12.1.

1 Manual Passenger transmission (MT)

The alternative to a manual transmission is an automatic transmission; common types of

automatic transmissions are the hydraulic automatic transmission (AT), and the continuously
variable transmission (CVT), whereas the automated manual transmission (AMT) and dual-clutch
transmission (DCT) are internally similar to a conventional manual transmission, but are shifted
automatically. Alternately, there are older semi-automatic (specifically clutchless
manual) transmissions, which are based on the design of conventional manual transmission, with
a gear shifter, and are mechanically similar to a conventional manual transmission, with the
driver's control and input still being required to manually change gears, like with a standard
manual transmission, but the clutch system is completely automated, and the mechanical linkage
for the clutch pedal is completely replaced by an actuator, servo, or solenoid, and sensors, which
operate the clutch system automatically, when the driver touches or moves the gearshift. This
removes the need for a physical clutch pedal.

12.1.2 Automated Manual Passenger Car Transmissions (AMT)

Automated manual transmission (AMT), also known as a clutchless manual, denotes a type of

multi-speed motor vehicle transmission system that is closely based on the mechanical design and
build of a conventional manual transmission,[1][2][3][4][5] but uses automation to operate either the
clutch, and/or the gear shifting.

Many early versions of these transmissions that are semi-automatic in operation, such

as Autostick, can only control the clutch system automatically — often using various forms of
clutch actuation, such as electro-mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, or vacuum actuation[6][7] — but
still require the driver's manual input and full control to initiate gear changes by hand. Modern
versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as Selespeed and Easytronic,
can control both the clutch operation and the gear shifts automatically, by means of an ECU,
therefore requiring no manual intervention or driver input over gear changes. [8][9]

The usage of modern computer-controlled AMTs in passenger cars increased during the mid-
1990s, as a more sporting alternative to the traditional hydraulic automatic transmission. During
the 2010s, AMTs were largely replaced by the increasingly widespread dual-clutch
transmission design.

12.1.3

According to the current analysis of Reports and Data, the global Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT)
market was valued at USD 780 million in 2018 and is projected to witness a growth of 9.1% of
CAGR during forecast period in 2026. From demand side the growth is attributed to Hassle-free
driving experiences offered by dual clutch transmissions (DCT) along with changing and improving
customer preferences; and from the supply side the growth is majorly driven by increasing
stringent regulations about carbon footprints. Dual clutch transmission improves the engine
efficiency and to lower the carbon emissions.

Dual clutch transmission (DCT) have the additional benefit of providing a better smoother driving
experience.  As the name suggests, a dual clutch transmission (DCT) employs two clutches and
actuators; one clutch performs shifts out of the odd-numbered gear shift while the other clutch
takes care of the even-numbered gear shifts.

12.1.4 Automatic Passenger Car Transmissions (AT)

Our automatic transmission AT does far more than connect the engine to the drive
wheels. Transmissions are necessary because engines only operate efficiently within a
narrow range of speed. Fuel mileage suffers and emissions increase when an engine
turns too fast or too slowly.

With an automatic transmission, our engine speed is kept at an optimum level, through
a wide range of vehicle speeds. Based on the speed we drive, an automatic
transmission shifts into the best gear to keep the engine at the proper RPM. Watching
these shift points can provide an early warning of automatic transmission failure.

12.1.5 Passenger Car Hybrid Drive

A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as
submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other
means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids.

Hybrid power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power railway locomotives,

buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery, and ships. A diesel/turbine
engine drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump, which powers electric/hydraulic
motors - strictly an electric/hydraulic transmission (not a hybrid), unless it can accept
power from outside.

12.1.6 Continuously Variable Passenger Car Transmissions (CVT)

 (CVT) It's a type of automatic transmission that manufacturers increasingly favor as a

way to improve fuel economy.

CVTs were once derided as the shiftless "rubber band" transmission that made cars
seem as if they were revving up forever. But CVTs are no longer a mere experiment by
automakers looking for new ways to improve efficiency. They're becoming so common
that it's hard to find a mainstream manufacturer that doesn't offer them in at least
some models. Audi, Chevrolet, Ford, Honda, Jeep, Nissan, Subaru and Toyota all
provide CVTs as the standard transmission in at least one model. And some carmakers
have been doing so for many years.