 ⎛ RPi Z b ⎞
ΔM cr = ⎜ + RPi e − M p + f r Z b ⎟⎟
m b ⎜⎝ A ⎠
 271 272

! 
 8
Mp = MG + MS =
⎛
(w G + w S )⎜⎜ L × 0.75 − 0.75 2 ⎞
⎟

⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 8.1 

   
 " # !
⎛ 2 ⎞
Mp = (1,183 + 960)× ⎜⎜12 × 0.75 − 0.75 ⎟
⎟
2
⎝ ⎠
,'
  '"'&! %  &#&#
Mp = 18,684 kg.m = 1,868,400 kg.cm
8.2 
&-
RPi Z b 0.815 × 276,643 × 164,725
= = 7,531,852 () '#'& 
A 4,931
RPi e − M p = 0.815 × 276,643 × 4.3 − 1,868,400 () ,'
  #0034 ('   0!(
RPi e − M p = −898,905 ()  $ -  '#''" -&
f r Z b = 37.42 × 164,725 = 6,164,010 # 
1
ΔM cr = × (7,531,852 − 898,905 + 6,164,010) ( ) '&!$&##&/!
0.655
ΔM cr = 19,537,339 kg.cm = 195,373 kg.m () 
##&
    /
')*
Vci = 0.16 × 350 × 20 × 124 + 24,109 + 1.29 × 195,373  (
   

Vci = 283,564 kg ()  ,'$%
%(-&- 67
& V ! 8.48
cw & /"#& %
Vcw ⎛
= ⎜ 0.93
⎝
f c' ⎞
+ 0.3f pc ⎟b w d p + Vp
⎠
()  ,'$%#-&- 67# '%#
RPi RPi ey' M p y' "#& &

! f pc = − +
A I I 8.3 !!"
RPi 0.815 × 276,643
= = 45.724 ksc () 3",'$%&# 
 
A 4,931
RPi ey' 0.815 × 276,643 × 4.3 × (95.28 − 61.8) $%  & # %  "     ')       '"%(    
=
I 10,180,000 $%&# # $%&# $ ')' 3"%
RPi ey'
I
= 3.188 ksc $& " 3",'"%(#
$ 
M p y' 1,868,400 × (95.28 − 61.8) ')*
= = 6.145 ksc
I 10,180,000 () 3"& " " ! 30 % 
f pc = 45.724 − 3.188 + 6.145 = 48.681 ksc
%("#& ,'
Vp = RPi α = RPi tan α
() 3"  % '"  '&  !    
   
51.8
Vp = 0.815 × 276,643 × = 12,977 kg  "%(!%/%( '&
900
Vcw = (0.93 350 + 0.3 × 48.681)× 20 ×124 + 12,977 !'"03</! /& = #*%"  /%!
'& 
Vcw = 92,344 kg < Vci ' -$& " '" 
  %('&
!'"03<&,&%(' -
 % V = V = 92,344 kg #& φVc
c cw ( ) /!'&!) #'"(' ' #"
φVc = 0.85 × 92,344 = 78,492 kg &# "
%(& = % 
φVc
/!  < Vu < φVc  %') 5/3
2
!(0 #& ! 8.5 ') 5/!(0!$ / DB 12
mm.@ 0.60 m
 273 274
8.4  #$%&$#% () 
   &# !%/! 
8.4.1 (#3 ' '/ ' ') %( &#%('&!'"
##   '&!-;
3 # %(03<& = "&' %(
&#
'/0& (modular ratio)  '&!& (3) 
 '&!) #' #
 '" 
   
 &;
ΔVQ 3$&#/
vh = (8.1)
Ib f
()  
      & #  !  !  % 

! (E ) /
'/0& &#!'&!
c slab
/! %( !!'"%(0 (&# !
(E ) /
'/0& &#
c precast
!%-#&# !%  '&
 '&()
()%!
n /&#
'/0& !
c
() 
   &# !!%/! 
'&!& '&()
%( !! %(0 '"%( 
b /##  "*,' !'&
e
'&! (&# !!%%-#&# !%
!
  '&()%!
btr
/##   !'&! '
;!
'/0&&
8.4.4 
&# 

 '&()"-&%(
8.4.2 ##  "*,' !'&!
 '&() " 
3&# !% !%& = -& #&
&# !
 B(
3 %

Pi Pi ec t M G c t
&# !,# σ ct =
− + ≥ Fti
A I I
P ⎛ Aec t ⎞ M G c t
σ ct = i ⎜⎜1 − ⎟+ ≥ Fti
A⎝ I ⎟⎠ I
Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
& Fti ≤ ⎜1 − ⎟+ (8.2)
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t

! I /
<<$  , cm 4

A //%! , cm

2

Pi
/  ') ' &
8.4.3 #"<

?:@'  , kg
(1) 
 &# !%/!  e /""/% +< , cm
 ') '"%( # M G
/
</! %(, kg.cm
(2) 

  "  3#& Z=
t
I
/
' ,# , cm 3

ct
%(/-& ( # &# !,#'& 3"& /
()  
      & #  !    %  Pi Pi ec b M G c b
σ cb = + − ≤ Fci
/! ') %( %('&! A I I
'"%(03<& = & P ⎛
Fci ≥ i ⎜⎜1 +
Ae ⎞ M G
⎟− (8.3)
A⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b
 275 276

  !  %&# !,#'",#'&  
#&3"!/%'&!% #'  '&()3"$ & &-%
,&-# #&7  - )%' # !,# σ ct =
Pe Pe e M G M s
− + +
M' + M
+ D ' L ≤ Fc
( )
 %  ')    "*,' P e
A Zt Zt Zt Zt

&#  !,# &

Pe Pe ec t M G c t M s c t Fc ≥
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G M s M 'D + M L
⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ + + +
( )
σ ct = − + + ≤ Fc (8.8)
A I I I A ⎝ Zt ⎠ Zt Zt Z 't
&
!,#'& P Pe M M M' + M
σ cb = e + e − G − s − D ' L ≥ Ft
( )
Pe ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G M s A Zb Zb Zb Zb
Fc ≥ ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ + +
A ⎝ Zt ⎠ Zt Zt &
  P = RP &' #"- #&
e i
Ft ≤
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G M s M 'D + M L
⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ − − −
( ) (8.9)
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G M s A ⎝ Zb ⎠ Zb Zb Z 'b
Fc ≥ ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ + + (8.4)
A ⎝ Zt ⎠ Zt Zt
 ( m t = Z 't '" m b = Z 'b 
&# !,#'& Zt Zb

Pe Pe ec b M G c b M s c b 8.8 '" 8.9 &-  ! 8.10 '" 8.11

σ cb = + − − ≥ Ft
A I I I
Fc ≥
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
⎜1 − ⎟+ +
Ms
+
(
m t M 'D + M L ) (8.10)
& A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t Zt Zt
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G M s
Ft ≤ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ − − (8.5)
A ⎝ Zb ⎠ Zb Zb
Ft ≤
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
⎜1 + ⎟− −
Ms
−
(
m b M 'D + M L ) (8.11)

! M s
/
</! %(/%'&,! kg.cm A ⎜⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b Zb Zb


(#3 !')!0 
%(0! !%%%"  #  '&() "(#3- %3"&
"
 &# !! %%% -  '"3"$  /! &# !%" 0
(M '
+ ML ) %%  %!$  !')!0(
!,# Δσ ct = D
(8.6)
Z 't  '&()/! 8.2, 8.3, 8.10 '" 8.11
(
!,#'& Δσ cb = −
(M '
D + ML )
(8.7) &# !%&&&# !
Z 'b MG Pi ⎛ A min e ⎞
! 8.2 "- Fti − = ⎜1 − ⎟ (8.12)
(Z t )min A ⎜⎝ (Z t )min ⎟
⎠

! Δσ ct /&# !!%!,#  ! 8.10 "-

/!  M 'D '" M L Fc
−
MG
−
Ms
−
(
m t M 'D + M L ) = P ⎛⎜1 −
i A min e ⎞
⎟
Δσ cb /&# !!%!,#'&   R R (Z t )min R (Z t )min R (Z t )min A ⎜
⎝ (Z t )min ⎟
⎠

/!  M 'D '" M L (8.13)

M 'D /
</! %(0 !  ! 8.12  8.13
 #&    C &
/! = (/%('" (1 − R )M G + M s + m t (M 'D + M L )
(Z ) = (8.14)
Fc − RFti
t min
%(/%)
MG Pi ⎛ A min e ⎞
ML /
</! %(0 ! 8.3 "- Fci + = ⎜1 + ⎟ (8.15)
(Z b )min A ⎜⎝ (Z b )min ⎟
⎠
Z 't /
' 
 ,# 
! 8.11 "-
 '&()
Ft MG Ms (
m b M 'D + M L ) = P ⎛⎜1 +
i A min e ⎞
⎟
Z 'b /
' 
 ,#'&   R
+
R (Z b )min
+
R (Z b )min
+
R (Z b )min A ⎜
⎝ (Z b )min ⎟⎠
 '&() (8.16)

( )
 277 278
 ! 8.15  8.16
( C  &'"& ! 8.18  8.21 (,4
- '
 1
;%  y '" e ;
(1 − R )M G + M s + m b (M 'D + M L )
Pi
(Z ) = (8.17)  x "- D ! 8.9 0!D- 
RFci − Ft
b min

! 8.14 '" 8.17 /&

' ! !0! & 1
=0 "- &/% +< e=
Zt
(!
Pi A
,#'",#'&     '&()
"!-&%(  %  -& #&& 8.18 '" 8.20 '"- &/% +< e = − Z b (! 8.19
A
%  % '" 8.21 #3! ;&#C ,' % !
8.4.5   '"""/%  + <   C! ;#3!-
 '&()"-&%(
8.4.6 
&# 
   '"""/%  +  <  
 '&()"%(
 '&() "
"$ ,4
 "!%("& "
Magnel $& # 
      "
! - &  %(    %    '&  !   $ 
 &-%
/! %( '&!'"/! 03<& =
! 8.2 &-
"&  ' %(    (    & #  !    %  '!  ' - &  
⎛ MG ⎞ ⎛ Ae ⎞
A⎜⎜ Fti −
Zt
⎟ ≤ Pi ⎜1 −
⎟ ⎜
⎟
Z t ⎟⎠ %& %%  ""/  %3"&
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
Ae   $ ! 8.2 '" 8.3  %
−1
/ 1
≥
Zt
(8.18) 

Pi ⎛ MG ⎞
Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
A⎜⎜ − Fti +
Zt
⎟
⎟ !,# Fti ≤ ⎜1 − ⎟+ (8.22)
⎝ ⎠ A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t
( # ! 8.3 &- Pi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
!,#'& Fci ≥ ⎜1 +
⎜
⎟− (8.23)
Ae
+1 A⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b
1 Zb
≥ (8.19)
Pi ⎛ MG ⎞
A⎜⎜ Fci
⎝
+
Zb
⎟
⎟
⎠
 
 
! 8.10  M 'T = M G + M s + m t M 'D + M L ( )  &  "!%( %( 
&- '&!"&' %(  % &# /
Pe Pe ec t M G c t
⎛ Ae
R ⎜⎜
⎞
− 1⎟
!,# σ ct = − + ≤ Fc &-
⎟ A I I
Z M 'T
1
≤
⎝ t ⎠
  > Fc (8.20.1) Fc ≥
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
⎜1 − ⎟+ (8.24)
Pi ⎛ M 'T ⎞ Zt
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t
A⎜ − Fc + ⎟
⎜ Zt ⎟
⎝ ⎠ Pe Pe ec b M G c b
⎛ Ae ⎞
!,#'& σ cb = + − ≥ Ft &-
A I I
R ⎜⎜ − 1⎟
⎟
Z M 'T RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
/ 1
≥
⎝ t ⎠
  < Fc (8.20.2) Ft ≤ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ − (8.25)
Pi ⎛ M 'T ⎞ Zt A ⎝ Zb ⎠ Zb
A⎜ − Fc + ⎟
⎜ Zt ⎟
⎝ ⎠

! 8.11  M 'B = M G + M s + m b M 'D + M L ( )  

&- /! %%%(-' #  %%(
⎛
R ⎜⎜
Ae ⎞
+ 1⎟
 /%'&! %(0 '"%(0
⎟
1
≤
⎝ Zb ⎠
(8.21)  !!/!= "
"
  &#
Pi ⎛ M 'B ⎞
A⎜ Ft +
⎜
⎟
⎟
 -  %
⎝
Zb ⎠
 279 280
!,# σ ct =
Pe Pe e M G
− + +
M s + M 'D + ML
≤ Fc
8.4.6  '"""/% +<
A Zt Zt Z 't  '&()"!  %(
&- "%)+,4 '$&#$&#
Fc ≥
RPi ⎛ Ae ⎞ M G
⎜1 − ⎟+ +
(
mt Ms '
+ MD + ML ) (8.26) "-&!  %(
! 8.18  8.21   $ -
A ⎜⎝ Z t ⎟⎠ Z t Zt
 &'!& M 'T  M 'B &% & M 'T '"& M 'B
Pe Pe e M G M s + M 'D + M L
!,#'& σ cb = + − − ≥ Ft (    "!  !   %(      $  ! 8.34 '" 8.35
A Zb Zb Z 'b
& '(

Ft ≤
RPi ⎛
⎜1 +
Ae ⎞ M G
⎟− −
mb Ms ( + M 'D + ML ) (8.27) (
M 'T = M G + m t M s + M 'D + M L ) (8.34)
A ⎜⎝ Z b ⎟⎠ Z b Zb
M 'B = MG + mb (M S + M 'D + ML ) (8.35)
  '&() "(#3- 
 &# !%3"& '"3"$ 8.5 
  

 /! &# !%" 0! %
< ! (      !    # Mcr / 
%  %!$ !')!0(
< ! (    & #   !    %  ! , #    &  &   
 '&()"!  %("- ! 8.22, 8.23,
 '     fr (        
    
8.26 '" 8.27 3; &# &#;
<4!  #
   & # Mp '"/!'&
MG Pi ⎛ A min e ⎞
! 8.22 Fti − = ⎜1 − ⎟ (8.28) !) #(' ' #
<4&#! C! !%(
(Z t )min A ⎜⎝ (Z t )min ⎟
⎠
 ! # ΔM cr " 
 

! 8.26  /'&#-  
Fc
−
MG
−
(
m t M s + M 'D + M L ) = P ⎛⎜1 −
i A min e ⎞
⎟
M cr = M p + ΔM cr (8.36)
R R (Z t )min R (Z t )min A ⎜
⎝ (Z t )min ⎟
⎠
! MP = MG + MS 3-&!  %(3"/%'& !
(8.29) MP = MG 3!  %(3"/% '&!
ΔMcr /
<!!/ MP !(
 ! 8.28 '" 8.29 "-
! #C! - 
(1 − R )M G + m t (M S + M 'D + M L ) ! 8.37
(Z t )min = (8.30)
Fc − RFti &# !,#'&  !! #
! 8.23 MG Pi ⎛ A min e ⎞ Pe Pe e Mp ΔM cr
Fci +
(Z b )min
= ⎜1 +
A ⎜⎝ (Z b )min
⎟
⎟
(8.31) σ c = −f r = + − −
⎠ A Zb Zb Z 'b
RPi RPi e Mb m b ΔM cr
− fr = + − −
! 8.27 "- A Zb Zb Zb

Ft
+
MG
+
(
m b M s + M 'D + M L ) = P ⎛⎜1 + i A min e ⎞
⎟
&-
R R (Z b )min R (Z b )min A ⎜
⎝ (Z b )min ⎟
⎠ 1 ⎛ RPi Z b ⎞
ΔM cr = ⎜ + RPi e − M p + f r Zb ⎟ (8.37)
m b ⎜⎝ A ⎟
⎠
(8.32)

 ! 8.31 '" 8.32 "-

! f r = 2.0 f c'
' , ksc
(1 − R )M G + m b (M s + M 'D + M L ) (' "' &#
(Z ) = (8.33) f c'
RFci − Ft
b min

 281 282

8.6   I /

<<$   

(#3
<"' Mn    ,cm4

(/ !#-

   5/ bf /##   ,#& C! "&## 
!  &  "#&           '&  ! -   &   ,#0  , cm
  /%'&!"( ! 
# "3!0"'C! 3"%
#  "*,' /% be (#3  M/!   #%!  ? "-&;'
/%!  &#/%'&!( #'  &&# 5/#!&- 
Vu
" &   '"&#7& "&4& # /%   v uh =
b f d pc
(8.40)
'&!  %!0"' "%&#/% v uh ≤ 0.2f c'
&% (' "'  (' "'&# v uh ≤ 56 ksc
/%'&!
! vuh /&# 5/# &, ksc
  &(' ! Vu / 5/#!&#

< φM n "  &#&/&(' ! (factored total shear force),kg
   Mu %/!G #'  bf /##   ,#&, cm
 # &(' !
< φM n "  & dpc /#'"*,' ')
#& 1.2 &
<!( ! # ( 
, cm
φM n ≥ M u
(8.38)
φM n ≥ 1.2M cr
8.7.1 (  '        & #  5/  
#
8.7 !"#
#$ %%&  
!#-"   (' 
"'% 
 #&(' !   (&# 5/
(   $& #  '   '"     -&    # #!&)$&# C! -  ! 8.41
&# 5/#!%!&  φv nh ≥ v uh (8.41)
/%'&! (#3- ! 8.39 C!
;  /%  B!   
! # - (! +  : Strength of
! φ = 0.85 /#3'(' ( 5/
Materials ' #) vuh /&# 5/#!% 
ΔVQ ! 8.40 &# ksc
vh = (8.39)
Ib f
vnh ('   5/#!&

! vh /&# 5/#!%!&, ksc

  C! B ACI (& vnh
ΔV / 5/!%(0!"(&
-#  %
 
 '  ;"
v nh = 5.6 ksc (,#,!" -&I0J,

' #  3"/%'&!-&!  %(
, # 
#%  -&   ') 
& ΔV %"%(0 !!
     5/  ,&  &  
'"%(0&% & 3"/%'&
,#,
!!  %(  ΔV %"%(
v nh = 5.6 ksc (,#,!" -&I0J,
0 !! %(0 '"
,#-&%   ')
%(/% #, kg
 5/3 !0 (!
Q /
< /%!/& (//%! /%
8.42),&& ,#,
'&!) ,&C<
 
, cm3
 283 284
v nh = 24.6 ksc (,#,!" -&I0J,
,#
#%  ') & 5/#!%# #!
   5/    3  ! 0   &"#& , #  Vuh* "  & #& 5/ 
  (  ! 8.42 ,&   #!  #  Vnh* 3 ##3
& ,#, '(' φ

&# 5/#!% vuh " *
Vuh ≤ φVnh
*
(8.44)
&-& 24.6 ksc C! ##&3')!(0
! 8.42  (3') 5/ '" & Vuh* %; 5/##!
  vuh < 5.6 ksc )-&(;  ') 5/= & C! !""! !  $&# ($&# # '"
 3! vuh > 24.6 ksc "  (#3
#*  !"" 0.35  $&# (&/! & Vuh* ;
 5/ (shear friction method) # ! 8.7.2 &  5/!%/!  C f ! 8.15 & C f %&
! 8.40 & v uh ≤ 0.2f c' '" v uh ≤ 56 ksc  #&&! #' &# & a  %& Vuh*   $ & 
(%   &C! "!& bf   &&-%
% *
Vuh = &  0.85f c' ab e  0.85f c' h f b e (8.45)
8.7.2 





 ! 8.43 '" 8.44 -  %
#*%"  #%#3& Vuh*
Av ≥
"#&  '&! ') φf y μ
(8.46)
5/ Av "( !G  # 5/% '&#/
 Vuh* - ! 8.45 3')
/! #C! ':3";! ,#& Av !- ! 8.46 %"  #   ""& !(
#/!  5/  #"K#   #( '""$&# !$ (#3 Vuh*
  ') 5/ C! ( !/ '"
  -&      #K  #   %   5/  #"  8.8 
 
   #    !    #%    %  & 
 %;,' !!%! #/!  #"<'"( 5/  
') 5/-&  #K#   & 5/ 
 "' #"<'"(
#!  # -  5/  *!#- (' 5/"'  &
*
Vnh = μA v f y (8.43) &&! "#& Vci C! ;('   5/3
 #/! ,'  5/&#
< '" Vcw C!

! *
Vnh / 5/#! 
 ,kg ;('   5/3 #/! ,' 
Av //%!  ') 5/, cm2 5/#
 Vci - ! 8.47 '" Vcw - 
fy /('  ') 5/, ksc ! 8.48
('   5/3 #/! ,'  5/
μ /"*L#&!,#,
&#
<
*!#-$ μ = 1.4 (
;/%#', μ = 1.0 ( ΔVi ΔM cr
Vci = 0.16 f c' b w d p + Vd + (8.47)
ΔM max
/!/%,#!% ( ,
μ = 0.4 /!/%,#!,
μ = 0.7 (/!/%,#') '"
 $ #' 3& μ  
* # 0.75
 285 286

! f c' /(' "'  , ksc    y ;  """#&  C<   

bw /##  ! !0   '"C<  
 & fpc 
 , cm - 
dp /"",#0 /%'& f pc =
RPi RPi ey' M p y'
− + (8.49)
! 0C< ') A I I

&  -& #& 0.8h  (#3-  

! e /""/% +< #')
#& $ 0.8h
 h ;#'% 
C<  ,
  
, cm
cm
ΔVi / 5/!&# (factored shear) ! 
A //%!   ,
!3 /! %(0 !
cm2
!'"%(0!"(
I /
<<$ 
' "
%' #, kg
 , cm4
ΔMmax /
<!&# (factored moment) !
Mp /
</! %(0!"(
 !3 /! %(0
& 3"/%
 Mp =
 !!'"%(0!"(
MG + MS 3-&!  %( '" Mp =
' "
%' #, kg.cm
MG 3!  %(, kg.cm
ΔMcr /  & 
<  !    !  "(  &     
MG / 
<  /!  %(     

 (  #! 
 , kg.cm
  !   3' "
 
MS /
</! %( /%
%' # C! - ! 8.37 &#
'&!, kg.cm
kg.cm

('   5/3 #/! ,'  5/

#  !"
⎛ ⎞
Vcw = ⎜ 0.93 f c' + 0.3f pc ⎟b w d p + Vp (8.48)
⎝ ⎠
 ,&/%  $"
(solid plank) ##  35 cm  5 cm   5

! fpc /  & #    /!     '"

cm $ '# B . 95-2534  ,&
%(0!"(&
+<' 5 mm (#'#! 4    0 7   $&#
 '&  (  )  3"/%  ! (  & C
##% & 2.00 m !%% '" 0.50 m  5.00
<  
 (3!C
m ('   3"& '" 28 #& 280 ksc
<       & 4 ,&  /% 
'" 350 ksc '(  (#3%(0(#
  '&  !    & #   
#$&# & =    /!(; ')(
"#& &"#& /%)

' 
- ! 8.49 &# ksc
Vp /   "&  #!     
') ! !3C! &
& Pe sin α / Pe α &# kg
TT

II
TM

umCivil Smart
a TumCivil Smart Company w w w .t u m c i v i l .c o m

y
TT

II
TM

umCivil Smart
a TumCivil Smart Company w w w .t u m c i v i l .c o m

y
TT

II
TM

umCivil Smart
a TumCivil Smart Company w w w .t u m c i v i l .c o m