PSYCHOANALYSIS

Sigmund Freud
 Overview of Psychoanalytic
Theory
Sigmund Freud
• Understanding human personality
based on experiences with patients,
analysis of his own dreams, and vast
readings in various science and
humanities
• Relied on deductive reasoning than on
rigorous research methods; made
observations subjectively on a
relatively small sample of patients; did
not quantify his data, nor did he make
observations under controlled
conditions; utilized the case study
approach almost exclusively, typically
formulating hypotheses after the facts
of the case were known.
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 Biography of Sigmund Freud

• Was born on May 6 (1856 – 1939)

• Was born when his father was 40, and his mother only
20
• A favorite of his young, indulgent mother which may
contributed to his lifelong self-confidence
• His father was strict and authoritarian. Freud recalled his
childhood hostility and anger toward his father.
• He was filled with hostility for Julius (her younger brother
for 1.5 yrs difference) and unconsciously wished for his
death – Julius apparently died at 6 mths age and Freud
is purged with guilt that he carried into adulthood

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 Biography of Sigmund Freud

• Was drawn to medicine; but preferred

teaching and doing research in
physiology
• Learned hypnotic technique for treating
hysteria with Jean-Martin Charcot
(neurologist) from where he had the idea
of sexual basis for neurosis.Through
hypnosis, Freud became convinced of
psychogenic and sexual origin of
hysterical symptoms
• Was taught of catharsis by Joseph
Breuer (the process of removing
hysterical symptoms through “talking
them out”) – was then discovered the
free
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 Biography of Sigmund Freud

• Was involved on many disputes with his own followers

which he regarded as close companions with deeply
emotional relationships – strong feelings of isolation
• Has contributed into psychology society with elaborate
writings on psychoanalysis which demonstrated his
intellectual curiosity, unusual moral courage (daily
analysis); and burning ambition

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 SARAPAN

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 IBU

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 TUHAN

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 DOSEN

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 AIR TERJUN

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 Levels of Mental Life

• Mental life is divided into two levels:

• Unconscious
• Unconscious
• Preconscious

• Conscious

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 Unconscious
• Contains all drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our
awareness but nevertheless motivate most of our words,
feelings and actions
• Unconscious could be traced on slips of tongue, certain
kinds of forgetting (repression), dreams
• Unconscious processes often enter into consciousness
only after being disguised or distorted enough to elude
censorship
o Primary censor
o Final censor
• These images have strong sexual or aggressive motifs
because childhood sexual and aggressive behaviors are
frequently punished or suppressed
• Inherited unconscious images: phylogenetic endowment
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 Preconscious

• Contains all elements that are not conscious but can

become conscious either quite readily or with some
difficulty
• The contents come from 2 sources:
o Conscious perception: when the person pays attention
or focus on it
o Unconscious: the disguised form of unconscious (slip
past the censor) through dream process, slip of tongue
and elaborate defensive measure

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 Conscious

• The only mental elements in awareness at any given

point in time
• Includes non-threatening ideas from preconscious as
well as the disguised forms of perception

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 The Mind as Energy System
• There is a limited amount of energy in human – if much
energy is used in one way, it will be less available for
other purposes
• Energy can be blocked from one channel of expression
and if it is blocked, the energy not just fade away, but it
gets expressed in different manner
• The mind transforms the bodily energy into a wish – it is a
wish that motivates the person to behave in a way that
satisfy a need.
• When the body is in a state of need, the person
experiences a feeling of tension or pressure. The aim of
an instinct is to satisfy the need and thereby reduce the
tension.
• Mind function is to achieve a state of quiescence
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 The Id
• At the core of personality and completely unconscious
• Has no contact with reality yet it strives constantly to
reduce tension by satisfying basic desires
• Serves as pleasure principle and unrealistic
• It is illogical and can simultaneously entertain
incompatible ideas
• It is primitive, chaotic, inaccessible to consciousness,
unchangeable, amoral, illogical, unorganized, and filled
with energy received from basic drives and discharged
for the satisfaction of the pleasure principles
• Id operates through primary process (urges in id) and
secondary process (ego)

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 The Ego
• The only region of the mind in contact with reality
• It grows out of the id during infancy and becomes a person’s
sole source of communication with the external world
• It is governed by reality principle : try to substitute for the
pleasure principle of the id (Secondary-process thought)
• The ego can make decisions on each of three levels
• The ego becomes differentiated from the id when infants
learn to distinguish themselves from the outer world
• The ego continues to develop strategies for handling the id’s
unrealistic and unrelenting demands for pleasures
• It is to deal id demands intelligently and rationally with the
outside world and develop powers of perception, recognition,
judgment and memory
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 The Superego
• Is above-I; represent the moral and ideal aspects of
personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic
principles
• The superego grows out of ego and like the ego has no
energy on its own
• Superego has no contact with outside world and
therefore unrealistic in its demand for perfection
• Has two systems:
o The conscience (should not do/ which children are punished)
o The ego-ideal (should do/ which children are praised)
• The superego is not concerned with the happiness of the
ego.

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 The Dynamics of 3 Elements

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 The Dynamics of 3 Elements

• In the healthy individual, the id, ego and superego are

integrated into a smooth functioning ego and operate in
harmony and with a minimum conflict
• If the id dominates a weak ego and a feeble superego,
leaving the person nearly constantly striving for
pleasure regardless of what is possible or proper
• If the strong feeling (guilt and inferiority) with a weak
ego, the person will experience many conflicts because
the ego cannot arbitrate the strong but opposing
demands of the superego and the id
• A strong ego could incorporate many of the demands of
both id and superego is psychologically healthy and in
control of both pleasure principle and moralistic
principle

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 Dynamics of Personality

Drives
• Is interchangeably called by instincts or impulses
• It is a constant motivational force (internal stimuli) that
they can not be avoided through flight
• Originated in the id
• Two major drives
o Sex or Eros (Libido)
o Aggression, distraction, or Thanatos

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 Dynamics of Personality
Types of Instincts
• Life instincts (libido) serve the purpose of survival of
the individual and the species by seeking to satisfy
needs for food, water, air, and sex
o The life instincts are oriented toward growth and
development
o The life instinct that Freud considered to be most
important is sex
• Destructive/ death instinct comes form the obvious fact
that all living things decay and die
o One component death instinct is aggressive drive

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 Dynamics of Personality
Sex
• The aim of sexual drive is pleasure
• The entire body is invested in libido; but there are areas which
especially capable of producing sexual pleasure – erogenous zones
(mouth, anus, and genital)
• 2 manifestations of sex:
The libido is invested almost exclusively on their own ego
o Primary narcissism
o Secondary narcissism
As person grows, the libido is then invested on an object or person
other than themselves (love)
Love and narcissism are closely interrelated
• Could be in the form of sadism and masochism

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 Dynamics of Personality

Aggression
• The aim of the destructive drive is to return the organism to an
inorganic state – because the ultimate inorganic condition is death
the final aim of the aggressive drive is self destruction
• But it could then projected into other people in number of forms,
such as teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor and the
enjoyment of other people’s suffering
• Demands on religious and social values prevent a direct, covert, and
unopposed fulfillment of these drive

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 Dynamics of Personality
Anxiety
• It is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical
sensation that warns the person against impending danger
• Only the ego can produce or feel anxiety.
• It serves as an ego-preserving mechanism because it signals us that
some danger is at hand and precipitates repression
• The dependence on the id results in neurotic anxiety
• The dependence on the superego produces moral anxiety
• The dependence on the outer world leads to realistic anxiety

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 Dynamics of Personality

Anxiety (cont.)
• Neurotic anxiety is apprehension about an unknown danger
• Moral anxiety stems from the conflict between the ego and the
superego
• Realistic anxiety is closely related to fear (unpleasant, non specific
feeling involving a possible danger – more objective danger)
• These types of anxiety are seldom clear cut or easily separated. They
often exist in combination

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 Illustrative Conflict
Wish
I would like to have sex
with that person
I would like to strike out at
all those people who
make me feel inferior
I would like to get close to
people and have them
feed me or take care of
me
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Behavior Consequences
of Defense Mech.
Anxiety Defense
Such feelings are bad and Denial of all sexual
will be punished behavior, obsessive
preoccupation with the
sexual behavior of others
If I am hostile, they will Denial of wish or dear: “I
retaliate and really hurt will never feel angry,” “I’m
me never afraid of anyone or
anything”
If I do, they will smother Excessive independence
me and leave me and avoidance of getting
close to people or
fluctuations between
approaching people and
moving away from them;
excessive need to take
care of others.
 Defense Mechanism
• Defense mechanisms are normal and universally used, but when carried
too extreme they lead to compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behavior
• The more defensive a person is, the less left physic energy to be used.
Repression
• When ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects itself
by repressing those impulses; into unconsciousness
• Anxiety is learned for society permits no room for hostile and sexual
behaviors
• Anxiety seldom leads to complete repression of aggressive and sexual
drives. It often results in the partial repression
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 Defense Mechanism

Repression (cont.)
• What happens to these impulses after they
have become unconscious?
The impulses may remain unchanged in the
unconscious
They could force their way into consciousness in
an unaltered form in which case they would
create more anxiety than the person could handle,
in the case of hysteria
Repressed drives is expressed in displaced or
disguised forms

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 Defense Mechanism

Reaction Formation
• Repressed impulse may become
conscious is through adopting a
disguise that is directly opposite its
original form.
• Reactive behavior can be identified
by its exaggerated character and
obsessive compulsive form
• Eg. Hates turn into phony, clingy
kind of love
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 Defense Mechanism
Displacement
• People redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or
objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed.
• Displacement can also be involved in dream formation
• Eg. A displaced anger/ hurt to another less threatening people/ object

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 Defense Mechanism

Fixation
• During time of stress and anxiety, a
person revert back to the earlier stage
• Fixation is the permanent attachment of
the libido into earlier, more primitive
stage of development
• Eg. Continually derive pleasure from
eating, smoking, talking – oral fixation;
those who obsessed with neatness and
orderliness may possess anal fixation

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 Defense Mechanism

Regression
• The process of psychologically growing up is somewhat a stressful and
anxious moments. When a prospect of taking the next step becomes
too anxiety provoking, the ego resort to the strategy of remaining at
the present, more comfortable psychological stage.
• Common and readily visible in children

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 Defense Mechanism

Regression
• Is similar to fixated behavior that
is infantile yet usually temporary
• Eg. A child demanding a bottle/
nipple after completely weaned
due to new born sibling; under
extreme stress adult went back to
parents/ remaining in fetal
position (cuddled, warm
environment)

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 Defense Mechanism

Projection
• Reduce the anxiety by attributing the
unwanted impulse to an external object
• Seeing in others unacceptable feelings
or tendencies that actually reside in
one’s own unconscious
• An extreme type of projection is
paranoia –a mental disorder
characterized by powerful delusions of
jealousy and persecution

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 Defense Mechanism

Introjection
• People incorporate positive qualities of
another person into their own ego
• People introject characteristics that they see
as valuable and that will permit them to
feel better about themselves.
• The resolution of oedipus complex is the
prototype of introjection
• Eg. Teenagers introject/ adopt the
mannerism, values, or lifestyle of a movie
star
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 Defense Mechanism

Sublimation
• Repression of the genital aim of Eros by
substituting a cultural or social aim such as
art, music, literature
• In most people, sublimation combine with
direct expression of Eros result in a kind of
balance between social accomplishment and
personal pleasures
• Eg. The art of Michaelangelo is an indirect
outlet for his libido in painting and sculpting

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 Defense Mechanism
Denial
• A particularly simple defense mechanism
• Denial of reality is commonly seen where
people attempt to avoid recognizing the
extent of a threat
• Eg. The expression “Oh, no!!”; “This is not
happening to me”
• People who use this defense mechanism
preferred to accept lies rather than to bear
the terrible trauma of the truth.
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 Defense Mechanism
Rationalization
• A defense mechanism that you may recognize in yourself
• People recognize the existence of an action but distort its underlying
motive
• Behavior is reinterpreted so that it appears reasonable and acceptable
• Eg. Some of the greatest cruelty of humankind have been commited in
the name of love

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 Refleksi 1 (Id, Ego, Superego)
• Apa saja yang diinginkan oleh “id” dalam dirimu?
• “Superego” apa saja yang membuatmu merasa bersalah atau
cemas?
• Bagaimana “ego” dalam dirimu mengimbangi hal-hal di atas?
• Jadi, dari tiga komponen tersebut, manakah yang paling
dominan dalam dirimu? Bagaimana hal ini mempengaruhi
kesejahteraan hidupmu?

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 Refleksi 2

• Dari berbagai jenis defense mechanisms yang ada, tuliskan

mana saja yang sering kamu tampilkan dan bagaimana
tampilannya.
• Coba pikirkan, dorongan atau impulses apa saja yang
mendasari defense tersebut (pada saat menggali hal ini
mungkin saja kamu merasa cemas atau bersalah, tetapi
cobalah untuk menerimanya sebagai bagian dari dirimu yang
belum sepenuhnya kamu sadari/ terima)

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 Stages of Personality Development
Infantile Period
• A period of pregenital sexual development during the first 4-5 years
after birth
• Childhood sexuality differs from adult sexuality in that is not capable of
reproduction and is exclusively autoerotic

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Stages of Personality Development
STAGES AGES CHARACTERISTICS Personality Characteristics

Oral Birth – 1 Mouth is primary Demanding, impatient, envious,

erogenous zone; covetous, jealous, rageful, depressed
pleasure derived from (feels empty), mistrustful, pesimistic
sucking: id is dominant
Anal 1-3 Toilet training (external Rigid, striving for power and control,
reality) interferes with concerned with should and ought,
gratification received pleasure and possessions, anxiety over
from defecation waste and loss of control, concern with
whether to submit or rebel
Phalic 4-5 Incestuous fantasies; Male: exhibitionistic, competitive, striving
Oedipus complex; for success, emphasis on being
anxiety; superego masculine/ macho/ potent
development Female: naïve, seductive, exhibitionistic,
flirtatious
Latency 5-Puberty Period of sublimation of
sex instinct
Genital Adolescence Development of sex-role
-Adulthood identity and adult social
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relationship
 Stages of Development

Oral Phase
• Infants obtain life-sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity but beyond that
they also gain pleasure through act of sucking
• Early oral activity is to incorporate/ receive into one’s body the object-choice that
is the nipple
• Oral-receptive phase: infants feel ambivalence toward the pleasurable object and
their needs are usually satisfied with a minimum of frustration and anxiety – later
become more anxious
• Oral sadistic period: infants respond by biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling
and crying
• Thumb sucking – a defense against anxiety that satisfies their sexual but not
nutritional needs
• As children grow older– the mouth continues to be an erogenous zone

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 Stages of Development
Early Anal Phase
•Children receive satisfaction by
destroying or losing objects
•Children often behave aggressively
toward their parents for frustrating them
with toilet training
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Late Anal Phase
•Take friendly interest toward their feces-
erotic pleasure of defecating
•If their behavior is rewarded than more
likely to grow into generous and
magnanimous adults
•If the behavior is punished children may
adopt by witholding– anal triad would
developed: orderliness, stinginess, obstinacy
(Anal character)
•Masculine qualities – dominance & sadism;
Feminine qualities - masochism
 Stages of Development

Phallic Stage
• 3-4 yo -- genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone
• Is marked for the first time the dichotomy between male and female development
• Masturbation is nearly universal, but because parents generally suppress these
activities, children usually repress their conscious desire to masturbate by the time
their phallic period comes to an end

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 Stages of Development
Phallic Stage – Male Oedipus complex
• Pre oedipal identification: Boys form an identification with his father, that he wants
to be his father. He later develops a sexual desire for his mother that is he wants to
have his mother – the boys give up identification and see the father as rival
• Oedipus complex: rivalry toward the father and incestuous feelings toward the mother
• Complete oedipus complex: developing feminine nature (affection toward father and
hostility toward mother); and masculine nature (hostility toward father and lust
toward mother)
• Castration anxiety – repressed his impulses toward sexual activity, including fantasies
of carrying out seduction of his mother
• Normally identification is with father, but it is not the same as pre-oedipal
identification. He doesn’t want to be his father but make him a model of right and
wrong; budding superego takes over and ensures continued repression of oedipus
complex
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 Stages of Development
Phallic Stage – Female Oedipus complex
• Pre-oedipal girls experienced penis envy
• Penis envy is often expressed as a wish to be a boy or a desire to be a man
• A girl establishes an identification with her mother similar to that developed by a boy:
she fantasized being seduced by her father. This feeling turn into hostility toward
mother (simple female oedipus complex/ Electra complex)
• Alternatives way of inferiority to man figures:
Give up their sexuality (develop intense hostility towards mother)
Cling defiantly to their masculinity (hoping for penis and fantasizing to be a man)
• Simple oedipus complex is resolved when a girl gives up masturbatory activity,
surrenders her sexual desire for her father and identifies one again with mother
• Is broken up more slowly and less completely than is the male’s – because female
doesn’t experience traumatic sudden shock of castration
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 Parallel Paths of Male and Female Phallic Phases
Male Phallic Phase
1. Oedipus complex (sexual desires for
mother and hostility to father)
2. Castration complex in the form of
castration anxiety shatters the
oedipus complex
3. Identification with father
4. Strong superego replaces the nearly
completed dissolved oedipus complex
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Female Phallic Phase
1. Castration complex in the form of penis
envy
2. Oedipus complex develops as an
attempt to obtain a penis (sexual
desires for the father; hostility for the
mother)
3. Gradual realization that the oedipal
desires are self-defeating
4. Identification with the mother
5. Weak superego replaces the partially
dissolved oedipus complex
 Stages of Development

Latency period
• Dormant psychosexual development
• The prohibition of sexual activity is part of our phylogenetic endowment
and needs no personal experiences of punishment for sexual activities to
repress the sexual drive
• Continued latency is reinforced through constant suppression by parents
and teachers and by internal feelings of shame, guilt and morality
• The sublimated libido now shows itself in social and cultural
accomplishments – children form groups or cliques which impossible
during infantile period where the sexual drive was completely autoerotic

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 Stages of Development

Genital Period
• Puberty is the signal of genital period
• Adolescents give up autoeroticism and direct their sexual energy
toward another person instead of themselves
• Reproduction is now possible - Although penis envy continue linger on
girls, the vagina finally obtain some status
• The entire sexual drive takes in a more complete organization
(synthesis of Eros after all erogenous zones in previous stages)

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 Stages of Development
Maturity
• A stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods
in an ideal manner.
• It is seldom happens because people have too many opportunities to develop
pathological disorders or neurotic predisposition
• Such people would have a balance among the structures of the mind, with their ego
controlling their id and superego but at the same time allowing for reasonable desires
and demands.
• The id impulses would be expressed honestly and consciously with no traces of shame
or guilt
• Superego would move beyond parental identification
• Their ego ideal would be realistic and congruent with their ego – the boundary
between ego and superego is nearly imperceptible
• Consciousness would play a more important role in the behavior- minimal need to
repress sexual and aggressive urges
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 Applications of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud’s Early Therapeutic Technique
• Using highly suggestive procedures and even coercive tactics to elicit
memories of seduction
• Yet was found that under the pressure technique, the elements that
appear were only phantasies
• Therefore he gradually adopted a more passive psychotherapeutic
technique

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 Applications of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique
• Primary goal: uncover repressed memories through free association and
dream analysis
• The purpose of psychoanalysis: to strengthen the ego, to make it more
independent of the superego, to widen its field of perception and
enlarge its organization

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 Applications of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique (Continued)
• Free association: patient verbalize every thought that comes to their
mind, no matter how irrelevant or repugnant it may appear – it will
apparently leads to the unconscious by the trail of associations
• Transference: strong sexual or aggressive feelings, positive or negative,
that patient develop toward the analyst during the course of treatment
(usually what they have toward parents)
Positive transference: permits patient to more or less relive childhood experiences
within non-threatening climate of the analytic treatment
Negative transference: in the form of hostility should be explained to patient so
they can overcome any resistance to treatment
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 Applications of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique (Continued)
• Resistance can be positive sign of the therapy has advanced beyond
superficial material
• Limitations of psychoanalytic treatments:
• Not all old memories can or should be brought into consciousness
• Not as effective with psychoses as it is with phobias, hysterias, and
obsessions
• The patient once cured, may later develop another physic problems

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 Applications of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Dream Analysis

• Manifest content: the surface meaning or the conscious description

given by the dreamer; Latent content: unconscious material
• Nearly all dreams are wish fulfillments
• Some dreams are following the principle of repetitive compulsion;
found in people with PTSD who repeatedly dream of frightening or
traumatic experiences.

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 Applications of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Dream Analysis - continued

• Two basic way of disguise of the unconsciousness are:

Condensation – are condensed (not as extensive) as the latent
Displacement – dream image is replaced by some other idea only remotely
related to it

• Dreams can also be distorted, inhibited or reversed from the dreamer’s

affect

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 Symbol Interpretation Symbol Interpretation
Smooth-fronted house Male body Bathing Birth

House with ledges, Female body Beginning a journey Dying

balconies
King and queen Parents Being naked in a Desiring to be
crowd noticed
Small animals Children Flying Desiring to be
admired
Playing with children Masturbation Falling Desiring to return to
a state such as
childhood where one
is satisfied and
protected
Elongated spaces Female genitals Baldness, tooth Castration
(boxes, ovens, closets, extraction
caves, pockets)

Climbing stairs/ ladders/ Sexual

driving cars, riding intercourse
horses; crossing bridges
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 Applications of
Psychoanalytic Theory
In Interpreting Dreams:
• To ask patients to relate their dream and all their associations to it,
no matter how unrelated or illogical these associations seemed
• Dream symbols – to discover the unconscious elements underlying the
manifest content.
3 typical anxiety dreams: the embarrassment of nakedness, dreams of
the death of a beloved person, dreams of failing an examinations

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 Applications of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freudian Slips
• Slips of the tongue/ pen, misreading, incorrect hearing, misplacing
objects, temporarily forgetting names/ intentions are not chance
accidents but reveal a person’s unconscious intentions.
• The fact that most people strongly deny any meaning behind the slips
had relevance to unconscious images that must remain hidden from
consciousness.
• In all Freudian slips the intentions of the unconscious supplant the
weaker intentions of the preconscious, thereby revealing a person’s
true purpose

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 Applications of
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Assessment: projective test
• Projective test is when the items are ambiguous. In order to respond,
the person must interpret it- the interpretation will be revealing of his
or her personality (The individual will “project” aspects of his/ her own
personality onto the test when interpreting it.
• Eg. TAT; Rorschach Inkblot test

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 Related Research

Cognitive Psychology & Neuroscience

• Bargh & Barndollar (1996) – experiment on manipulation the goals in
manner
• Bargh & Chartrand (1999) – 95% of our behavior are unconsciously
determined – consistent with Freud’s ideas of “tip of iceberg”
• Solms & Turnbull (2002); Solms (2004) : integrating psychoanalytic
theory and neuroscientific research

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 Related Research

Cognitive Psychology & Neuroscience

• 1960s & 1970s
• Experimental research focused on unconscious perception
(subliminal perceptions) – Eagle, Wolitzky, Klein (1966)
• Experimental research on perceptual defenses – McGinnies
(1949)
• Subliminal psychodynamic activation (Silverman, 1976, 1876;
Weinberger, 1992) & Patton (1992)
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 Related Research
–Unconscious Mental Processing

Pleasure and Id, Inhibition & the Ego

• Pleasure-seeking drives have their neurological origins in two brain structures: brain stem
& lymbic system; dopamine is most centrally involved in most pleasure-seeking behavior
(drives & instinct of the id)
• Panksepp (2004) & Kent Berridge (2009): 2 neurotransmitter that are similar for id’s
perpetual pleasure seeking: dopamine (seeking/ wanting tendencies) & opioid (pleasure
experienced when the id is satisfied)
• Ego (to inhibit the drives) was found to be in frontal-limbic system. When it is
damaged, there’s an increase in the id-based-pleasure-seeking impulse. Theres a
connection between the frontal-limbic system and impulse regulation (Phineas Gage- no
longer could inhibit basic drives and instinct and became very id-driven)
• Ego control and Ego resiliency (Block & Block, 1980; Chung, 2008; Hofer, Eisenberg, &
Reiser, 2010; Shiner, 1988)
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 Result
People who score low • People who score • People who scored
high in ego control high in ego
in ego control tend to tend to be: resiliency, tend to:
be: – Assertive, poised – Better able to
– Socially skilled, cope with stress
 Aggressive and cheerful
noncompliant – Lower in anxiety
– Less in need of
 Unpredictable and • People who score low assurance
assertive in ego resiliency tend – Also correlated
to be: with positively
 Moody and self- with general
– Stressed during
indulgent negative interactions intelligence, good
grades in school,
 with parents
popularity in peer,
People who score very – Anxious and in need greater life
high in ego control of reassurance satisfaction and
tend to be: – Unassertive, sad, better social
and lacking social functioning
 Bland, consistent skills
 Dependable and calm

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 Related Research

Repression, Inhibition & Defense Mechanism

• Solms (2004) – damaged region on right hemisphere unabling repressions and thus
wishful thinking comes into consciousness/ awareness – interpretations were more
wish than reality
• More repressive-style people have, the longer it takes them to consciously perceive a
stimulus. Neither age nor IQ is related to the length of time it takes for the
stimulus to be perceived (Howard Shevrin & colleagues study, 2002)

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 Related Research

Research on Dreams
• REM research on dreams – activation-synthesis theory meaning dreams activate
more or less random brain activities, meaning is not inherent in a dream (cortical
structures that governs higher level thinking were not involved in dreams)
• Yet, the other research found that REM and dream were not the same – Non-
REM wakings patients do report dreaming; lesions to forebrain regions have
eliminated dreams but preserved REM sleep.
• The ideas of inhibition, repression and dream was supported of the result on
Wegner and colleagues experiment (2004)
• Dream censor – responsible in converting latent content to manifest content were
found to be basal ganglia & amygdala (Boag, 2006) support basic assumptions of
Freud’s theory
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 Critique of Freud

Ideas of Women, Gender and Sexuality

• His theory was strongly oriented toward men; with little
understanding on women – Gender bias
• Culture influenced in 19th-century Austria
• A proper bourgeois Viennese gentleman whose sexual attitudes were
fashioned while women take up more different roles
• Was and oldest and most favored child than her sisters
• Emphasis on gender normativity and heterosexism. Does it
explainable for same-sex attachment?
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 Critique of Freud

Scientific Procedures
• Freud was considered to be of human scientist than natural scientist as
he claimed to be (definition of James Strachey)
• Many considered him as unscientific and untenable; was not based on
experimental investigation but rather on subjective observations
• His patients were not representative of people in general, but came
mostly from middle and upper class

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 Critique of Freud

Scientific Procedures
• Freud’s ideas on science and his work is inconsistent
• Freud’s own description of science permits much room for subjective
interpretations and indefinite definitions.
• “I am actually not at all a man of science, not an observer, not an
experimenter, not a thinker. I am by temperament nothing but
conquistador- an adventurer… (Freud, 1985)

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 Critique of Freud

Age & Personality Development

• Freud proposed that personality was formed by about the age of 5 and was
subject to little change thereafter. However, study of personality development
over time indicate that the personality characteristics of preschool children
changed dramatically, as shown by follow up studies conducted over 6-7
years (Kagan, Kearsley, & Zelazo, 1978)
• Middle childhood years (7-12) may be more important in establishing adult
personality patterns than the early childhood years
• Personality appears to depend more on temperament and experiences un
later childhood than on early parent-child interactions (Kagan, 1999)
• Although there’s no denying that our first 5 years of life affect our
personality, it is now obvious that personality continually continues to
develop well beyond that time
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 Analyzing Freud’s Theory

1. Generating related and continual research?

2. Falsifiable?
3. Organize knowledge into meaningful framework?
4. A guide for a solution of practical problems?
5. Internal consistency?
6. Parsimonious theory?

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 Strengths & Limitations

Strengths
•Provides for the discovery and investigation •Fails to define all its concepts clearly and
of many interesting phenomena (unconscious
motivational and emotional processes,
defensive strategies for coping with
psychological threat, the sexually charged
nature of childhood)
•Develops techniques for research and
therapy
•Recognizes the complexity of human
behavior
•Encompasses a broad range of phenomena
Limitations
distinctly
•Makes empirical testing difficult, at times
impossible
•Endorses the questionable view of the
person as energy system
•Tolerates resistance by parts of the
profession to empirical research and change
in the theory

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 Questions about human nature

• Human beings are depicted in pessimistic terms, condemned to struggle

with our inner forces and always destined to lose
• Doomed to anxiety – continual tension and conflict
• There’s only one ultimate and necessary goal in life: to reduce tension
• Held a deterministic view: everything we do, think and dream is
predetermined by the life and death instincts

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 Refleksi 3

• Secara umum, tuliskan bagian mana dari teori Psikoanalisis Freud yang
menurutmu menarik dan membantu dalam menjelaskan kepribadian
dirimu dan orang lain.
• Berikan komentar mengenai teori ini berdasarkan keyakinan yang
kamu miliki – bagaimana teori dan keyakinan kamu saling
mendukung atau bertentangan.

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 Referensi

Feist, J., Feist, G.J., Roberts, T. (2013). Theories of Personality. Eight Edition. New York:
Mc.Graw-Hill International Edition
Schultz, D.P., Schultz, S.E. (2013). Theories of Personality. 10th Ed. Toronto: Cengage
Technology Edition
Pervin, L.A., Cervone, D., John, O.P. (2005). Personality Theory and Research. 9th Ed.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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