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Modeling And Simulation of Wax Deposit Formation in The

Oil and Gas Well Pipeline Langgak Field

Syarifuddina, Idral Amrib, Panca Setia Utamac

aChemical Engineering, Riau University, Pekanbaru 28291, Indonesia

bChemical Engineering, Riau University, Pekanbaru 28291, Indonesia
cChemical Engineering, Riau University, Pekanbaru 28291, Indonesia

INFO ARTIKEL ABSTRACT

Wax Deposit is a problem that often occur in the Langgak field is a 20-30%
Article history difference between the amount of fluid from the test results in the production well
Received and in the gathering station (GS). The main purpose of this study is to predict
Received in reviewed from wax deposits, wax model is a fluid size that is obtained from the calculation and
analysis of energy transport, it is made to make it easier to measure the amount
Accepted of wax from the point where wax deposits occur in the pipeline without having to
measure manually in the field, determining the volume of the wax deposit using
the Model Wax with analytical methods in the Matlab software is by entering the
main parameters that form the basis of the research analysis, it is obtained based
on Fluid Temperature (Model T), Wax Amount (Model Wax/Cb) and the
relationship of influence Change variables are time, zone, ambient temperature,
wind speed, pipe temperature, pipe pressure and fluid velocity. The resulting
temperature model is compared with the actual field data with an error value
35%, the wax height calculated by the wax model can be compared with the field
wax height measured manually with an error value 25%, based on the model the
location of the wax deposition is in the Zone C pipeline of all sections. at a
keywords: distance of 490-939 m from the well or 44.9-449 m from Zone C. This Model wax
is predictive and can be applied as long as the parameters are the same.
Wax, deposit, pipelines, ambient
temperature, model wax and measure

*coresponding author:
Email: syarifuddin.pe08@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION
The oil and gas industry or usually called oil and gas in Indonesia is one of the high-income
industries and a pillar of the country's economy. The oil and gas industry in Indonesia not only
contributes to state revenues and expenditures (APBN), the onshore sector is the sector with
the most problems found in the upstream oil and gas area (Vela et al., 2014), especially in the
pipeline. The problem is wax deposition in the pipeline which is one of the biggest problems
faced by almost all upstream oil and gas industries that have wax/wax oil (paraffinic crude) in
Indonesia, including PT. SPR Langgak. The problem that often occurs in the Langgak field is
that there is a difference of 15-35% between the amount of fluid from the test results in the
production well and the amount of fluid in the GS storage tank, this is due to the effect of wax
deposits along the flow pipe from the well to the GS, but in some cases the formation of
deposits called scale in the pipe (Syahri, 2008). In the Langgak field, this problem can only be
overcome by hot water flushing which has been recognized as a cost-effective method to
prevent flow restriction due to wax deposits in the pipe (Fazli and Syarifuddin, 2019).
Wax deposits in the pipeline are caused by changes in temperature and pressure drop along
with changes in weather that occur in the field/production well. Weather changes that occur in
the field/production well can change the temperature in the pipeline, especially at night and
when extreme temperatures are raining continuously so that it can increase the value of
viscosity (viscosity) the higher the value, the more difficult it is to flow, this triggers loss oil
flow ability in the pipeline (SPR Langgak Management, 2018). Based on data from the
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Langgak field well production test (2017-2019), only 65-85% of crude oil reaches the
collection station, the remaining 15-35% is still left in the distribution pipe, one of which is
wax deposits in the pipe. And this has a big impact on whether or not the flow is smooth in the
pipe. Of course, this also has an impact on efficiency and productivity in the industry, this study
is a continuation of the previous thesis entitled flow modeling in the Langgak field pipeline
(Fernandiaz, 2019).
Research on this problem has been widely carried out, especially on horizontal pipelines,
but only limited to treatment (Vela et al., 2014; Syahri, 2008) or the addition of platforms
(Ahmad, 2014) only on the fluid and the pipe itself. Therefore, the author raises this issue to
continue the study by discussing the volume determination and modeling of wax deposits in
the pipeline supplying oil and gas wells in the Langgak field which is a problem that is often
experienced and explains changes in environmental temperature related to the influence of fluid
properties and piping design and fitting factors. (Design and connection) to increase the flow
of oil in the pipeline as a solution to minimize the problem of wax deposits in the pipeline that
often occurs in the Langgak field.
1.1 Wax in the pipeline.
Wax build-up in pipes during fluid production from the well bottom hole to the surface can
restrict crude oil flow, create pressure abnormalities and cause artificial blockages, leading to
reduced or even production cessation. In addition, wax deposition also increases the roughness
of the pipe and reduces the cross-sectional area of the pipe, which causes an increase in the
pressure drop in the pipe network system. Wax deposits are influenced by several factors, such
as: crude oil composition, flow rate, temperature gradient, pipe wall temperature, crude oil
temperature, shear stress, production time in the field and oil viscosity (M. A. Theyab & Yahya,
2018). The formation and deposition of wax on the walls of the pipe carrying waxy crude oil
begins when the fluid temperature is lower than the wax appearance temperature (WAT). The
precipitate eventually leads to gelation, before the liquid waxy crude oil passes through three
phases of change: precipitation, precipitate and gelation.
Continuous wax deposits will form a gel that will clog and cause the pipe system to suddenly
shut down. Wax can precipitate as a solid phase when the temperature of the crude oil is below
the wax appearance temperature (WAT), the temperature at which the first wax crystals begin
to form in the crude oil on cooling. Crystallization is generally a process of separating a solid
phase from a homogeneous solution, the separated solid phase appears as crystals. Paraffin
(wax) remains in solution as a natural component of crude oil until the temperature reaches or
below its solubility limit. Two types of wax crystals have been distinguished, namely
macrocrystalline wax consisting of normal paraffin and microcrystalline wax consisting of
isoparaffins and naphthenes (M. A. Theyab, 2018).
1.2 Transport Energy
Energy transfer is the science that studies the transfer of energy in a material due to a
gradient system. This energy transport always takes place from one high temperature system
to another low temperature system and stops when both systems reach the same temperature,
the temperature difference is the main condition for heat transfer, both systems have the same
temperature, there is no heat transfer. At the same temperature both systems. Heat flow is
expressed in energy units using the notation Q, namely joules (Ahmad and Risyohadi, 2017).

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1.3 Conduction
Energy transport Conduction is the transfer of energy in a solid from a region of high
temperature to an area of low temperature. According to Fourrier, the velocity of the flow is
proportional to the surface through which the difference in energy and temperature is passed
and inversely proportional to the thickness of the wall through which it passes. (Ahmad and
Risyohadi, 2017).

∆𝑇
q = 𝐾𝐴 (1)
𝐿

Information:
q = conduction (W/m2 K)
K = carbon steel material conductivity (43.3W/m K)
A = surface area located (m2)
∆T = temperature difference, Tp - Te (K)
L = pipe length (m)

1.4 Convection
Energy transport Convection is a mechanism for energy transfer between a solid surface
and a moving incompressible or compressible fluid and involves conduction and fluid
movement. The faster the fluid motion, the higher the convection heat transfer. Based on the
cooling process of hot jets blown by cold air, the process of convection energy transport occurs
through several stages, first heat energy flows by conduction from the surface of the solid to
the neighboring liquid layer particles, then this energy is pulled from the surface of the solid
away from the surface of the solid by a mechanical mechanism. convection where two
processes take place at the same time, namely the combined effect of conduction in a liquid
due to the random movement of particles in a liquid. This happens microscopically, so that the
fluid particles with higher energy transfer some of their energy to the particles that transfer the
fluid with lower energy and there is a macroscopic fluid motion that replaces the hot liquid
around the surface of a solid object with a cold liquid (Ahmad and Risyohadi, 2017). Energy
transport that occurs in a fluid layer in a pipe occurs through the process of convection and
conduction. The Nusselt number expresses the ratio between the convection energy transport
in a fluid layer compared to the conduction energy transport in the fluid layer. The convection
and Nusselt equations are written as follows (Bird et al., 1993).

NuD = (0,4 Re1/2 + 0,06 Re2/3) Pr0,4 (𝜇)1/4 (2)

𝑁𝑢𝐷 𝑥 𝐾
h= (3)
𝐿

Information:
h = convection (W/m2 K)
L = pipe length (m)
K = carbon steel material conductivity (43.3W/m K)
NuD = Nussetl number, valid if 1 <Re <105 (Nu)
Re = Reynolds number
Pr = Prandtl number

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1.5 Energy Transport Model On Pipeline

The blockage of the crude oil pipeline is caused by wax deposits in the pipeline, as a result
it will disrupt refinery production in producing crude oil in the onshore upstream oil and gas
industry. Wax deposition is caused by a decrease in environmental temperature which affects
the temperature in the pipe (pour point of crude oil < 318.71 K (Management of SPR Langgak,
2018)), changes in crude oil API (Vela et al., 2014) and high total paraffin content. in crude oil
PT. SPR Langgak. Due to the decrease in environmental temperature which reached its lowest
point, it resulted in wax deposits in the pipe (Management of SPR Langgak, 2018).

Figure 1. Increament of Wax Model

The parameters known are (1) the surface area of the pipe skin = Ws, (2) the length of the
pipe = L, (3) the conduction rate = Kd, (4) the wind speed = Vw, (5) the ambient temperature
= Te, (6) the rate of convection = Kv, (7) pipe roughness = Rg, (8) pipe temperature = Tp, (9)
circular area = Wc, (10) pressure = P, (11) density = ρ, (12) viscosity = μ, (13) fluid velocity =
Vb, (14) gravity = g, (15) pipe thickness = Tn, (16) fluid volume in pipe = Vp, (17) pipe
diameter = r, (18) fluid temperature = Tf, (19) wax radius = Rw dan (20) wax thickness = hr.
According to Langgak SPR Management data (2018), the average wind speed (Vw) in Langgak
Ujung Batu is 0.7 m/s and the average fluid velocity (Vb) in the pipe is 2.33 m/s.
The assumptions of the problem of wax deposition in the pipe in the energy balance modeling
are known, namely (1) the flow of oil flows in the z direction (Vz≠0 ;Vr=0), (2) the slope of
the pipe is constant (there is no effect because the position of the pipe is relatively straight), (3)
the thickness of the pipe is constant (Tn = 0) with OD = 1.5 mm, (4) the wind direction follows
the z direction, (5) the overall pipe material content is constant, namely Carbon Steel, (6) the
overall #LGK015 pipeline color is constant with black, (7) the volume of fluid in the pipe =
volume of the tube, (8) the fitting in Zone C which divides the section is constant, (9) the
density of oil in the pipe is constant and (10) the roughness of the pipe is constant.
In the energy transport application of this problem, there are two hypotheses that occur, are;
Hypothesis I : V flow in the pipeline is affected by Tf and P in the pipeline.
Hypothesis II : The proposed wax model can be used to predict the amount of wax
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiideposition in the pipe.
2. METHODOLOGY
This research was carried out in December 2020, at the Langgak Field with the production
well code #LGK015 PT. SPR Langgak Ujung Batu, Riau Province. Measurements of fluid
temperature and pressure have been carried out in each zoning on the #LGK015 PT.SPR

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Langgak pipeline. Viscosity and density analysis have been carried out in the minilab of PT.
SPR Langgak.
The material used in this study is a sample of crude oil in the pipeline for each zone. The tools
used in this research are Thermometer Gun/Stick, Pressure Gauge, Hydrometer Jar,
Viscometer, Personal Computer (PC) that software installed with Microsoft Excel, Adobe
Autocad and Matlab Mathworks.
To achieve the research objectives, there are two variables used in this study, namely fixed
variables (pipe diameter, pipe length and physical properties of the fluid), and variable
variables (time, pressure, temperature, and pipe zone).
3. RESEARCH PROCEDURE
Research on energy transport modeling in the Langgak Field pipeline will be carried out in
several stages, including; (1) describing the shape of the pipeline, (2) measuring the fluid
properties of each zoning in the pipeline, (3) calculating the characteristics of the pipe, (4)
determining the energy transport model, (5) determining the point of occurrence of wax
deposits and (6) describing the shape of the wax deposits in the pipeline.
The next procedure is the calculation of the wax model using Matlab software to obtain the
volume and thickness values of wax in previous studies using Model T (Fernandiaz, 2019) with
modified equations to obtain a wax model, where the wax model according to Venkatesan and
Creek (2007) is the concentration of wax in bulk that can be used. symbolized by Cb. So that
the wax model becomes;
𝐾𝑉 𝑉𝑏 𝑊𝑠 𝑇𝑓 𝑅−𝐾𝑑 𝑇𝑒 𝑉𝑤
Cb= (4)
𝑅

Information;
Cb = wax model (m3);
Kv = convection (W/m2 K);
Vb = fluid velocity (m/s);
Ws = the surface area of the pipe skin (m2);
Tf = fluid temperature (K);
R = pipe roughness (0,0015 m);
Kd = conduction (W/m2 K);
Te = ambient temperature (K);
Vw = wind speed (m/s).

After the wax model is obtained, then the validity of the wax volume and wax thickness is
tested based on the wax model for each pipeline zoning section using field data. The wax model
is presented into a modeling application using Matlab software.
So, the wax deposit model can be calculated using Matlab Mathwork with the following
algorithm steps;

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Not accordance

Not accordance

Figure 2. Model T and Model Wax Application Procedure

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After the wax model was obtained, the validity of the wax volume was tested based on the
wax model for each pipeline zoning section using field data. The wax model is presented into
a modeling application using Matlab software.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The parameters of the research data that have been analyzed for each pipeline zoning section
for 30 days in the span of one hour at 00:00, 01:00, 02:00, 03:00, 04:00, 05:00, 06:00, 07: 00,
08:00, 09:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 13:00, 14:00, 15:00, 16:00, 17:00, 18:00, 19:00, 20:00,
21:00, 22:00, 23:00 and 24:00 wib which consists of general parameters that are homogeneous
in the pipeline including environmental temperature parameters, wind speed, fluid velocity,
pressure and pipe temperature. For 30 days, the assumption of measuring weather conditions
is averaged rain. Fluid velocity data obtained perzonation data by SPR Langgak Management,
namely in Zone A the fluid velocity is 3 m/s, Zone B the fluid velocity is 2.54 m/s and Zone C
the fluid velocity is 1.45 m/s. For more details, the average parameters of the research results
can be seen in Table 1 below;

Table 1. Average December Results of Research Parameters

(Managemen SPR Langgak, 2021)
Time (.00 WIB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Parameter
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Ambient
Temperature 73,04 73,04 72,68 71,42 70,52 73,40 73,76 76,28
(F)
Average (F) 75,41
Wind Speed
2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3
(m/s)
Average (m/s) 2,3
Zona A Zona B Zona C
Fluid Velocity
3 m/s 2,54 m/s 1,45 m/s

In the table above, the average parameters of the research results in December 2020 with the
majority raining weather conditions are Environmental Temperature 75.41 oF, Pipe
Temperature 114.93 oF, Pipe Pressure 65 Psi and Wind Speed 2.33 m/s and fluid velocity in
the Zone A is 3 m/s, Zone B is 2.54 m/s and Zone C is 1.45 m/s.
4.1 Wax Models based on Wax Locations
Based on research Fernandiaz (2019) that the occurrence of wax is at the location of section
1 Zone C (pipeline distance 490-534.9 m from the well) and section 10 Zone C (pipeline
distance 894.1–939 m from the well). The location point (Appendix 3) was obtained based on
Fernandiaz's (2019) Model T research which can be seen in Formula 12. Then after knowing
the location point of the Model T, the amount of wax can be calculated based on the Wax
Model in Formula 11 at the point where the wax occurs.
Wax model is a fluid size that is obtained from the calculation and analysis of energy
transport. The Wax model is made to make it easier to measure the amount of wax from the
point where the wax occurs in the pipeline without having to measure it manually in the field.
Wax model is obtained based on the relationship of the influence of changing variables, namely

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time, zone, ambient temperature, wind speed, pipe temperature, pipe pressure and fluid
velocity. The following is an analysis using the Wax Model obtained from location points in
section 1 Zone C and section 10 Zone C which can be seen in Table 2 belowt;

Table 2 Wax Model of Wax Location Points (Fernandiaz, 2019)

Wax Model Calculation Analysis

C1 C10
2
Convection (W/m K) 9998.92 Convection (W/m2K) 10760.3
Fluid Velocity (m/s) 1.45 Fluid Velocity (m/s) 1.45
Surface Area (m2) 423.665 Surface Area (m2) 423.665
Fluid Temeperature (F) 113.741 Fluid Temeperature (F) 112.237
Pipe Thickness (m) 0.0015 Pipe Thickness (m) 0.0015
Conduction (W/m2K) 13006.8 Conduction (W/m2K) 482.519
Ambient Ambient
307.15 307.15
Temperature (K) Temperature (K)

Wind Speed (m/s) 2.33 Wind Speed (m/s) 2.33

Length of Pipe (m) 44.9 Length of Pipe (m) 44.9

Volume of Pipe (m3) 634.437 Volume of Pipe (m3) 634.437
3 3
Wax Model (Cb) (m ) 6.98 Wax Model (Cb) (m ) 15.602
Wax Thickness (inc) 1.95 Wax Thickness (inc) 4.35

The main parameters that become the basis for the analysis of this Wax Model research
are Fluid Temperature (Model T), Wax Amount (Model Wax) and Pipe Pressure. The
calculation of the wax model in Zone C1 and Zone C10 is obtained using the Matlab
Mathwork software in the following figure;

Figure 3. Matlab Model Wax Zone C1

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Figure 4. Matlab Model Wax Zone C10

The Wax model that has been obtained by modeling energy transport using calculations on
Matlab Mathwork software can assume the shape of the image design using Adobe Autocad
can be seen in Figure 4 below;

Figure 5. Design of Wax at Zone C

The Wax model that has been obtained by modeling the energy transport has an error of
2.64% for the value (pipe temperature), 13.5%, for the value (wax thickness) with manual
measurements. The results of the test using the wax model showed that the results of the
analysis of the occurrence of wax deposits starting in the pipeline in Zone B and Zone C in all
sections (pipeline distance 490–939 m from the well), This means that the error has a significant
effect, so the predicted wax modeling data can be used as a reference. The wax model in the
Zone C pipeline is at temperatures below 66.56 'F, so the occurrence of wax deposits is strong
in the Zone C pipeline. This refers to the Langgak SPR Management (2018), that frequent rains
continuously result in a significant drop in temperature and the potential for the formation of
wax deposits at temperatures below 66.56 'F. For more details, the results of the measurement
and analysis of the wax model on the pipeline distance can be seen in the graphic images, the
following is a graph of the analysis parameters for the Wax Model can be seen in Figure 5 and
graph 6 below;

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Figure 6. Graphic of environmental and pipe temperature analysis

to pipe distance.

Gambar 7. Graphic of Analysis of model and actual wax thickness

to pipe distance.

The parameter graph of the analysis of the wax model in Figure 7 shows that the highest
amount of wax against the lowest environmental temperature data is 66.56 oF. Figure 5 also
explains that there is an effect of environmental temperature on the growth of wax in the
pipeline. The magnitude of environmental influences (temperature and weather) on wax growth
causes wax deposits to occur in the Zone C pipeline. Based on the wax model, wax deposits
occur in all sections of Zone C, while based on the data, wax begins to occur in the Zone B
section (pipeline distance 490-534, 9 m from the well) and Zone C section (pipeline distance
894.1–939 m from the well).
Based on the relationship of the influence of changing variables, namely time, zone and
ambient temperature, the presence of wax deposits in the Zone C pipeline will affect the

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velocity of the fluid in the pipe. The fluid velocity will decrease because the flow of oil in the
pipe decreases due to plugging in the pipe due to the presence of wax deposits. The flow of oil
in the pipe will still be able to flow even though there is wax. This was explained by Mustagfirin
(2013) that frozen crude oil in the pipe would still be able to flow. The occurrence of wax
deposits in the Zone C pipeline will increase energy transport in the pipe so that it affects the
decrease in pipe temperature. Based on Figure 6, the graph of the wax model on the relationship
between zones and fluid temperature, it can be concluded that the highest wax thickness is
formed in the Zone C pipeline.

5. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research on volume determination and modeling of wax deposits
in the flow pipe of the oil and gas well in the Langgang field, it can be concluded that:
1. Wax deposits formed in the pipe can be predicted using Matlab Mathwork.
2. The resulting pipe temperature model is compared with the actual field data tested with
an error value of 2.64%.
3. The wax thickness calculated by the wax model can be compared with the actual wax
thickness in the field which is measured manually with an error value of 13.5%.
4. Based on the predicted wax model, the location of the wax deposition is in the Zone C
pipeline, all sections at a distance of 490-939 m from the well.
6. REFERENCES
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Persamaan Beggs-Brill dan Moody, dalam JOM FTEKNIK, Vol 1 No 2 Oktober 2014,
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A. Yani & Risyohadi., (2017). Analisis Kehilangan Steam dan Penurunan Temperatur Pada
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Bird B., Stewart W., & Lightfoot E., (1993). Transport Phenomena, Second Edition, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, New York, America.
F Ardiansyah & Syarifuddin. (2019). Evaluation of hot water flushing on oil flow rate in the
production pipeline; case study in Langgak Field. Dalam Proceedings Joint Convention
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Manajemen SPR Langgak., (2018-2021). Data SPR Langgak Bersifat Rahasia.
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Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknoin, Universitas Veteran, Yogyakarta.
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Vela A., Ruth J., Ellyta S., & Maria U., (2014). Penggunaan Pour Point (PPD) Dalam
Mengatasi Minyak Beku (Congeal) Pada Shipping Line Bangko-Dumai, dalam Jurnal
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