URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

Engr. Diwata R. Egar

Instructor Aquino, Jerome M.
STUDENT
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

CROSS BEDDING
- is most commonly found in sandstones and feldspathic sandstones (or
arkoses), which have been laid down in shallow water or deposited as dunes
by the action of wind.
- Each layer slopes down stream and is initially S-shaped; however, erosion of
the top of the sand bank by the stream leaves the minor layering still curving
tangentially towards the major bedding plane at its base, but truncated
sharply at its junction with the upper bedding plane. Because of its mode of
origin, it is sometimes referred to as current bedding.

Figure 2.32 Formation of current bedding.

 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

LIMESTONE
- limestone should contain at least 80% of calcium or magnesium
carbonate. However, the geologist uses the term ‘limestone’ for any
rock in which the carbonate fraction exceeds the non-carbonate
constituents. Limestone is the term properly used for rocks in which
the carbonate fraction, which must be greater than 50%, is
composed primarily of calcite (or aragonite, which has the same
composition as calcite but has a different structure)

Calcareous Sandstone – a carbonate rock contains more than 50% of

sand-sized quartz grains.
Calcareous Shale – the rock contains more than 50% clay.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

Classification of some limestones can be represented by means of a

simple triangular diagram (Fig. 2.34; cf. Fig. 2.33) in which the four main
mineral components (oolites, shell and other animal remains, ‘rock’ or
‘lithic’ fragments including calcareous granules and fragments of calcitic
mudstones, and carbonate muds) represent the apices. Calcwackes are
richer in carbonate muds than the other types.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

Bioclastic limestones include shelly limestones, and oolites are

composed of ooliths, which are minute, layered spherules of calcite
deposited around a nucleus of shell or mineral grain.
Reef limestones – which are framework limestones composed only of
organic remains (corals, algae, etc.), are plotted at the ‘skeletal remains’
Marl – is a term used to describe some friable carbonate earths
deposited in freshwater lakes. Figure 2.35 gives the classification of
marls and their commercial uses.
Tufa and travertine – are limestones formed by evaporation of spring or
river waters. Travertine is widely used as indoor cladding panels.
Chalk – is a friable porous calcium carbonate rock found in thick
deposits which contain chert or flint nodules.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

In coastal desert regions, particularly in the Middle East, broad, coastal salt-
flats called sabkhas develop. Carbonate and sulphate minerals are deposited
within the sedimentary layers of the sabkha. These chemical precipitates, or
evaporites, are laid down in a cycle, with gypsum and anhydrite forming first,
and then dolomite forming by reaction between brines and underlying
carbonate sediments. A typical coastal cross section is shown in Figure 2.36.
Such carbonate-sulphate (carbonateanhydrite) cycles have been recognised in
ancient rocks, e.g. the Middle Devonian Stetter Formation of western Canada,
and the Upper Permian Bellerophon Formation of northern Italy.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

Metamorphic rocks – If a rock is subjected to increased temperature or

pressure, or both, to such a degree that it is altered by recrystallisation, then a
new rock with a new texture and possibly a new mineral composition is
produced. Rocks formed in this way belong to the third major category of rocks.

Metamorphism – The process of change of the original rock

Dynamic Metamorphism – increased stress is the dominant agent, extra heat

being relatively unimportant. It is characteristic of narrow belts of movement,
where the rocks on one side are being displaced relative to those on the other.
Whether the rocks are simply crushed, or whether there is some growth of new
crystals, depends largely on the temperature in the mass affected by dynamic
metamorphism.
Thermal Metamorphism – increased temperature is the dominant agent
producing change, and the degree of recrystallisation of the original rocks
bears a simple relation to it.
In large masses of granite, the changes extend outwards from the granite for
distances of the order of 2 km. This zone of metamorphism is called the
thermal aureole of the granite mass,
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

The changes that occur in clay or mud rocks within a thermal aureole are
shown in Figure 2.37
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

Temperature, load and directed pressure are important agents of regional

metamorphism, which invariably affects wide areas rather than being related
to an individual igneous mass or one zone of movement.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

The relationships between index minerals, metamorphic grades and parental

compositions are summarised in Table 2.19.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

Figure 2.39 shows temperature and pressure conditions of metamorphism, and

relates these to formation temperatures (and pressures) of igneous and
sedimentary rocks.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

At extreme grades of regional metamorphism, partial melting of a rock may
occur to give a metamorphic rock of variable texture in which bands of
crystalline quartz and feldspar occur. These have been derived from melted
material, leaving a finer grained matrix which is relatively rich in mica. The rock
is called a migmatite.
Metamorphic Banding or Foliation – The layering formed by alternating
bands of different texture (see Fig. 2.40).
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

From Table 2.20, and from what has been written in this chapter, it will have
become evident that most metamorphic rocks are strongly anisotropic—having
different properties in different directions.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

All other foliated rocks behave in a similar fashion; thus the range of values for
some tests may be very great. Some common engineering properties for
metamorphic rocks are presented in Table 2.21
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Q223 - Geology for Civil Engineering

Thank you for

listening!