GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization is an elusive
concept. Scholars engaged in
this field do not necessarily
agree on what globalization is
really all about (Etzrodt,
2010, p.36; Robinson, 2007,
p.126).
– Not new / always been
– New
– In between
 GLOBALIZATION

• However, some highlight the prominent aspects

of globalization such as its economic, political,
and social dimensions (Robinson, 2007; Potrafke,
2015; Mironov, 2016) or what Ritzer (2011b) calls
political, economic, and cultural flows
 GLOBALIZATION
• The term globalization
encompasses a range of
[technological] social
[cultural], political, and
economic changes (GPF)
• The features of these
dimensions could be
intertwining (Kellner,
2002)
• HOW?
• Globalization refers to the “transplanetary process
or set of processes involving increasing liquidity
and the growing multi-directional flows of people,
objects, places and information as well as the
structures they encounter and create that are
barriers to, or expedite, those flows” (Ritzer,
2011b, p. 2).
 Globalization and liquidity…
• Liquidity, as defined
by Ritzer (2011b, p.
6), refers to the
“increasing ease of
movement of
people, things,
information, and
places in the global
age”
 From solid to liquid
• Solidity : People, things,
information, and places “
harden ” over time and
therefore have limited
mobility (Ritzer, 2000, p.4)
• Liquidity : Increasing ease
of movement of people,
things, information, and
places in the global age
(Ritzer, 2000, p.4)
THE KOF GLOBALIZATION
INDEX
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• The KOF index of globalization (KOF, 2016) is a
measure/rank of the economic, social, and
political globalization of the 207 countries in
the world
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• The top 10 countries (in
order and for the rest of the
other lists) under economic
globalization are:
– Singapore, Ireland,
Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Malta, UAE, Hungary, Estonia,
Belgium, and Bahrain
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• For social globalization,
in the top 10 are:
– Austria, Singapore,
Switzerland, Ireland,
Netherlands, Belgium,
Puerto Rico, Canada,
Cyprus, and Denmark
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• The ten most
politically globalized
countries are:
– Italy, France, Belgium,
Austria, Spain, UK,
Sweden, Brazil,
Netherlands, and
Switzerland
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• The top ten globalized
countries in the world
for 2016 are:
– Netherlands, Ireland,
Belgium, Austria,
Switzerland, Singapore,
Denmark, Sweden,
Hungary, and Canada
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• The ten least globalized
countries are:
– Virgin Islands, Somalia, San
Marino, North Korea,
Northern Mariana Islands,
Marshall Islands, Monaco,
Liechtenstein, Isle of Man,
and Guam.
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• The economic index was constructed
according to: 1) data on actual flows (trades,
portfolio investment, income payments to
foreign nationals; and 2) data on restrictions
(hidden import barriers, mean tariff rate, taxes
on international trade, capital account
restrictions).
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• Social globalization (KOF, 2016, n.d) is “expressed as
the spread of ideas, information, images and
people.”
• This dimension is based on the following variables: 1)
data on personal contact (telephone traffic, transfers
based on GDP percent, international tourism, foreign
population, international letters); 2) data on
information flows (internet users, television, trade in
newspapers); and 3) data on cultural proximity
(number of McDonald's restaurants, number of Ikea,
trade in books).
 THE KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX
• Political globalization refers to how
government policies spread based on
embassies in a country, membership in
international organizations, participation in
U.N. Security Council Missions, and
international treaties.
The technological aspect
The economic aspect
The consumption aspect
The consumption aspect
The political aspect
The environmental
aspect
The cultural aspect
GROUP ACTIVITY:
DEEPENING
 How is the globalization process
evident in the Philippines?
1. Technologically Instruction:
2. Politically • Provide possible statistical
data/trends (rough)
3. Economically
• Quote policies/agreements
4. Socially or culturally
• Support claims (e.g.
Network societies and
culture)
• Emphasize the direction of
the trend/s
 REFERENCES
• Castells, Manuel. 2000. The Rise of the Network
Society. Blackwell Publishers, Inc. Cambridge, MA,
USA
• Etzrodt, C. (2010). The neo-Calvanist foundation of
globalization. Asia journal of Global Studies, 4(1), 45-
49
• Kellner, D. (2002). Theorizing globalization.
Sociological Theory, 20(3), 285-305. Retrieved from
http://0-
www.jstor.org.lib1000.dlsu.edu.ph/stable/3108613
 REFERENCES
• KOF. (2016). KOF index of globalization.
http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/
• Potrafke, N. (2015). The Evidence on globalisation.
World Economy, 38(3), 509-552.
doi:10.1111/twec.12174
• Mironov, V. V. (2016). The transformation of
economics, politics, and law in globalization. Value
Inquiry Book Series, 28838-56.
doi:10.1163/9789004307841_005
 REFERENCES
• Ritzer, G. (2011a). Globalization: A Basic Text. West
Sussex, United Kingdom. Wiley-Blackwell.
• Ritzer, G. (2011b). Globalization: The Essentials. West
Sussex, United Kingdom. Wiley-Blackwell.
• Robinson, W. (2007). Theories of globalization. In
(ed.) George Ritzer Blackwell Companion to
Globalization. Oxford: Blackwell.