TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

401069
GENERATION AND TRANSPORT
OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CHAPTER 5: DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
 CHAPTER 5: DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classification of distribution network
5.3 Problems in open Loop distribution network
5.4 Problems in loop distribution network

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 OBJECTIVES

◼ Understand advantages and disadvantages of

distribution networks
◼ Can calculate distribution network parameters
as well as power losses and voltage in
distribution networks.
◼ Can select conductors for distribution networks
◼ Can compensate reactive power for improving
power factor.

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 5.1 INTRODUCTION

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 5.1 INTRODUCTION

◼ Distribution networks are working with voltage from

0.4 kV to 110 kV
◼ Distribution networks directly supply electricity to
loads such as customers, industrial zone and sub-
transformer stations
◼ Due to low voltage and a huge amount of energy
transferred, power losses and voltage drop in
distribution network are significant

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 5.1 INTRODUCTION

◼ Voltage in distribution network is always adjusted so

that a good value is provided for loads.
◼ Voltage regulation in distribution network has a very
important role.
◼ Compensation of reactive power is significant for
reduction of power losses and voltage drop

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 5.2 CLASSIFICATION OF
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

◼ Based on the configuration of distribution networks,

they are classified into two kinds:
➢ Open loop distribution network
➢ Loop distribution network
◼ Open loop distribution networks not work as stably
as loop distribution networks do but the design of the
open network is easier
➢ Open loop distribution network capital is less
➢ Relay protection design for the later is more
complicated
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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

◼ There is a distribution line and it is represented in

terms of impedance and capacitance

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
There are two main sub-problems as below
➢ Case 1: Voltage and power at bus A are given.
Voltage and power at bus 2 are required to be
calculated.
➢ Case 2:Voltage and power at bus 2 are given.
Voltage and power at bus A are required to be
calculated.

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Loop distribution lines

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
CASE 1 PROBLEM
S1 S'1 R1 jX1 S"1 1
N

j(Y1/2) j(Y1/2) SPT1 = 20+j15 (MVA)

Power at the end of the distribution 𝑌1 2

line: 𝑆1ሶ " = (𝑃1 +𝑗𝑄1 ) − 𝑗 𝑈đ𝑚
2
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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Voltage drop in the line N-1
𝑃1" 𝑅1 + 𝑄1" 𝑋1
∆𝑈N1 =
𝑈đ𝑚
Voltage drop proportion in the line N-1
∆𝑈1
∆𝑈1 % = × 100%
𝑈đ𝑚
Power loss in the line N-1
𝑃"12 + 𝑄"12
∆𝑃N1 = 2 𝑅1
𝑈đ𝑚
𝑃"12 + 𝑄"12
∆𝑄1 = 2 𝑋1
𝑈đ𝑚

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Power at the sending end
𝑆1ሶ ′ = 𝑆1ሶ " + (∆𝑃1 +𝑗∆𝑄1 ൯
𝑌1 2
𝑆1ሶ = 𝑆1ሶ ′ − 𝑗 𝑈đ𝑚
2
Voltage at the sending end

𝑈1 = 𝑈1′ + ∆𝑈N1

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
◼ Mạng điện công nghiệp 10 kV như hình, đoạn N-1 sử dụng dây AC–120
có điện trở r0 = 0,21/km và đoạn 1-2 sử dụng dây AC–50 có điện trở r0
= 0,63 /km. Chiều dài các đoạn dây được cho như trên hình vẽ. Xác
định % tổn thất công suất trong mạng điện.

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
◼ Mạng điện công nghiệp 10 kV, toàn bộ đường dây sử dụng dây AC–95
như hình có r0 = 0,33/km và x0 = 0,332 /km. Phụ tải có đơn vị MW và
MVar. Xác định điểm sụt áp lớn nhất và tổn thất công suất trong mạng
điện.

◼ Nộp bài qua hệ thống E-learning

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
CASE 2 PROBLEM
S1 S'1 R1 jX1 S"1 1
N

j(Y1/2) j(Y1/2) SPT1 = 20+j15 (MVA)

Power at the sending-end

𝑆1ሶ ′ = 𝑆1 + 𝑗𝑄𝐶1 = 𝑃′1 + 𝑗𝑄′1

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Power loss in line N-1
P1′2 + 𝑄′12
∆PN1 + 𝑗∆Q N1 = 2 (R N1 +𝑗𝑋𝑁1)
Uđm
Voltage drop in the line N-1 𝑃1′ 𝑅N1 + 𝑄1′ 𝑋𝑁1
∆𝑈N1 =
𝑈đ𝑚
Voltage drop proportion in the line N-1
∆𝑈1
∆𝑈1 % = × 100%
𝑈đ𝑚
Power at the receiving-end

𝑆1 = 𝑆 ′ 1 − ∆PN1 − 𝑗∆Q N1 + 𝑗𝑄𝐶2 = 𝑃1 + 𝑗𝑄1

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Voltage at the receiving-end

𝑈′1 = 𝑈1 + ∆𝑈N1

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
COMPENSATE REACTIVE POWER

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
COMPENSATE REACTIVE POWER
A three phase line supply electricity to an electrical load

A capacitor located at the load to supply reactive power

Power loss and voltage drop are as follows
𝑃1𝑅01 + (𝑄1 −𝑄𝐶 )𝑋01
∆𝑈𝑐 01 =
𝑈đ𝑚
P12 + 𝑄1 − 𝑄𝐶 2
∆P𝐶01 + 𝑗∆Q C01 = 2 (R 01 +𝑗𝑋01)
Uđm

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
There is a drop between power loss and voltage drop
before and after installing capacitor
𝑄1𝑋01
∆UC =
𝑈đ𝑚
Q21 − 𝑄1 − 𝑄𝐶 2
∆𝑃𝐶 + 𝑗∆𝑄𝐶 = 2 (R 01 +𝑗𝑋01)
Uđm
2𝑄1𝑄𝐶 − 𝑄2𝐶
= 2 (R 01 +𝑗𝑋01)
Uđm
Where QC is calculated by
Where QC=3ωCU2c

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 5.3 PROBLEMS IN OPEN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
SELECTION OF CONDUCTORS
Current flowing in line 0-1
And area of conductor:
S01
I01 = I
F01 = 01
3 Uđm jeco
Where Jeco is economic current density in A/mm2 and
obtained by the following table
Time using maximum power (h)
1.000-3.000 3.000-5.000 >5.000
Conductor
type
Copper 2,5 2,1 1,8
Al or AC 1,3 1,1 1,0

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 5.4 PROBLEMS IN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Consider a 3-bus loop distribution network

The loop network is equivalently represented as below

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 5.4 PROBLEMS IN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Power flow is obtained by

(𝑃1 + 𝑗𝑄1) 𝑙𝑁2 + 𝑙12 + (𝑃2 + 𝑗𝑄2)𝑙𝑁2
𝑃𝑁1 + 𝑗𝑄𝑁1 =
𝑙𝑁1 + 𝑙12 + 𝑙𝑁2

𝑃12 + 𝑗𝑄12 = (𝑃𝑁1 − 𝑃1 )+j(𝑄𝑁1 − 𝑄1 )

𝑃𝑁2 + 𝑗𝑄𝑁2 = (𝑃2 − 𝑃12 )+j(𝑄2 − 𝑄12 )

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 5.4 PROBLEMS IN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Voltage at buses 1, 2 and 3 is calculated

𝑈1 = 𝑈N − ∆𝑈N1

𝑈2 = 𝑈1 − ∆𝑈12 = 𝑈N − ∆𝑈N2

Voltage at bus 2 is the lowest because this bus is a

node where two power flows contact. The value can be
calculate by two ways

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 5.4 PROBLEMS IN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Voltage drop and power loss are as follows
2
𝑃𝑁1𝑅𝑁1 + 𝑄𝑁1𝑋𝑁1 PN1 + Q2N1
∆𝑈N1 = ∆PN1 + 𝑗∆Q𝑁1 = 2 (R N1 +𝑗𝑋𝑁1)
𝑈đ𝑚 Uđm

𝑃12𝑅12 + 𝑄12𝑋12 2
P12 + Q212
∆𝑈12 = ∆P12 + 𝑗∆Q12 = (R12 +𝑗𝑋12)
𝑈đ𝑚 2
Uđm
2
𝑃𝑁2𝑅𝑁2 + 𝑄𝑁2𝑋𝑁2 ∆P + 𝑗∆Q PN2 + Q212
∆𝑈N2 = N2 𝑁2 = 2 (R N2 +𝑗𝑋𝑁2)
𝑈đ𝑚 Uđm

Total power loss in the loop network

∆𝑃 + ∆𝑄 = ∆PN1 + j∆Q N1 +∆P12 + 𝑗∆Q12 +∆PN2 + 𝑗∆Q N2

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 5.4 PROBLEMS IN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
◼ Cho mạng điện có điện áp 10kV cung cấp từ hai nguồn A
và B. Toàn thể mạng điện sử dụng dây AC-70 có r0 = 0,45
/km, x0 = 0,341 /km, chiều dài các đoạn dây cho như
hình. Tìm điểm sụt áp lớn nhất của mạng điện. (Nộp bài
qua Elearning)

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 5.4 PROBLEMS IN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
COMPENSATE REACTIVE POWER
Power flow is obtained by
[(P1 +j Q1−Qc1 ] lN2 +l12
PN1 + jQ N1 =
lN1 +l12 +lN2
[(P2 +j Q2−Qc2 ] lN2
+
lN1 +l12 +lN2

𝑃12 + 𝑗𝑄12 = (𝑃𝑁1 − 𝑃1 )+j(𝑄𝑁1 − 𝑄1 + 𝑄c1 )

𝑃𝑁2 + 𝑗𝑄𝑁2 = (𝑃2 − 𝑃12 )+j(𝑄c2 − 𝑄2 − 𝑄12 )

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 5.4 PROBLEMS IN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Voltage drop and power loss are as follows
2
𝑃𝑁1𝑅𝑁1 + 𝑄𝑁1𝑋𝑁1 PN1 + Q2N1
∆𝑈N1 = ∆PN1 + 𝑗∆Q𝑁1 = 2 (R N1 +𝑗𝑋𝑁1)
𝑈đ𝑚 Uđm

𝑃12𝑅12 + 𝑄12𝑋12 2
P12 + Q212
∆𝑈12 = ∆P12 + 𝑗∆Q12 = (R12 +𝑗𝑋12)
𝑈đ𝑚 2
Uđm
2
𝑃𝑁2𝑅𝑁2 + 𝑄𝑁2𝑋𝑁2 ∆P + 𝑗∆Q PN2 + Q212
∆𝑈N2 = N2 𝑁2 = 2 (R N2 +𝑗𝑋𝑁2)
𝑈đ𝑚 Uđm

Total power loss in the loop network

∆𝑃 + ∆𝑄 = ∆PN1 + j∆Q N1 +∆P12 + 𝑗∆Q12 +∆PN2 + 𝑗∆Q N2

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 5.4 PROBLEMS IN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
SELECTION OF CONDUCTORS
Currents in the network :
SN1
IN1 =
3 Uđm
SN2 S12
IN2 = I12 =
3 Uđm 3 Uđm

Area of conductors is obtained

I I I
FN1 = N1 FN2 = N2 F12 = 12
jeco jeco jeco

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 5.4 PROBLEMS IN LOOP
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Where Jeco is economic current density in A/mm2 and
obtained by the following table
Time using maximum power (h)
1.000-3.000 3.000-5.000 >5.000
Conductor
type
Copper 2,5 2,1 1,8
Al or AC 1,3 1,1 1,0

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS
◼ In this chapter, we have learnt:
➢ Types of distribution networks such as open loop
and loop networks
➢ Calculation of power losses and voltage drop in the
distribution networks
➢ Compensate reactive power to reduce power
losses and improve voltage
➢ Selection conductor area for distribution networks.

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS
◼ ASSIGNMENTS:
➢ Refer : [1]: 178-182, [2]: 342-343;
[3]: 135-136
➢ Do exercises next slide

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 EXERCISES

EX1: Consider the 110 kV network below, time using

maximum power per year for stations 1 and 2 are
respectively 5500 and 4500 hours. Select area of
conductors.

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 EXERCISES

EX2: Consider the 66 kV network below, time using

maximum power per year for stations 1 and 2 are
respectively 5500 and 5000 hours. Select area of
conductors.
SOURCE

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 Thuyết trình

◼ Lưới điện truyền tải 500kV: Lịch sử xây dựng và

phát triển,…
◼ Trạm biến áp: cấu trúc, cách thức vận hành,…
◼ Tụ bù trong hệ thống điện: phân loại, cấu trúc, bộ
tụ bù ứng động…
◼ Các phần mềm tính toán lưới điện: Power World,
ETAP, PSS/E, DigSilent, Matlab Matpower
toolbox,…
◼ Mỗi nhóm tối đa 7 bạn.
◼ Đăng ký nhóm: tg_nguyenphuckhai@tdtu.edu.vn
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