HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

Faculty of English

======

ASSIGNMENT

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

HANOI - 2021
 HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY
Faculty of English

======

TOPIC OF THE ASSIGNMENT

TITANIC

HANOI-2021
 TABLE OF CONTENT

I. ENGLISH ESSAY “TITANIC” ................................................................ 1

II. ESSAY ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 3

1. Prove the text is written language ........................................................... 3

2. Find grammatical and lexical cohesive devices employed in the text ..... 6

3. Translate the text into Vietnamese ......................................................... 8

III. REFERENCES ...................................................................................... 10

 I. ENGLISH ESSAY “TITANIC”

TITANIC
Titanic was a British passenger liner operated by the White Star
Line that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912, after striking
an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of
the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making
the sinking at the time one of the deadliest of a single ship and the deadliest
peacetime sinking of a superliner or cruise ship to date. With much public
attention in the aftermath, the disaster has since been the material of many artistic
works and a founding material of the disaster film genre.
Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was
the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line.
She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews,
chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster.
Titanic was under the command of Captain Edward Smith, who went down
with the ship. The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the world,
as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland, Scandinavia and
elsewhere throughout Europe, who were seeking a new life in the United States.
The first-class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and
luxury, with a gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants, and
opulent cabins. A high-powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for
sending passenger "marconigrams" and for the ship's operational
use. The Titanic had advanced safety features, such as watertight compartments
and remotely activated watertight doors. The ship carried 16 lifeboat davits which
could lower three lifeboats each, for a total of 48 boats. However, Titanic carried
only a total of 20 lifeboats, four of which were collapsible and proved hard to
launch during the sinking. The carried lifeboats were enough for 1,178 people—

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about half the number on board, and one third of her total capacity—due to
the maritime safety regulations of those days. At the time of the sinking, the
lowered lifeboats were only about half-filled.
After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called
at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland, before heading
west to New York. On 14 April, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles
(600 km) south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. ship's time. The
collision caused the hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard (right) side
and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea; she could only
survive four flooding. Meanwhile, passengers and some crew members were
evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partially loaded. A
disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a "women and
children first" protocol for loading lifeboats. At 2:20 am, she broke apart and
foundered with well over one thousand people still aboard. Just under two hours
after Titanic sank, the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived and brought aboard
an estimated 710 survivors.
The disaster was met with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of
life, as well as the regulatory and operational failures that led to it. Public inquiries
in Britain and the United States led to major improvements in maritime safety.
One of their most important legacies was the establishment of the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) in 1914, which still governs
maritime safety. Several new wireless regulations were passed around the world
in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications—which
could have saved many more passengers.
The wreck of Titanic was discovered in 1985 by a Franco-American
expedition sponsored by the United States Navy. The ship was split in two and is
gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet (2,069.2 fathoms; 3,784 m).
Thousands of artefacts have been recovered and displayed at museums around the
world. Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history, depicted in

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numerous works of popular culture, including books, folk songs, films, exhibits,
and memorials. Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world, only
being surpassed by her sister ship HMHS Britannic; however, she is the largest
sunk while in service as a liner, as Britannic was in use as a hospital ship at the
time of her sinking. The final survivor of the sinking, Millvina Dean, aged two
months at the time, died in 2009 at the age of 97.

II. ESSAY ANALYSIS

1. Prove the text is written language
o There are no signs of direct interpersonal relations such as I, you, we.
o This text contains formal language with standard words and phrases. There
are no colloquialisms.
o There are no fillers.
o There are no signs of the phenomena of rhythm, intonation, interruptions,
exclamation marks, slang, jargons, contacted forms (he’s, she’d, they’ve…)
or pauses in the text.
o There are not many phenomena of ellipsis and repetition.
o All the sentences are informative and succinct. They contain enough subject
and verb components. They are all complete sentences.
For example:
- “She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast.”
➔ S: She, V: was, Cs: built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard
in Belfast.
- “Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time,
died in the disaster”
➔ S: Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time,
V: died, Cadv: in the disaster
- The ship carried 16 lifeboat davits which could lower three lifeboats
each, for a total of 48 boats.

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 ➔ S: The ship, V: Carried, Od: 16 lifeboat davits which could lower
three lifeboats each, for a total of 48 boats.
o The text is highly structured and there are many lexical cohesive devices.
For example:
- Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service
and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated
by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff
shipyard in Belfast.
o We can see that there are more content words in sentences than grammatical
(function) words.
For example: the content words are colored in yellow
- Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service
and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated
by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff
shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the
shipyard at the time, died in the disaster.
- Titanic was under the command of Captain Edward Smith, who
went down with the ship. The ocean liner carried some of the
wealthiest people in the world, as well as hundreds of emigrants
from Great Britain and Ireland, Scandinavia and elsewhere
throughout Europe, who were seeking a new life in the United
States. The first-class accommodation was designed to be the
pinnacle of comfort and luxury, with a gymnasium, swimming
pool, libraries, high-class restaurants, and opulent cabins. A high-
powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending
passenger "marconigrams" and for the ship's operational use. The
Titanic had advanced safety features, such as watertight
compartments and remotely activated watertight doors. The ship
carried 16 lifeboat davits which could lower three lifeboats each,

4
 for a total of 48 boats. However, Titanic carried only a total of 20
lifeboats, four of which were collapsible and proved hard to
launch during the sinking. The carried lifeboats were enough for
1,178 people—about half the number on board, and one third of
her total capacity—due to the maritime safety regulations of those
days. At the time of the sinking, the lowered lifeboats were only
about half-filled.
o There are many passive structure sentences are used in the text.
For example:
- A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a
"women and children first" protocol for loading lifeboats.
- The wreck of Titanic was discovered in 1985 by a Franco-
American expedition sponsored by the United States Navy.
- She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast.
- The ship was split in two and is gradually disintegrating at a depth
of 12,415 feet (2,069.2 fathoms; 3,784 m).
- Several new wireless regulations were passed around the world
in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless
communications—which could have saved many more
passengers.
o There is an extensive set of markers to mark relationships between clauses.
For example
- Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world, only
being surpassed by her sister ship HMHS Britannic; however, she
is the largest sunk while in service as a liner, as Britannic was in
use as a hospital ship at the time of her sinking.
- The collision caused the hull plates to buckle inwards along her
starboard (right) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight
compartments to the sea; she could only survive four flooding.

5
 Meanwhile, passengers and some crew members were evacuated
in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partially loaded.
- The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the
world, as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and
Ireland, Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe, who
were seeking a new life in the United States.
o There are many more complex and compound sentences than simple ones.
For example:
- Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world, only
being surpassed by her sister ship HMHS Britannic; however, she
is the largest sunk while in service as a liner, as Britannic was in
use as a hospital ship at the time of her sinking.
➔ S1: Titanic, V1: is; S2: she, V2: is; S3: Britannic, V3: was
- The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the
world, as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and
Ireland, Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe, who were
seeking a new life in the United States.
- S: The ocean liner, V: carried, Od: some of the wealthiest people
in the world, as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain
and Ireland, Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe, who
were seeking a new life in the United States.
2. Find grammatical and lexical cohesive devices employed in the text
o References
- Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service
and was the second of three Olympic-Class ocean liners operated
by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff
shipyard in Belfast.
- At 2:20 am, she broke apart and foundered with well over one
thousand people still aboard. Just under two hours after Titanic

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 sank, the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived and brought aboard
an estimated 710 survivors.
- Titanic was under the command of Captain Edward Smith, who
went down with the ship. The ocean liner carried some of the
wealthiest people in the world, as well as hundreds of emigrants
from Great Britain and Ireland, Scandinavia and elsewhere
throughout Europe, who were seeking a new life in the United
States.
o Ellipsis
- Thousands of artefacts have been recovered and displayed at
museums around the world.
- However, Titanic carried only a total of 20 lifeboats, four of
which were collapsible and proved hard to launch during the
sinking.
o Conjunctions
- After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called at
Cherbourg in France and Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland,
before heading west to New York.
- However, Titanic carried only a total of 20 lifeboats, four of
which were collapsible and proved hard to launch during the
sinking.
- Meanwhile, passengers and some crew members were evacuated
in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partially loaded.
A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a
"women and children first" protocol for loading lifeboats.

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 3. Translate the text into Vietnamese

TITANIC
Titanic là một tàu chở khách của Anh do hãng White Star Line điều hành,
bị chìm ở Bắc Đại Tây Dương vào ngày 15/04/1912, sau khi va phải một tảng
băng trôi trong chuyến hành trình đầu tiên từ Southampton đến thành phố New
York. Trong số 2,224 hành khách và thủy thủ đoàn ước tính trên tàu, hơn 1,500
người thiệt mạng, khiến vụ chìm tàu khi đó trở thành một trong những vụ đắm tàu
siêu tốc duy lịch kinh hoàng nhất cho đến nay. Với nhiều sự chú ý của công chúng
sau đó, thảm họa đã trở thành chất liệu của nhiều tác phẩm nghệ thuật và là chất
liệu sáng tạo của thể loại phim thảm họa.
Vào thời điểm đó, Titanic là con tàu lớn nhất được đi vào hoạt động và là
chiếc thứ hai trong số ba tàu viễn dương được xếp hạng Olympic do White Star
Line khai thác. Nó được chế tạo bởi xưởng đóng tàu Harland and Wolff ở Belfast.
Khi ấy, Thomas Andrews là kiến trúc sư trưởng hải quân của xưởng đóng tàu và
đã chết trong thảm họa này.
Titanic dưới sự chỉ huy của thuyền trưởng Edward Smith. Con tàu chở một
số người giàu nhất thế giới, cũng như hàng trăm người di cư từ Vương quốc Anh
và Ireland, Scandinavia và các nơi khác trên khắp châu Âu, những người đang tìm
kiếm một cuộc sống mới ở Hoa Kỳ. Khu lưu trú hạng nhất được thiết kế để trở
thành đỉnh cao của sự thoải mái và sang trọng, với phòng tập thể dục, hồ bơi, thư
viện, nhà hàng cao cấp và cabin sang trọng. Một máy phát tín hiệu vô tuyến công
suất cao đã được lắp đặt trên tàu để gửi những bức điện của hành khách. Tàu
Titanic có các tính năng an toàn tiên tiến, chẳng hạn như khoang kín nước và cửa
kín nước được kích hoạt từ xa. Con tàu chở 16 xuồng cứu sinh, mỗi xuồng có thể
hạ 3 xuồng cứu sinh, tổng cộng 48 xuồng. Tuy nhiên, Titanic chỉ chở được tổng
cộng 20 xuồng cứu sinh, bốn trong số đó có thể thu gọn và tỏ ra khó hạ thủy trong

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quá trình chìm. Các thuyền cứu sinh được chở đủ cho 1.178 người - khoảng một
nửa số người trên tàu và một phần ba tổng sức chứa của nó (theo các quy định về
an toàn hàng hải thời đó). Vào thời điểm chìm, các xuồng cứu sinh được hạ xuống
chỉ lấp đầy một nửa.
Sau khi rời Southampton vào ngày 10/04/1912, Titanic ghé thăm
Cherbourg ở Pháp và Queenstown (nay là Cobh) ở Ireland, trước khi đi về phía
tây đến New York. Vào ngày 14/04, bốn ngày sau khi vượt biển và cách
Newfoundland khoảng 375 dặm (600 km) về phía nam, nó va phải một tảng băng
trôi lúc 11:40 tối. Vụ va chạm làm cho các tấm thân tàu lệch vào trong dọc theo
mạn phải của nó và mở ra năm trong số mười sáu khoang kín nước của nó ra biển.
Trong khi đó, hành khách và một số thành viên phi hành đoàn đã được sơ tán trên
các xuồng cứu sinh, nhiều thuyền được hạ thủy chỉ được tải một phần. Một số
lượng nam giới bị bỏ lại trên tàu do quy định "phụ nữ và trẻ em là trên hết". Vào
lúc 2:20 sáng, nó vỡ đôi và hơn một nghìn người vẫn còn trên tàu. Chỉ chưa đầy
hai giờ sau khi Titanic bị chìm, tàu RMS Carpathia của Cunard đã đến và mang
theo ước tính khoảng 710 người sống sót.
Thảm họa đã gây ra sự bàng hoàng và phẫn nộ trên toàn thế giới với thiệt
hại lớn về nhân mạng, cũng như những thất bại về quy định và cách thức vận
hành. Các yêu cầu công khai ở Anh và Hoa Kỳ đã dẫn đến những cải thiện lớn về
an toàn hàng hải. Một trong những di sản quan trọng nhất của họ là việc thành lập
Công ước Quốc tế về An toàn Sinh mạng trên Biển (SOLAS) vào năm 1914, vẫn
điều chỉnh về an toàn hàng hải. Một số quy định đã được thông qua trên khắp thế
giới với nỗ lực rút kinh nghiệm từ nhiều sai lầm trong vận hành truyền thông
không dây. Những quy định này hướng tới việc có thể đã cứu được nhiều hành
khách hơn.
Xác tàu Titanic được phát hiện vào năm 1985 bởi một đoàn thám hiểm
Pháp-Mỹ do Hải quân Hoa Kỳ tài trợ. Con tàu bị tách làm đôi và đang dần tan rã
ở độ sâu 12.415 feet (2.069,2 fathoms; 3.784 m). Hàng ngàn di vật đã được phục
hồi và trưng bày tại các viện bảo tàng trên thế giới. Titanic đã trở thành một trong

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những con tàu nổi tiếng nhất trong lịch sử, được khắc họa trong nhiều tác phẩm
văn hóa đại chúng, bao gồm sách, bài hát dân gian, phim, triển lãm và đài tưởng
niệm. Titanic là con tàu đắm lớn thứ hai trên thế giới, chỉ bị vượt qua bởi con tàu
HMHS Britannic; tuy nhiên, nó là con tàu lớn nhất bị chìm khi đang hoạt động
như một tàu lót, vì Britannic đã được sử dụng như một con tàu dã chiến vào thời
điểm nó bị chìm. Người sống sót cuối cùng trong vụ chìm tàu, Millvina Dean, lúc
đó mới hai tháng tuổi, qua đời năm 2009 ở tuổi 97.

III. REFERENCES
1. Nguyễn Thế Hoá, 2021, Bài giảng Phân tích Diễn ngôn, Đại học Mở Hà Nội.
2. Nguyen Cao Thanh, 2015, The Differences between Spoken and Written
Grammar in English, in Comparison with Vietnamese, Tan Trao University.
3. Nguồn văn bản: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic

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