GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

So what is demography?

Demography is The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which
illustrate the changing structure of human populations. It deals with fertility, mortality, marriage,
migration, and social mobility. All of this is connected to social, economic, culture, and any other field.
For example, let us look at how children view different field;

 In Religious, they see children as a gift, a symbol of successful union. (ito yung madalas na
sinasabing biyaya para sa mga taong humihiling na makabuo ng mga sarili nilang pamilya)
 In culture, they see children as the successor to the next generation, a kinship network

(Kinship networks are defined broadly as extended family, including biological relationships, marriage,
and other self-ascribed associations, beyond the family nucleus of parents and dependent children. ”
extended family”) ito yung sa mga kultura pati na den nating mga Pilipino na yung mga anak yung
nagiging parang tagapag mana or kapalit ng mga magulang para ipagpatuloy yung nasimulan nila

 In economic, they see children as critical investments. (ito naman yung parang ngayon na nag
aaral tayo which is nag iinvest yung government para pagdating ng makagraduate na is
magttrabaho tayo sa kanila na magagamit naten yung natutunan natin para sa pag unlad ng
economy or to give back on their investments on us.

Demography is critical for in the way you observe the character, in which the population changes over
the years, And that is essential because it lets us to look at how adjustments of the population across
the world, together with the getting old population phenomenon we're witnessing, can result in a lower
in GDP and moreover a growth in the mechanization of jobs and production in advanced nations.

IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

This is very important because the human race and the human population needs to be
evaluated, so we can judge how to allocate resources and to ensure that our lifestyle is sustainable, so
future generations can do as well as we can, as it would be unethical for us to use all the resources
and hence reduce the quality of life of those people, as even if they aren’t born yet, they still have the
same human rights when they are, and so unsustainable processes are not allowed as this is
prevented from occurring accordingly. To avoid such issues, it is important to study these things and
layout procedures to ensure that this cannot happen, for the betterment of society.

But let us focus on economics by answering this question, will the child be an economic asset or a
burden to the family? Let’s answer this by looking at the rural and urban communities

RURAL
Farmers want more children to have an extra
hand to help with crop cultivation or in their
small family business.
Rural families view multiple children and large
kinship as critical investments. Children can take
over the agricultural work and their houses
URBAN
Educated or professional families desire just one
or two children because they are tied to their
jobs and have no time devoted to having a kid or
to parenting.
Urban families may not have the same kinship
network because couples live on their own, or
they already move out of their farmlands.
 become the retirement house of their parents,
who will proceed to take care of their
grandchildren.

 When couples are asked having a child is a symbol of a successful union between man and
woman. It also ensures that the family will have a successor generation that will continue its
name, honor, pride, family stories will be preserved.
 Rural families having many members in the family will help them a lot particularly with farming
(harvesting and planting). The poorest districts of urban centers also tend to have families with
more children because the success of a small family business depends on how many of their
family members can be hawking their wares on the street.
 However, urbanized cities, educated, and professional families with two incomes in the family
desire only one or two children in the family because each member of the family has committed
in his/her professions. These families also have their sight on long-term saving plans for the
future of the children, retirement, health care, and the future education of their children.
(Affairs, 2017).

These different versions of family life determine the economic and social policies that countries craft
regarding their respective populations. Countries in a less developed region in the world rely on
agriculture tend to maintain high levels of population growth. In the year 1980 report of United
Nation on urban and rural population growth states that “these areas contained 85 percent of the
world population in 1975 and are projected to contain 90 percent by the end of the 20th century”

In looking and searching for the demography we will see a certain problem as we go, and
overpopulation is one of those.

Overpopulation

Thomas Malthus argued that although the population grows geometrically from 2 to 4 to 8 to 16 and
so forth, the food supply increases only arithmetically from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and so on. This meant, he
claimed, that if births go unchecked, the population will outstrip its food supply. And Paul R. Ehrlich
and his wife wrote “The Population Bomb”, which argued that overpopulation will bring food
shortage and mass starvation. They proposed to promote global population control in order to reduce
the growth rate to zero. The following are some remedies in overpopulation

 Chemical castration (Chemical castration uses certain chemicals to reduce a man's libido or
sexual activity by lowering testosterone — the predominant sex hormone in males. This type of
castration has been used as a punishment against sex offenders since the 1940s.)
 Institution-building (Institutions are created as a part of any national building process. Our focus
here should be on state sponsored institutions such as the judiciary, police, education, and
government officials. The establishment and functioning of any institution is critically dependent
on the social, economic and political support it receives from the government. It is assumed that
the well-directed and efficient functioning of institutions will ensure a better quality of life for
 people at large.) One example is the ministry of population and environment in Nepal but here
in Philippines we have The Commission on Population (POPCOM) is a government agency
mandated as the over-all coordinating, monitoring and policy making body of the population
program. It is the lead agency promoting population activities.
 Policy-oriented (by means of)
o Taxing on additional child and luxury taxes on child-related products(eto is I think sa us
lang po) For the 2020 tax year, the child tax credit allows eligible tax filers to reduce
their tax liability by up to $2,000 per child. To be eligible for the child tax credit, the child
or dependent must:
o Be 16 years or younger by the end of the tax year
o Be a U.S. citizen, national, or resident alien
o Have lived with the taxpayer for more than half of the tax year
o Be claimed as a dependent on the federal tax return
o Not have provided more than half of their own financial support
o Have a Social Security number

Before the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act TCJA, the IRS allowed families with an annual income of more
than $3,000 to claim a refund using the additional child tax credit. The tax credit depended on
how much the taxpayer earned and was calculated by taking 15% of the taxpayer's taxable
earned income over $3,000 up to the maximum amount of the credit, which was then $1,000
per child. The total amount above $3,000 (subject to annual adjustments for inflation) was
refundable.

For example, a taxpayer with two dependents qualifies for the child tax credit. Their earned
income is $28,000, which means income over $3,000 is $25,000. Since 15% x $25,000 = $3,750 is
greater than the maximum credit of $2,000 for two kids, they would have received the full
portion of any unused credit.

So if the taxpayer received an $800 child tax credit, they would be refunded a $1,200 Additional
child tax credit. However, if the taxable earned income was $12,000 instead, 15% of this amount
over $3,000 is 15% x $9,000 = $1,350. Because the refundable portion of the credit cannot
exceed 15% of earned income above $3,000, the taxpayer would receive a maximum refund of
$1,350, not $2,000.

Taxpayers with income below $3,000 were eligible if they had at least three qualifying
dependents and paid Social Security Tax in excess of the amount of their earned-income credit
for the year.

o Family Planning

As population growth rate increased after World War II, by limiting the population, vital resources
could be used for economic progress and be the basis for the government on population control
programs worldwide. For example, the one child policy in China. And in the Philippines, the Republic
Act No. 10354 on Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health.
Here in these table you can see the top 5 countries by population in the year 2018-2019

Top 5 Countries by Population 2018-2019

Sources: World Population Prospects (2019 Revision) by United Nation

Next is the Economy and Population

ECONOMY AND POPULATION

Betsy Hartmann criticized the use of population control to prevent crisis, he accused governments of
using population control as a substitute for social justice and much-needed reforms such as land
distribution, employment creation, provision of mass education and health care, and emancipation.
Population growth aided economic development by spurring technological and institutional
innovation and increasing the supply of human ingenuity. And noted that these megacities have
become and continue to be centers of economic growth and activity, but also clusters in which income
disparities along with transportation, housing, air pollution, and waste management are major
problems.

If the working-age increases, for example, the median age of females is 29.4 years and 30.9 years in
males it means it has a young working population, there are more workers than per dependent.
Demographers called it a window of opportunity, an opportunity for the government to develop and
boss the economy, but the period is limited.

WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS

 Women must have control over their bodies

 The more educated a woman is, the better are her prospects of improving her economic
position.
  The health of the mother and child comes first.
 Feminist perspective
o Against any form of population control because they are compulsory by nature
o Unequal distribution of wealth, universal health care, education, and gender equality

Feminist approach on the issue of reproductive rights. They are against any form of population
control because they believed that it is compulsory by nature, resorting to a carrot and stick
approach (punitive mechanism co-exists alongside benefits) that do not empower women. They
believe that government assumptions that poverty and environmental problems are caused by
overpopulation are wrong. These factors ignore other equally important causes like the unequal
distribution of wealth, the lack of public safety (universal health care, education, and gender
equality programs. The feminist also points out that there is very little evidence that points to
overpopulation as the culprit behind poverty and environmental devastation (Hartman,1999).

As the Unite Nations Population Fund latest transformative goals,

 Zero Maternal Mortality

 Zero unmeet need for modern family planning, and
 Zero Gender-based violence and other harmful practices

the goals of the United Nation International Conference on Population and development in the year
1994. Each country representative to the conference agreed that women should receive family planning
counseling on abortion, the danger of sexually transmitted diseases, the nature of human sexuality, and
the main elements of responsible parenthood.

FOOD SOVEREIGNTY AND FOOD SECURITY

 FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
o The right of peoples, communities, and countries to determine their own production
system related to agricultural labor, fishing, food, and land, and associated policies
which are ecologically, socially, economically, and culturally appropriate to their
unique circumstances
 FOOD SECURITY
o Providing food that is always available, that all people have the means to access it,
that it is nutritionally adequate in terms of quantity, quality, and variety, and that it is
acceptable within the given culture.

POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY

 The Food and Agriculture Organization warns that for countries to mitigate the impact of
population growth, food production must increase by 70 percent.
 Increase investment in agriculture
 Long-term policies aimed at fighting poverty
 Invest in research and development
 Move towards a global trading system that is fair and competitive, and that contributes to a
dependable market for food.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warns that for the countries to mitigate the impact of
population growth, food production must increase almost 70 percent annual food production must rise
to 3 billion tons from the current 2.1 billion and yearly meat production must up to 200 million tons to
reach 470 million. The problem here is that the global rate of growth of food has declined considerably
from 3.2 percent in1960 to just 1.5 percent in 2000 (FAO).

The world in 2100

Projected World Population until 2100

Source: UN Population Division

The world population is projected to increase by more than one billion people within the next 15 years,
reaching 8.5 billion in 2030, and to increase further to 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100.

WHAT IS MIGRATION

The movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling, permanently or
temporarily in a new location. There are two types of migrations

 Internal migration refers to people moving from one area to another within one country.
 International migration refers to people crossing borders of one country to another

Migration is the flow or movement of people from one place to another either internal or international.
The main purpose of why people migrate is to have work or employment. There are two types of
migration. Internal Migration- refers to people moving from one area to another within one country;
and international migration refers to people crossing the borders of one country to another.
It can further break down into five groups

 Immigrants or those who move permanently to another country

 Seasonal- Workers who stay in another country for a fixed period, for example, OFWs
 Illegal immigrants - refers people who continue residing in that country without the legal right
to live,
 Petitioned immigrants - migrants whose families have petitioned them to move to the country
 Refugees (asylum-seekers) - are people that are unable or unwilling to return because of a well-
founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group or political opinion

In this section, you will look at global migration and its impact on the sending countries (countries where
the migrants originated) and receiving countries (countries where a particular migrant will work or
migrate).

COUNTRIES WITH THE MOST IMMIGRANTS

The countries with most number of immigrants

Source: World Population Prospects (2019 Revision) by United Nation

As you can see The top 10 countries with the greatest number of immigrants are mainly from West and
the Middle East, and the United States of America tops the list with the greatest number of immigrants
(Castles, 2000).

COUNTRIES HIGHEST NUMBER OF MIGRANTS

 Top sending countries supplied the highest number of migrants

Source: World Population Prospects (2019 Revision) by United Nation

Demographers estimated that almost 247 million people are currently living outside the countries of
their birth. Ninety percent of people moved for economic reasons because most people move hoping
to find better conditions or opportunities such as jobs, higher wages, safety or maybe freedom of
expression. While the remaining 10% of percent were refugees and asylum seekers because they want
to avoid violence, war, extreme poverty, and sexual or gender orientation (Bank, 2006).

The Top three regions where the refugees came from are

 Latin America (18 percent of global total)

 Eastern Europe and Central Asia (same number of 16% of the global total)
 Middle East and North Africa (14 percent of global total).

Advantages and Disadvantages of Migrants Worker

Migration can bring advantages and disadvantages to the country which losing people to work in

the host country.

Advantages

1. Improvement of the quality of life

Immigrants are looking for an increase in standard living conditions. Living in crime-free surroundings,
with citizen benefits and social security, it is usually a common engine for urging individuals to move
from one country to a different country.

2. New personal and professional experiences

The new stage of life encourages immigrants is to get the best of them in the personal and work
environment surroundings. When they leave their comfort zone, immigrants are faced with another
challenge such as being more independent, living alone, have saved, taking on new personal and
professional commitments in the country where individuals migrate or work.

3. New cultures and expansion of knowledge

Travelling offers you the chance to find out concerning new cultures, cooking, expressions, traditions,
and even overcome language barriers, if this can be the case. Creating a life in another country opens
the doors of information through the domestic history of every nation, and even through tours of the
foremost representative sites or historical sites of the place.

4. Economic Opportunities

If someone cannot realize employment in his country, the most effective possibility is also to look for
employment in another place. A migrant might have employment; however, he/she might want to move
to another country with a higher salary, living conditions, and a lot of economic activity. Some places
provide a lot of instructional opportunities for career advancement.

Disadvantages

1. Racism and Culture Barriers

Not all countries are hospitable to immigrants. In several cases, cultures of resistance to differ
overcome; within which immigrants could also be victims of racial discrimination or afraid comments, by
their country or region of origin. (itong disadvantage na ito ay common na at lagi naten itong nakikita at
naririnig sa balita)

2. Language Barriers

If you decide on to migrate to rural areas with a language aside from the natural language, it's essential
to take hold of a minimum of the essential notions of that language. For this, it's most wise to grasp the
essential terms to develop in society: basic phrases to create purchases, be aware of traffic signs and, of
course, handle the greetings and expressions of courtesy.

3. Shortage of Labor Supply

Unemployment will represent a big disadvantage for the immigrant, particularly if they imagine to board
to another country while not supportive of the academic and skilled professionals’ credentials that they
need within the country of origin. Once living in another country, and living the experiences of
multiculturalism, place into practice in education, cultural precept and values learned.

REFERENCES

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/additional-child-tax-credit.asp

https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/