UNIT 7 The perks of globalization

Getting started
Look at the following picture. How would you define
1 globalization?

2 Teamwork: Read the following questions and discuss them with the class.

a. In your opinion, what has led to increased globalization?

b. What are some positive effects of globalization?

c. What are some negative effects of globalization?

d. Has globalization gone too far, not far enough, or has it been heading in the wrong direction?

59
 Barry Chiswick of the University of Illinois at Chicago
Reading – Sample part 1 and Timothy Hatton of the University of Essex makes
Exam overview plain, it is economic factors that have been
uppermost throughout the history of migration.
• These is the easiest of the three reading passages.
• The passage tends to be descriptive and factual,
while the other sections contain more argument B. For many years after the discovery of America, the
and discussion. flow of, free migrants from Europe was steady but
quite small: transport costs were high, conditions
Teamwork: You are going to read a harsh and the dangers of migration great. In 1650 a
1 passage about migration. Before you free migrant's passage to North America cost nearly
read, discuss these questions. half a year's wages for a farm labourer in southern
1. How has migration affected society? England. Slavery predominated until the slave trade
2. In your opinion, is migration a result of was stopped in the first half of the 19th century. By
globalization or the other way around? around 1800, North America and the Caribbean
3. Why do people migrate? islands had received some 8m immigrants. Of these,
Scanning and skimming are skills that about 7m were African slaves.
2 will save you time when you do the IELTS
Reading paper. C. The first era of mass voluntary migration was
between 1850 and 1913. Over 1m people a year
a. Using your own words and the knowledge from
were drawn to the new world by the turn of the 20th
previous units, write the definition to the
century. Growing prosperity; falling transport costs
following words.
and lower risk all pushed in the same direction.
1. Scanning:
Between 1914 and 1945, war, global depression and
to____________________________________
go through something carefully in order to get specific information
government policy reduced migration. During some
____________________________________
years in the 1930s, people returning to Europe from
____________________________________
the United States, even though comparatively few,
____________________________________
actually outnumbered immigrants going the other
2. Skimming:
way. After the second world war the cost of travel fell
____________________________________
to read something in order to understand the main points
steeply. But now the pattern changed. Before long
____________________________________
Europe declined as a source of immigration and grew
____________________________________
as a destination. Emigration from developing
____________________________________
countries expanded rapidly: incomes there rose
b. How will each skill save you time?
enough to make emigration feasible, but not enough
Skim the passage below and answer: to make it pointless. Many governments began trying
3 what is the main idea of the passage? to control immigration. Numbers, legal and illegal,
surged nonetheless, as economics had its way.
On the move
D. Migration, it is safe to assume, is in the interests
Economic analysis sheds light on the history of migration and
of (voluntary) migrants: they would not move
on its future
otherwise. The evidence suggests that it is also very
A. During successive waves of globalisation in the much in the overall interests of the receiving
three centuries leading up to the first world war, countries. But, as Mr Chiswick and Mr Hatton point
migration of labour was consistently one of the out, there are losers in those countries. The increase
biggest drivers of economic change. Since 1945 the in the supply of labour means that the wages of
world has experienced a new era of accelerating competing workers may fall, at least to start with.
globalisation, and the international movement of
labour is proving once again to be of the greatest E. The economic conditions now seem propitious for
economic and social significance. As a new study by an enormous further face of it, this will be much like
60
that of a century ago. As before, the main expansionary
pressures arc rising incomes in the rich countries and
rising incomes in the poor ones. (This second point is
often neglected: as poor countries get a little less poor,
emigration tends to increase, because people acquire
the means to move.) The study emphasises, however,
two crucial differences between then and now.
F. One is that, in the first decade of the 20th century,
the receiving countries needed lots of unskilled workers
in industry and farming. In the first decade of the 21st
century, in contrast, opportunities for unskilled workers
are dwindling. In the United States, wages of unskilled
workers are falling. The fall is enough to hurt the
workers concerned, but not to deter new immigrants.
G. And the other big difference between now and a
century ago? It is that the affected rich-country workers
are in a stronger position to complain, and get
something done. The most likely result is that a trend
that is already well established will continue: countries
will try to restrict the immigration of unskilled workers,
giving preference to workers with skills.
H. This does help, in one way, quite apart from
4 Read questions 1-5.
a. Quickly scan for the sections of the passage that
deals with similar information.
b. Read the words around the question to decided
what information you need for each gap.
c. Answer questions 1-5.
Questions 1 – 5
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the passage.
1. Until the early 19th century the majority of
migrants to North America were African ________. slaves
2. However, in the second half of the 19th century,
Growing prosperity and cheaper travel meant that more
_________
people could afford to emigrate voluntarily.
3. At the beginning of the 20th century,
immigrants to receiving countries found jobs
asUnskilled
________ workers
in factories and on farms.
4. After the second world war there was a great
increase in emigrants from _______.
developing countries

narrowing the rich countries' shortage of skilled 5. Nowadays, receiving countries generally prefer
workers: it reduces the pressure to make low wages immigrants ______.
with skills

even lower. However, the idea has drawbacks too. It For question 6-11, scan and skim the
turns away many of the poorest people who want to passage 1 quickly, look for key words in
migrate, which is hard to justify in humanitarian terms. 5 the questions and make sure they
Also, it pushes others from this group into illegal correlate with the information asked.
immigration, which exposes them to dangers, makes
integration more difficult and may even make the wages
of low-paid workers even lower than if the same Questions 6 – 11
migrants entered legally. On top of all this is the loss of
skilled workers in the sending countries. Already some Which paragraphs in the passage contain the
of the world's poorest nations lose almost all the following information?
doctors they train to jobs in Europe or North America. Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 6-11 on your
Money immigrants send home offsets some of that loss, answer sheet.
but not all.
6. changing departure points and destinations for
I. Today's migration, much more than the migration of C
migrants _____
old, poses some insoluble dilemmas. Belief in individual 7. disadvantages of present immigration
freedom suggests that rich countries should adopt more H
policies _____
liberal immigration rules, both for unskilled migrants
and skilled ones. With or without such rules, more
8. the immigrants who rich countries find more
migrants are coming. And in either case, the question of
G
acceptable _____
compensation for the losers, in rich countries and poor 9. how earning more money affects
countries alike, will demand some attention. E
migration _____
B
10. migration was mainly compulsory _____
I
11. changing the laws on immigration _____

61
 Questions 12 – 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D
12. Pressure to migrate is increasing now because
A. economic conditions have become more
desperate.
B. immigration restrictions are being relaxed.
C. people generally earn more.
D. there is a greater need for unskilled workers.
13. Lower incomes for unskilled workers in
receiving countries have
A. encouraged countries to import skilled workers.
B. led to protests about immigration.
C. reduced the amount of money immigrants send
home.
D. provided opportunities for immigrants in
manufacturing and agriculture.
In order to continue practicing skimming
and scanning, answer the following two
6 questions. Remember to look for key
words, date, names, etc.
Try to spend the least time possible.
The list below gives some of the effects of
immigration restrictions.
1. Which THREE effects are mentioned in the
passage?
____
 A It is more difficult for illegal immigrants to
integrate.
____ B Jobs in sending countries become more
secure.
____
 C More unskilled workers immigrate illegally.
____
 D Unskilled workers in receiving countries
may become poorer.
____ E Workers in rich countries complain.
____ F Skilled workers may lose their jobs.
2. The list below gives reasons for relaxing
immigration restrictions.
Which TWO reasons are mentioned in the passage?
____ A Immigrants send money back to their
country of origin.
____
 B Immigration in greater numbers is
inevitable.
____
 C It would be ethically correct.
____ D It would ease population pressures in poor
countries.
____ E Rich countries need more skilled workers.
62
Listening – Sample part 4
Exam overview
• You will hear one speaker giving a formal talk,
lecture or presentation on an academic topic.
• You will listen without a break. There might be just
a small pause
• This section contains the most challenging content
and language.
Teamwork: You are going to hear a
1 lecturer talking about North American
women’s attitude to money and saving.
a. How has the role of women changed in this
globalized society?
b. Do you think women have the same say when it
comes to handling money as men have?
c. How do you think women are seen as figures of
power nowadays?
2 Teamwork: Look at Questions 1-10.
a. How is the lecture structured?
b. What type of information do you need for each
gap?
IELTS Listening TIPS Note completion
• Quickly read the tittle and the notes to see the
overall structure.
• Make sure the word of phrase you use is the right
part of speech (noun, noun phrase, verb, adjective,
etc.)
• Use words you actually hear. If you can’t, use words
that express the same idea.
Now Listen carefully and answer Questions 1 to 10:
Questions 1 – 5
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each
answer.
1. Bernard Shaw, men are supposed to understand
politics
_________, economics and finance.
2. However, women are more prepared to
learn
_________ about them. the children's education
3. Women tend to save for ________ and a house.
a car
4. Men tend to save for _________ and for
retirement.
5. Women who are left alone may have to pay for
nursing care when they are old.
________
 Questions 6 – 10 Whose and Whom
1. We use whose as the possessive form of who:
Complete the summary below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each • This is George, whose brother went to school with
answer. me.

Saving for the future 2. We sometimes use whom as the object of a

Research indicates that many women only think
crisis
about their financial future when a 6.________
occurs. This is the worst time to make decisions. It
is best for women to start thinking about pensions
early twenties A good way for
when they are in their 7. ________.
women to develop their 8. confidence
________ in dealing
with financial affairs would be to attend classes in
money managment
9. ________. When investing in stocks and shares,
it is suggested that women should put a high
low-risk investments
proportion of their savings in 10. ________. In such
ways, women can have a comfortable, independent
retirement.
Key Grammar
Relative Clauses
verb or preposition:
• This is George, whom you met at our house last year.
(whom is the object of met)
• This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school.
(whom is the object of with), but nowadays we
normally use who:
• This is George, who you met at our house last year.
• This is George’s brother, who I went to school with.
3. When who(m) or which have a preposition, the
preposition can come at the beginning of the
clause:
• I had an uncle in Germany, from who(m) I inherited a
bit of money.
• We bought a chainsaw, with which we cut up all the
wood.

Relative clauses are non-essential parts of a or at the end of the clause:

sentence. They may add meaning, but if they are
removed, the sentence will still function
grammatically. There are two broad types of
relative clauses in English: Defining and non-
defining relative clauses, both seen in the previous
unit, referred to it for further details.
• I had an uncle in Germany, who(m) I inherited a bit of
money from.
• We bought a chainsaw, which we cut all the wood
up with.

In this unit we will focus on the use of the relative After reviewing the rules above, complete
pronouns “WHOM” and “WHOSE” and the use of 1 the following sentences with the correct
reduced relative clauses word (whom or whose)

Pronoun Stands For Uses a. who

This is the girl ___________ he fell in love with
in Madrid
Whom People substitutes for b. whose
These are the kids ___________ parents were
object arrested.
nouns/pronouns c. whom managed to
The criminals, two of _______
(him, her, us, them) escape, broke into a bank downtown.
d. The police identified the
Whose people or substitutes for
whose
murderer _____________ fingerprints were
things possessive
on the knife.
nouns/pronouns whom
e. I know the candidate ______________ I am
(his, hers, our, their)
going to support in the next elections.
63
 REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
Some types of relative clauses can be “reduced”—
the relative pronoun and maybe other words can
be removed. You might reduce the clause to make
your writing more concise or to add sentence
variety.
Basic principles for making reduced relative clauses:
1. We can only make reduced relative clauses
when the relative pronoun is the subject of the
relative clause.
Active
That woman who is talking to my wife is our local
Member of Parliament.
That woman talking to my wife is ...
That woman who my wife is talking to is our local
Member of Parliament.
NOT That woman my wife talking to is ...
Passive
The man who is being taken away by the police is
our neighbour.
The man being taken away by the police...
2. Active tenses are replaced with a present
participle (-ing form). Note that the present
participle can replace various active tenses, not
only present continuous
Anyone wanting a ticket for the Final see me.
(who wants - present simple)
The train now arriving at Platform 3 is the 4.20 to
Paddington
(which is now arriving - present continuous)
Teams completing the first round go into the
quarter-finals.
(which have completed - present perfect)
People arriving late were not allowed in until the
interval.
(who arrived - past simple)
3. Passive tenses are replaced by the past
participle (-ed forms) and being + past
participle. When I say -ed forms, I'm including
irregular form such as seen, broken etc.
The past participle replaces passive simple forms
while the being form replaces passive continuous
forms
64
The student chosen as winner will get a prize.
(that is chosen - present simple)
The progress made yesterday will give us a head
start.
(which was made - past simple)
None of the models inspected so far have passed
the test.
(that have been inspected) - present perfect
The saplings being planted today will one day grow
into huge trees.
(which are being planted - present continuous)
Rewrite the following sentences by using
2 reduced relative clauses if possible.
E.g. The fire extinguisher which was refilled yesterday is
on the floor.
• The fire extinguisher refilled yesterday is on the floor.
E.g. The fire extinguisher which you refilled yesterday is
on the floor.
• NO REDUCTION.
1. I need something that I can put out the fire with.
NO REDUCTION
______________________________________________
2. There’s a hurricane outside which is strong enough
to rip trees from the ground.
There's a hurricane outside being strong enough to rip trees from the ground
______________________________________________
3. The glacier which is next to the mainland is moving
quickly.
The glacier being next to the mainland is moving quickly.
_____________________________________________
4. The woman who is talking about climate change is a
professor from the USA.
The woman talking about clime change is a professor from the USA.
______________________________________________
5. The boy who we hadn’t seen before was drowned in
the river last night.
NO REDUCTION
______________________________________________
6. The man who I saw falling on the floor was a worker
at the factory.
NO REDUCTION
______________________________________________
7. The rain which was pouring down like tropical rain
devastated the sports facilities.
The rain pouring down like tropical rain devastated the sports facilities.
______________________________________________
8. The man whom I invited to the conference is a
speaker on global warming.
NO REDUCTION
______________________________________________
9. Anyone who is interested in the environment should
read this book.
Anyone being interested in the environment should read this book.
______________________________________________
10. I need a phone that I can call the emergency service
with.
NO REDUCTION
______________________________________________
 Vocabulary – Globalisation To immigrate to settle in a foreign country. It
suggests permanent relocation and
1 Teamwork: discuss what Globalisation is. applies to people.
To emigrate to leave one country in order to settle
“Globalization is the trend of increasing interaction in another. It also applies only to
between people or companies on a worldwide people.
scale due to advances in transportation and a tariff a tax on goods coming into or leaving a
communication technology”. country
multilateral involving more than two groups or
Check the following chart with countries
2 collocations related to globalisation. unilateral involving only one group or country

Developing countries with little industrial and strike a period of time when workers stop
countries economic activity where people work in order to force an employer to
generally have low incomes. agree to their demands
Developed countries with a lot of industrial and a trade barrier a government-induced restriction on
countries economic activity where people international trade;
generally have high incomes. fair trade trade in conformity with a fair-trade
emerging market a nation’s economy progressing agreement
economy toward becoming developed and
advanced
Teamwork: In your opinion, which of the
following events have happened in your
Global economy economy of the world comprising 3 country as a result of Globalisation?
economies of different countries
Compare your ideas and give reasons for
closely interrelated
your answers.
global trade the exchange of goods and services
between countries a. There’s more immigration/emigration.
Sweatshop workplace with unacceptably severe
conditions and usually extremely low b. Our way of life has changed considerably.
wages. c. There is a clash of cultures within our society.
cultural a tendency for cultures to blend and
convergence become more alike d. Our culture has become very Americanised.
World Trade global organization that helps e. There are more multinational corporations and
Organization countries and producers trade fairly
and effectively. fewer local businesses.
(WTO)
International Intergovernmental organization with f. Mass tourism from abroad has really changed
Monetary Fund its headquarters in Washington, D.C.
some parts of the country.
(IMF) that focuses on maintaining
international economic stability. g. People have a higher standard of living.
anti-globalisation a social movement critical of the h. Many of the goods we buy are made in
movement globalisation of corporate capitalism
domestic relating to, or made in your own sweatshops in other parts of the world.
country i. We are more vulnerable to global financial
local relating to a particular area, city or
town crises.
Outsourcing businesses outsource production to j. People have become obsessed with global
countries with developing
economies
brands.
Consumerism the belief that it is good for people
and society to spend a lot of money
on goods and services.
65
 Writing – Task 2
The Essay
Opinion essay
This type of essay is where you are presented with
someone else’s opinion and you are asked if you
agree or disagree with it. The opinion is often
flawed or extreme in its views. It is also called
Argumentative Essay. The instructions can be
written in a number of ways.
Below are a few examples:
• To what extent do you agree?
• Do you agree?
• Do you agree or disagree?
• What is your opinion?
No matter how the instructions are written, you
can take any position you want: agree, disagree or
partial agreement (balanced view). Below is an
example essay question:
Opinion essay question:
Some people think that only electric cars should be
allowed on the road by 2040.
Do you agree?
Non-opinion essay
The first part of the question for an IELTS discussion
(non-opinion) essay will be a statement containing
two opposing views. You will then be asked to
discuss both sides of the argument.
Here is some typical wording that might be used:
• Discuss both views
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of...?
Hybrid Essay
This type of essay is a mix of the two previous ones.
The key to understand which essay you are
required to write falls into the instructions.
Some of the common phrases you will find in this
type of essay are the following
• Discuss both these views and then give your own
opinion.
• Discuss both sides of this argument and give your
own opinion.
66
Exam overview The Essay
• Task 2 is a formal essay.
• The question may contain more than one part to
discuss.
• You must write at least 250 words in about 40
minutes.
ESSAY FORMAT
Depending on the task you are required to write the
format may vary. Check the expected format on
IELTS essay.
OPINION ESSAY
Introduction – Paraphrase the question. State your
opinion and say what your essay will do (thesis
statement).
Body paragraph 1 – Support your opinion with
arguments, explanations and examples.
Body paragraph 2 – Support your opinion with more
arguments, explanations and examples.
Conclusion – Restate your opinion and summarize the
main points of your body paragraph.
NON- OPINION ESSAY
Introduction – Paraphrase the question. Say what your
essay will do (thesis statement).
Body paragraph 1 – Discuss the advantages/one side of
the argument.
Body paragraph 2 – Discuss the disadvantages/other
side of the argument.
Conclusion – Summarize the key points of your body
paragraphs. Giving your own opinion is not necessary
HYBRID ESSAY
Introduction – Paraphrase the question. State your
opinion and say what your essay will do (thesis
statement).
Body paragraph 1 – Discuss the side you disagree
with first.
Body paragraph 2 – Discuss the side you agree with
second, making it clear you agree with this view.
Include, your opinion and give arguments, examples,
etc.
* You can write a third paragraph stating your
position.
Conclusion – Restate your opinion and summarize
the main points of your body paragraph.
 Writing – Task 2
1
Teamwork: Read the task below and
answer.
a. What type of essay is it?
b. Underline key words you should deal with in
your writing
Even though globalization affects the world's
economies in a very positive way, its negative side
should not be forgotten
What is your view?
Give reasons for your answer and include any
relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Teamwork: Brainstorm ideas for the topic
2 given, complete the diagram below.
Positive way
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Globalisation affects the world's economies
Negative way
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Speaking – Part 1
Exam overview
• The examiner asks you about yourself, your home,
work, studies and other topics.
• This part lasts between four and five minutes.
IELTS Speaking TIPS
Speaking part 1
• Give reasons for your answers.
• Offer extra details.
• Use your own words when possible
Listen to four IELTS candidates – Svetlana,
Huan, Reva and Mateusz – each
1 answering one of the questions below.
Which question does each candidate
answer?
a. Can you tell me a little bit about your home town /
where you are from?
b. How long have you been living here/there?
c. What do you like about living here/there?
d. Is there anything you find difficult about living
here/there?
e. How do you get to school/college/work?
f. Tell me a little bit about what you study.
g. What do you like about your studies? Is there
anything you dislike?
h. Have you travelled to another country? (Which
one?)
i. Do you enjoy travelling? Why? / Why not?
j. What’s your favourite form of travel? Why?
Teamwork: Which of these statements
2 are good things to do in Speaking Part 1?
Tick (✓) the boxes.
a. Answer each question as briefly as possible in two or
three words. __
b. Give reasons for your answers. __
c. Offer extra details. __
d. Sound interested in what you are saying. __
e. Repeat the exact words of the question. __
f. Speak clearly so that the examiner can hear you
easily. __
Listen to the four candidates again. Which
3 of the things in Exercise 2 do they all do?
Think about how you would answer
questions 1–10 in Exercise 1 and write
4 notes.
Example: Moscow, large city, western Russia
Teamwork: Take turns to interview each
5 other using the questions in Exercise 1.
67
 Take your own notes!

68