DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING SCIENCES

COURSE: COMMON UNIT

CRIMINOLOGY NAIROBI CBD

HNS 1100: GENDER, HIV/AIDS & SUBSTANCE USE

DATE: AUGUST 2019

TIME:

DURATION: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Please indicate your REGISTRATION NUMBER on all the answer sheets: DO NOT
WRITE YOUR NAME.
2. The paper consists of THREE (3) sections.
3. SECTION I consists of MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS. Attempt ALL the
questions by choosing the BEST choice among the statements. Clearly indicate any
corrections made.
4. SECTION II consists of 6 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS. Attempt ALL the
questions.
5. SECTION III consists of TWO (2) LONG ESSAY QUESTIONS. Answer the TWO
questions.
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SECTION I: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (20MARKS).
INSTRUCTIONS: CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER FOR EACH OF THE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS.

1. Exposure to HIV means?

A. HIV antibody test is positive
B. HIV antibody test is negative
C. Viral load is low
D. Sero-conversion has not occurred

2. HIV stands for?

A. Human infecting virus
B. Human immunodefective virus
C. Human inducing virus
D. Human immunodeficiency virus

3. HIV belongs to which of the following family?

A. Adenovirus
B. Retrovirus
C. Hepadnavirus
D. Reovirus

4. The window period...........?

A. A time period when a person is HIV infected, but the HIV rapid tests, ELISA and
Western Blot tests can all be negative.
B. Typically lasts 7 – 10 years.
C. Patients have a high level of antibodies to HIV.
D. Is characterized by a slow steady decline in CD4.

5. Which of the following is not a strain of HIV 1?

A. Group M
B. Group P
C. Group K
D. Group N

6. HIV virus has a protein coat and a genetic material which is?
A. Double stranded DNA
B. Single stranded RNA
C. Double stranded RNA
D. Single stranded DNA

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7. How many types of HIV infections exist around the world?
A. 5
B. 9
C. 2
D. 4

8. Which of the following is the most virulent strain of HIV 1?

A. Group M
B. Group P
C. Group K
D. Group N

9. In which year was the first HIV case reported in Kenya?

A. 1997
B. 1984
C. 1970
D. 1992

10. Which HIV type is commonly found in West Africa?

A. HIV 1
B. HIV 2
C. HIV 3
D. HIV 4

11. In which year did the ARVs become available in the private sector in Kenya?
A. 1997
B. 1984
C. 1970
D. 1992

12. HIV/AIDS has been shown to cause a decrease in life expectancy by?
A. 4 years
B. 10 years
C. 20 years
D. 30 years

13. More than 51% of new HIV infections occur among youths in Kenya. Which one is not a
reason for the observed trend?
A. Majority of the youths have incorrect perception of HIV risk
B. Getting married while still at school
C. Having unprotected sexual intercourse under influence of alcohol or drugs
D. Forced sex and sexual violence

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14. Young women are more vulnerable to the acquisition of HIV/AIDS as compared to their
male counterparts. Which of the following is not a reason for the above trend?
A. More copies of the virus are present in the man's sperm than there are in the vaginal
fluids 
B. Women have less access to employment and education 
C. Culturally, women are vulnerable to contracting HIV 
D. Women who contract HIV do not observe hygiene 

15. A third of the people living with HIV/AIDS in Kenya belong to which age group?
A. 16-25 years
B. 20-49 years
C. 15-24 years
D. 10-35years

16. HIV attacks a specific type of immune system cell in the body. Which one?
A. CD4+
B. CD8+
C. B Cells
D. Natural killer cells
17. Which component of the HIV is derived from the host cell?
A. Envelope 
B. Capsid
C. Enzymes
D. Surface proteins 
18. Which organization operates as a division within the Ministries of Health and is mainly
involved with technical co-ordination of HIV and AIDS programmes in Kenya?
A. National AIDS Control Council
B. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
C. National AIDS and STIs Control Programme
D. Great Lakes Initiative on AIDS

19. Why is HIV virus unique compared to other regular viruses?

A. Has DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as their genetic material
B. Has RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material
C. Has both DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic
material
D. None of the above
20. Which method of HIV prevention would be appropriate for post-rape victims?
A. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
B. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
C. Both a and b 
D. None of the above

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SECTION II: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 40 MARKS

1. a) Discuss five (5) modes of HIV transmission (5marks).

b) Describe any five (5) opportunistic infections (OIs) (5mks).

2. Explain the role of anti-retroviral therapy in prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in

Kenya (5marks).
3. State five (5) advantages of using rapid assays over long ELISA (5mks).

4. Explain the impact of HIV infection on each of the following (6marks).

a. Family and social system

b. Economy and Agriculture

c. People living with HIV/AIDS

5. State ‘Most At Risk Populations (MARPS)’ and their contribution to spread of HIV-
AIDS in Kenya (5mks).

6. a) Discuss the vicious cycle effects as a result of malnutrition and HIV (4mks).

b) Outline the five (5) objectives of home-based care (5mks).

SECTION III: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS 40 MARKS

1. Illustrate the HIV structure stating the functions of each component (20 marks).

2. A) Classify anti-retroviral (ARVs) drugs and give an example for each class (10 marks).

B) Discuss the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (10 marks).

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