DIFFERENTIATION Chap 7

CHAP 7

7.1 Introduction (self-study)

7.2 Limits
7.3 Continuity
7.4 Differentiation and derivatives
7.5 Applications of differentiation in Economics

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FUNCTION AND KEY
TERMS Section 7.1
FUNCTIONS (= A SPECIAL RULE)

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REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

There are four possible ways to represent a function:

● verbally (by a description in words)
● numerically (by a table of values)
● visually (by a graph)
● algebraically (by an explicit formula)

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 DEFINITION
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D
exactly one element, called f(x), in a set E.

 D and E are sets of real numbers.

 The set D is called the domain of the function.
 The number f(x) is the value of f at x and is read “ f of x.”
 The range of f is the set of all possible values of f(x) as x
varies throughout the domain.
 A symbol that represents an arbitrary number in the
domain of a function f is called an independent variable.
 A symbol that represents a number in the range of f is
called a dependent variable

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GRAPH
If f is a function with domain D, then its graph is the set
of ordered pairs:

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 EXAMPLE 1
The graph of a function f is shown in Figure 6.
(a) Find the values of f(1) and f(5).
(b) What are the domain and range of f ?

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FUNCTIONS – EXAMPLE

f(x) = x2

Rule: output is
Input Output
square of input

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 FUNCTIONS – EXAMPLE
• Input: 1, 2, 3, 4
• Output: 2, 4, 6
• Rule:
* 1 maps to 6
* 2 maps to 4
* 3 maps to 2
* 4 maps to 2

Domain and range

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THE VERTICAL LINE TEST

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PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS

By different formulas in different parts of their domains.

The solid dot indicates that the point

(-1, 2) is included on the graph;
The open dot indicates that the point
(-1, 1) is excluded from the graph

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ZEROS OF A FUNCTION
If f(a) = 0, then a is called a zero of f.
Ex. Find all zeros of f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 2x.
x3 - 3x2 + 2x = 0  x = 0, x = 1, x = 2.
 Zeros of f are: 0, 1, 2

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SYMMETRY OF EVEN FUNCTIONS

• If f(-x) = f(x) for all x in domain

 f is an even function
 symmetry about the y-axis.

Symmetric about y-axis

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SYMMETRY OF ODD FUNCTIONS

• If f(-x) = -f(x) for all x in domain

 f is an odd function y = x3

 symmetry about the origin

Symmetric about the origin

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 EXAMPLE
Let f be an odd function. If the point (-3, 5) is on the graph of f,
then which of the following points is/are also on the graph of
f?
a.(3, 5) b.(-3, -5) c.(3, -5) d. None of these


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 ODD OR EVEN OR NEITHER?
1/ f(x) = x2 - 3
2/ g(x) = x3 + 4x
3/ h(x) = 3x/(x2 + 4)
4/ k(x) = x4 - x

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INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

The graph shown in Figure rises from A to B,

falls from B to C, and rises again from C to D.
The function f is said to be increasing on the
interval [a, b] decreasing on [b, c], and
increasing again on [c, d].

Notice that if x1 and x2 are any

two numbers between a and b
with x1<x2, then f(x1)<f(x2).

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 COMMON MATHEMATICAL MODELS

Linear models Polynomials

Power Functions Rational Functions
Trigonometric Functions Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions

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LINEAR FUNCTION & POLYNOMIALS

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POWER & RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

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ALGEBRAIC & TRIGONOMETRIC

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EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC

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SHIFTING

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EXAMPLE

Step 1. f(x)  f(x + 3)

Step 2. f(x)  f(x) + 1

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STRETCHING AND REFLECTING

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REFLECTIONS

(a) f(x)  −f(x): reflect the graph of y=

f(x) about the x-axis.

(b) f(x)  f(−x): reflect the graph of y=

f(x) about the y-axis.

f(x)  -f(x) f(x)  f(-x)

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EXAMPLE

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F(X)  |F(X)| RULE

Keep the part of the graph when

it lies above x-axis.

Reflect the part below x-axis

about the x-axis.

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F(X)  |F(X)|

Ex. Sketch the graph of the

function y = x2 - 1.
• Step 1. Graph y = x2.
• Step 2. Shift 1 unit down.
• Step 3. Apply f(x)  f(x) rule.

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EXERCISE
1/ Suppose the graph of y = f(x) is given. How can we obtain the
graph of y = f(x + 3) + 2?

2/ Describe how the function f(x)= −(x+1)2 − 4 can be graphed

using the graph of y= x2 and a sequence of transformations.

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COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

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COMPOSITE FUNCTION

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 BUILD COMPLICATED FUNCTIONS FROM SIMPLER ONES.

DECOMPOSE A COMPLICATED FUNCTION INTO SIMPLER ONES

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COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS – EXAMPLE

Given f(x) = x + 5 and g(x) = x2, find gf and fg.

• (gf)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(x + 5) = (x + 5)2.
( x  x + 5  (x + 5)2 )
• (fg)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x2) = x2 + 5.

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COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS – EXAMPLE

(a) f(g(1)) = f(6) = 5

g f
1  6  5

(e) (gf)(3) = g(f(3))

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 TRUE-FALSE QUIZ
1) If is a function, then f(a + b) = f(a) + f(b).
2) If is a function, then f(3x) = 3f(x).
3) Shift the graph of f to the right 3 units to obtain the graph
of f(x + 3).
4) If f is odd, then f(x) + f(-x) = 0.
5) fg = gf, assuming f and g are functions.

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SUMMARY

 Function: a set of inputs, a set of outputs, and a rule for

mapping each input to exactly one output.
 Zeros of f: solutions of the equation f(x) = 0.
 Odd function: f(−x)= −f(x) for all x in the domain of f.
 Even function: f(−x)= f(x) for all x in the domain of f.
 Transformations of functions: shifting, reflections.
 Composition of functions: (gf)(x):= g(f(x)).

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 THE TANGENT LINE PROBLEM

For a circle we could simply follow

Figure 1(b) shows two lines l and t
Euclid and say that a tangent is a line
passing through a point P on a curve C.
that intersects the circle once and only
The line l intersects C only once.
once, as in Figure 1(a).
The line t, intersects C twice.

How can you find the tangent line? Definition???

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 EXAMPLE 1
Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y=x2
at the point P(1, 1).
Solution.

 To find an equation of the tangent

line t as soon as we know its slope m
 We need two points to compute the
slope
 we can compute an approximation
to slope by choosing a nearby point Q
and computing the slope mPQ of the
secant line PQ.

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EXAMPLE 1
We choose x ≠ 1 so that Q ≠ P. Then

 The closer Q is to P, the closer x is to

1 and, it appears from the tables,
the closer mPQ is to 2.
 This suggests that the slope of the
tangent line t should be m − 2.

 The slope of the tangent line is the

limit of the slopes of the secant lines

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EXAMPLE 1
The equation of the tangent line through P(1, 1) as:
y-1=2(x-1) or y=2x+1

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 EXAMPLE 2

Use the data to draw the

graph of this function and
estimate the slope of the
tangent line at the point
where t = 0.04.

The table above shows the slopes of other

Estimate the slope of the secant lines. From this table we would expect
tangent line to be about - 675. the slope of the tangent line at t = 0.04 to lie
somewhere between -742 and -607.5.
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EXERCISE

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10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 46
LIMITS Section 7.2
WHEN NEED THE CONCEPT OF LIMIT?

Continuity of functions
Defining derivatives // velocity, tangent line, acceleration,
rate of change (next chapter)
Defining integral // calculating areas, distance, volume,
length (quantities) (later chapters)
Defining sum of series (later chapters)

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 THE CONCEPT OF LIMIT
The concept of limit helps us to see what really happens to
a function f(x) as x goes to a.
With this concept, one can manipulate very small and very
large quantities.

What happens here?

g(a) = ??? don’t care
What do we care?
Ans: the behavior of the
function g(x) for value of
x near a
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EXAMPLE Given f(x) = x2 – x + 2

What happens to f(x) when x gets closer to 2 but not

equal to 2?
 f(x) gets closer to 4. Step
1

Step
2

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NOTATION
What happens to f(x) when x gets closer to 2 but not equal
to 2?
Answer: 4

limf(x) = ?4
x2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 x goes to a, we never
consider x = a
𝑥→𝑎
• Read: “the limit of f, as x approaches a, equals L”
• f(x) approaches L as x approaches a
• f(x) tend to get closer and closer to L as x gets closer and closer to a
• f(x) goes to L as x goes to a
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 SUM UP
From the table and the graph of f (a parabola)
shown in Figure 1 we see that the closer x is to
2 (on either side of 2), the closer f(x) is to 4.
In fact, it appears that we can make the values
of f(x) as close as we like to 4 by taking x
sufficiently close to 2.
We express this by saying “the limit of the
function f(x)=x2-x+2 as x approaches 2 is equal
to 4.”
The notation for this is:

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 DEFINITION

In fact, f (x) need not even be defined when x=a. The only thing that
matters is how f is defined near a.

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FIGURE 2

regardless of what happens at a

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ALGEBRAIC METHOD

𝑥−1
lim 2
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1
0
• f(x) is undefined when x = 1, but that =? ??
doesn’t matter 0
• We want to know what happens to f(x) near
1.
• When x gets closer to 1, the values of f(x)
are shown in the table at the left
• Let make the guess:

𝑥−1
lim 2 = 0.5
𝑥→1 𝑥 −1

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SLIGHTLY CHANGE

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 1
? ??
6

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ONE-SIDED LIMIT

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 ONE-SIDED LIMITS

𝑥−1
Given f(x) =
𝑥 2 −1
What happens to f(x) as x gets closer and closer to 1
from the left?
𝑥−1
lim 2 = 0.5
x  1- 𝑥 −1
x goes to 1, x < 1

What
happen?

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DEFINITION

Similarly, if we require that x be greater than a, we get “the right-hand

limit of f (x) as x approaches a is equal to L” and we write

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THEOREM

Left-hand limit:
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
Right-hand limit:
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑅
𝑥→𝑎
If
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 Left = right
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Then
lim 𝑓(𝑥)= L
𝑥→𝑎

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 EXAMPLE 7
The graph of a function g(x) is shown in Figure below. Use it to state the values
(if they exist) of the following:

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 INFINITE LIMITS

Thus the values of f(x) do not approach a

number, so limit does not exist.

It simply expresses the particular way in

which the limit does not exist.
1/x2 can be made as large as we like by
taking x close enough to 0.
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 DEFINITION

“the limit of f(x), as x approaches a, is infinity”

or
“f(x) becomes infinite as x approaches a”
or
“f(x) increases without bound as x approaches a”

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 DEFINITION

“the limit of f(x), as x approaches a, is

negative infinity”
or
“f(x)decreases without bound as x
approaches a.”

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ONE-SIDED INFINITE LIMITS

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 FINDING LIMITS
Using graphs
Using table of values of f(x)
Using limit laws
Using analytic technique
And more: L’hospital’s rule (use derivative)

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FINDING LIMITS. USING GRAPHS.

Using the given graph to find the values of limits.

lim g  x  =1
x 2

x gets closer and closer to 2 from the right, x > 2

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USING TABLE OF VALUES OF F(X).

Find the limit 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 x = 0  𝑥 = 0 =? ? ?
lim Does not matter.
𝑥→0 𝑥 We don’t care.

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
We care what happens to as x goes to 0?
𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

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 THE LIMIT LAWS
Suppose that c is a constant and the limits lim f ( x)
xa
and lim g ( x) exist. Then
x a

1.lim  f ( x)  g ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)

x a x a x a

3.lim cf ( x)  c lim f ( x)

x a x a

4.lim  f ( x) g ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)

x a x a x a

f ( x) lim f ( x)
5.lim  x a
if lim g ( x)  0
x a g ( x) lim g ( x) x a
x a

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EXAMPLE 1
Use the Limit Laws and the graphs of f and g in Figure 1 to
evaluate the following limits, if they exist

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USING THE LIMIT LAWS
n
6.lim  f ( x)   lim f ( x) 
n

x a  x a 
7.lim c  c
xa

8.lim x  a
xa

9.lim x n  a n
x a

10.lim n x  n a
x a

11.lim n f ( x)  n lim f ( x)
x a x a

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EXAMPLE 2
Evaluate the following limit and justify each step

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Generalization???

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 FINDING LIMITS
Example
3x – 4, x ≠ 0
If f(x) = then find lim f(x) = –4.
10, x = 0, x→0

It does not matter that f(0) = 10. For x ≠ 0, and thus for all x near 0,
f(x) = 3x – 4 and therefore lim f(x) = lim (3x – 4) = –4.
x→0 x→0

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FIND THE INDICATED LIMIT
 x 2  1, x  2
f ( x)  
5 x  3, x  2 jump

lim f ( x)
x 2
Calculate one sided limits

lim f ( x)
x2
 lim f ( x)  7
x 2

lim f ( x) does not exist

x 2

The graph jumps at x =2

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ANALYTIC TECHNIQUE

x2  9
Find the limit. lim
x 3 x  3

x 2  9  x  3 x  3
  x3
x 3 x 3
Answer: x  3
x 92
 x3
x 3

x2  9
lim  lim  x  3  6 Using limit laws
x 3 x  3 x 3

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ANALYTIC

x  x6
2
lim
x 3 x3

( x  3)( x  2)
lim
x 3 x3
lim ( x  2) = - 5
x 3

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ANALYTIC
Find the value of the limit

9 + ℎ2 − 3
lim
ℎ→0 ℎ2

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DO YOURSELF

x  x6
2 x 1 1
lim lim
x 3 x3 x 0 x

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10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 82
SQUEEZE THEOREM Theorem 3
The Squeeze Theorem (the Sandwich Theorem or the Pinching Theorem)

f ( x)  g ( x)  h( x)
?
lim f ( x)  lim h( x)  L L lim g ( x)  L
x a x a
xa

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 SQUEEZE THEOREM Example

1
Find lim  x sin2
x 0 x
1 1
 x  x sin  x
2 2 2
1  sin  1
x x

0
1
lim x sin  0
2
x 0 x

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LIMITS INVOLVING INFINITY

Some useful notes:

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
=0
∞
∞
=∞
5
∞
= 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
∞
 +  = , . = 
 -  = no conclusion
0
=
0

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SELF-REFERENCING

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ASYMPTOTE

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ASYMPTOTES

2𝑥+3
Given f(x) =
1−𝑥
What happens to f(x) when x goes to 1 from the left?
In other word, what is
2𝑥 + 3 ≠0
lim− ?=? ? = 0
𝑥→1 1 − 𝑥

Vertical Asymptote x =1

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FIND VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES. (X = A)
≠0
Common Method: Find x = a such that: f(x) tends to
0

x2 x2
f ( x)  f ( x)  2
x5 x  5x  6

x2 x2
f ( x)  2 f ( x)  2
x  5x  6 x 6

A graph maybe have:

• no vertical asymptote (T)
• only one (T) TRUE OR FALSE?
• Five (T)
• Infinity (T)
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HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES

3𝑥+1
f(x) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥 𝑥→∞

HORIZONTAL asymptote y = 3
3

f(x) approaches 3 as x goes to infinity

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 FIND HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES (Y = L)

Identify any vertical asymptotes:

5x  2 x2
f ( x)  f ( x)  2
2x  5 x  5x  6

x2  2 4x2  1
f ( x)  f ( x) 
5x  1 x

A graph maybe have:

• no horizontal asymptote (T)
• only one (T) TRUE OR FALSE?
• Two (T)
• More than two (False)

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CONTINUITY Section 7.3
7.3 CONTINUITY

We noticed in Section 7.2 that the limit of a function as x

approaches a can often be found simply by calculating
the value of the function at a.
Functions with this property are called continuous at a.
We will see that the mathematical definition of continuity
corresponds closely with the meaning of the word
continuity in everyday language.
(A continuous process is one that takes place gradually,
without interruption or abrupt change.)

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CONTINUITY NOTION

Small change in f(x) for small change in x

Continuous functions  easy to find their limits.

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 DEFINITION
A function f is continuous at a number a if:

lim f ( x)  f (a)
x a

Notice that :
 f(a) is defined - that is,
a is in the domain of f
 lim
xa
f ( x) exists.

 lim f ( x)  f ( a)
x a
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INTERPRETATION

Thus a continuous function f has the property that a small

change in x produces only a small change in f(x). In fact, the
change in f(x) can be kept as small as we please by keeping the
change in x sufficiently small.
Geometrically, you can think of a function that is continuous at
every number in an interval as a function whose graph has no
break in it: the graph can be drawn without removing your
pen from the paper

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 CONTINUITY Definition

Discontinuous at a = NOT continuous at a.

At x = 5: f(5)  limx5 f(x) 

discontinuous at x = 5

f(5)
At x = 3: large change in f(x) for
small change in x. In fact,
left side limit  right side limit jump
 Discontinuous at x = 3
jump

At x = 1: f(1) is undefined
 discontinuous at x = 1
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 98
 DISCONTINUOUS TYPES

 Removable

 Infinite discontinuity

 Jump discontinuities

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 99
EXPLORING CONTINUITY
cx 2
if x  1 lim
f ( x )  c (1) 2
 c Step 2
 x 1
f  x   4 if x  1
Step 1. f(1) = 4
 x 3  mx if x  1

lim f ( x)  (1)3  m(1)  1  m
x 1
Step 3
f is continuous at 1  m, c =???

1  m  4
lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  f (1) m  5
x 1 x 1

c4
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 100
ONE-SIDED CONTINUITY

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 101

CONTINUITY Theorem

If f and g are continuous at a; and c is a constant, then the

following functions are also continuous at a:

1. f + g
2. f - g
old cont. functions
3. cf  new ones by +, - , . , /
4. fg

𝑓
5. 𝑖𝑓 𝑔(𝑎) ≠ 0
𝑔

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 102

CONTINUITY Theorem

Always continuous (in the specific domains):

 Polynomials // hàm đa thức
 Rational functions // hàm hữu tỉ
 Root functions // hàm căn thức
 Trigonometric functions // hàm lượng giác

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 103

INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM Theorem

f (a )  N  f (b) f(c) = N
f is continuous on [a, b] for some c in (a, b)

Values of f(x)
change continuously
from f(a) to f(b)

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 104

EXAMPLE
Show that there is a root of the equation below between 1
and 2.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 105

EXAMPLE

A Tibetan monk leaves the monastery at 7:00 am and takes his

usual path to the top of the mountain, arriving at 7:00 pm.
The following morning, he starts at 7:00 am at the top and
takes the same path back, arriving at the monastery at 7:00
pm.
Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that there is a
point on the path that the monk will cross at exactly the same
time of day on both days.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 106

SUMMARY

• Limit of functions
• How to calculate limits
• Asymptotes
• Continuity
•

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 107

DIFFERENTIATION
AND DERIVATIVES Section 7.4
 WHY STUDY DERIVATIVES?
How one quantity changes in relation to another quantity?
Derivative = Rates of change: occur in all the sciences.
Velocity, density, current, power, and temperature gradient in physics;
rate of reaction in chemistry;
rate of growth and blood velocity in biology;
marginal cost and marginal profit in economics;
rate of heat flow in geology;
rate of improvement of performance in psychology;
rate of spread of a rumor in sociology (analyzing innovations or fads or
fashions)
These are all special cases of a single mathematical concept, the derivative.
 The power of mathematics lies in its abstractness.
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 109
OUR GOAL:

From real world problems to new concept-derivatives.

Need to calculate derivatives  Need formulas to
compute easily derivatives of functions.
More problems can be solved using the concept of
derivative.
A Single Idea, Many Interpretations

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 110

 SLOPE OF A LINE
f(x)

m = slope of the line y = mx + b

f(x) – f(a)

x-a

f’(x)
y = 3x + 2
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(𝑎) 3𝑥+2−(3𝑎+2) 3(𝑥−𝑎)
slope = 𝑥−𝑎
= 𝑥−𝑎
= 𝑥−𝑎
=3

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 111

TANGENT LINE

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 112

 SLOPE OF A CURVE - TANGENT LINE
How to find the slope of a curve y = f(x) (not a line)?
f’(a) = slope of tangent line to the curve at x = a
Slope of the curve = slope of the tangent line at x = a.

𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(𝑎)
slope = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
a x
slope = f’(a)

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 113

TANGENT LINE

We sometimes refer to the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a point

as the slope of the curve at the point

another expression for the slope of a tangent line

that is sometimes easier to use.
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 114
DISTANCE VS DISPLACEMENT
Distance
1. It is the actual length of path
followed by the body while moving
between two positions.
2. It has only magnitude - it is a scalar
quantity.
3. Its SI unit is m.
Displacement
1. It is the linear distance between the
initial and final positions of a body.
2. It has both magnitude and direction
- it is a vector quantity.
3. Its SI unit is m.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 115

VELOCITY
velocity (or instantaneous velocity)

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 116

 VELOCITY PROBLEM
Before calculus With calculus
Average velocity instantaneous velocity

Usain Bolt in 2009:

100-meter per 9.58-second
Average speed: 10.44 m/s

Top speed: 12.27 metres per second

How to compute?
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 117
 DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE

lim f a  h  f a
AV. 
h0 h
How to find instantaneous velocity at a?

Starting point

a a+h
f(a)

f(a+h)

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Rate of change = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 118
DERIVATIVE

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 119

MANY SYMBOLS AND MANY WAYS TO READ

Symbol Read
f’(x) f prime x the derivative of f with respect to x
y’ y prime
𝑑𝑦 the derivative of y with respect to x (dee why dee ecks)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑓 dee eff dee ecks the derivative of f with respect to x
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 d df of f of x the derivative of f of x
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

NOTE:
dx not means d times x
𝑑𝑦
not means dy  dx
𝑑𝑥

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 120

RATES OF CHANGE

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 121

INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 122

DIFFERENTIABLE

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 123

HOW CAN A FUNCTION FAIL TO BE DIFFERENTIABLE?

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 124

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 125
DIFFERENTIABLE
f’(a) exists  f is differentiable at a
Differentiable at a  continuous at a (ALWAYS TRUE)
Continuous at a  differentiable ? (NOT ALWAYS TRUE)
FOR EXAMPLE.
y = |x| is continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 0.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 126

REVIEW
Derivative = (instantaneous) rate of change (= rate)
Slope of tangent line at a = f’(a)
Velocity of particle at t = v(t) = s’(t), where s(t) is the
position function.
Acceleration of particle at t = a(t) = v’(t)
Differentiable at x = a  continuous at x = a

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 127

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 128
EXAMPLE 2

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 129

CALCULATING DERIVATIVE

By definition
By formula
By chain rule

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 130

CALCULATE DERIVATIVE BY DEFINITION

f a  h  f a
Example 1. f '  a   lim
h 0 h
Find y’(2) if
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
′
𝑓 2+ℎ −𝑓 2
𝑓 (2) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

2 + ℎ 2 − 22
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

4 + 4ℎ + ℎ2 − 22
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

= lim (4 + ℎ) = 4
ℎ→0

10/9/2021
0 FTU2_K60 131
CALCULATE DERIVATIVE BY DEFINITION

Example 2. Find f’(0) if

2 1
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓(0) 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −0
𝑓′ 0 = lim = lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥−0 𝑥→0 𝑥−0
1
= lim 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 =0
𝑥→0 𝑥
So, f’(0) = 0. For x > 0 (similarly for x < 0)

-x  xsin(1/x)  x

0
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 132
DO YOURSELF
f a  h  f a
f '  a   lim
h 0 h
f(x) = 3x. Find f’(2) using definition of derivative

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 133

 TABLE OF DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

Ex1. (x2 + sinx)’ = (x2)’ + (sinx)’ = 2x + cosx

Ex2. (x2ex) = (x2)’ex + (x2)(ex)’ = 2xex + x2ex

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ′ .𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Ex3. = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ′ 1
= 2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 134
FORMULAS – CHECK YOURSELF

(cx)’ = c
(c)’ = 0
f(x)=3

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 135

FORMULAS

f(x) = x2
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(𝑎) 𝑥 2 −𝑎2
f’(a) = lim = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎)
= lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
= lim (x+a) = 2a
𝑥→𝑎
So, f’(x) = 2x
(x2)’ = 2x

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 136

THE POWER RULE

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 137

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 138

MORE FORMULAS

(xn)’ = nxn-1
1 ′ 1
= − 2
𝑥 𝑥
1
( 𝑥)’ =
2 𝑥
(sinx)’ = cosx TRY TO REMEMBER!
(cosx)’ = -sinx
(lnx)’ = 1/x
(ex)’ = ex
FOR MORE FUNCTIONS: USE SOME RULES (NEXT)

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 139

NOTE
In using the Chain Rule we work from the outside to the
inside. Formula 2 says that we differentiate the outer
function f ( at the inner function g(x)) and then we
multiply by the derivative of the inner function.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 140

EXAMPLE

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 141

THE CHAIN RULE
f(u(x))
Example .
2
[sin(x )]’= 2
cos(x ).2x
f u(x) f’ u(x) u’(x)

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑢 ′
𝑓 𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑢 . 𝑢′(𝑥)
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
(𝑓𝑢)(𝑥) ′ = 𝑓 ′ 𝑢 . 𝑢′(𝑥)

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 142

FORMULAS (FROM CHAIN RULE)

(un)’ = nun-1.u’
1 ′ 1
= − 2.u’
𝑢 𝑢
𝑢′
( 𝑢)’ =
2 𝑢
TRY TO REMEMBER AND USE!
(sinu)’ = u’.cosu
(cosu)’ = -u’sinu
(lnu)’ = u’/u
(logau)’ = (logae.lnu)’ = logae.(lnu)’ = (logae).u’/u
(eu)’ = u’eu
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 143
THE CHAIN RULE-EXAMPLES

Ex1. [(x2 + 3)5]’ = 5(x2 + 3)4.2x

(un)’ = nun-1.u’
Explain.
u(x) = x2 + 3
f(u) = u5
f(u(x)) = f(x2+3) = (x2 + 3)5 f(u(x))
𝑑 5 𝑑 2
[f(u(x))]’ = f’(u).u’(x) = (u ). (x +3)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 5u4.2x = 5(x2 + 3)4.2x

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 144

THE CHAIN RULE - EXAMPLES

Solution.

F(x) = f(g(x)) // F = fg

 F’(x) = f’(g(x)).g’(x)
 F’(5) = f’(g(5)).g’(5)
= f’(-2).6
= 4.6 = 24

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 145

 THE CHAIN RULE - EXAMPLES

a) h’(x) = f’(g(x)).g’(x)
h’(1) = f’(g(1)).g’(1)
h’(1) = f’(2).6 = 5.6 = 30
b) DO YOURSELF
H’(x) = g’(f(x)).f’(x)
 H’(1)
10/9/2021 = g’(f(1)).f’(1) = g’(3).4 = 9.4 = 36 FTU2_K60 146
THE CHAIN RULE-EXAMPLES

Given the table below.

Let h(x) = f(f(x)) and g(x) = f(x2). Find h’(2) and g’(2).
Solution.
h’(x) = f’(f(x)).f’(x) x f(x) f’(x)
h’(2) = f’(f(2)).f’(2) 1 3 4
h’(2) = f’(1).f’(2) = 20 2 1 5
DO YOURSELF: g’(2)=? 3 7 7
g’(x) = f’(x2).(x2)’ 4 5 2
= f’(x2).(2x)
 g’(2) = f’(22).(2.2) = f’(4).4 = 2.4 = 8

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 147

TRUE OR FALSE?

[f(g(x))]’ = f’(x).g’(x)

[f(g(x))]’ = f’(g(x))

[f(g(x))]’ = f’(g(x)).g’(x)

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 148

 IMPLICIT FUNCTION
Some functions, however, are defined implicitly by a
relation between x and y such as

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 149

IMPLICIT FUNCTION

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 150

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION.

Fortunately, we don’t need to solve an equation for y in terms

of x in order to find the derivative of y.
Instead we can use the method of implicit differentiation.
This consists of differentiating both sides of the equation with
respect to x and then solving the resulting equation for y’.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 151

EXAMPLE

Solution
A) Differentiate both sides of the equation

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 152

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION.

y = y(x) defined by
x + cosy + y = 0 DO YOURSELF:
Given
How to find y’(x)?
a) y2 + x3 – 3x + y – 7 = 0
Solution. b) x2 + 2xt + t – t3 – 4 = 0
x + cosy + y = 0 Find y’(x)?
(x + cosy + y)’ = 0 Find x’(t)? x’(t = 0 and x > 0)
(x)’ + (cosy)’ + y’(x) = 0
1 –sin(y(x)).y’(x) + y’(x) = 0
How to find y’(x) at the point (x=-1, y =
1 + [-sin(y) + 1].y’(x) = 0 0)?
−1 1
y’(x) = = y’(x=-1 and y = 0) = 1/(-1) = -1
(1 −sin 𝑦 ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 −1)

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 153

EXAMPLE

Choose implicit or the three function below???

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 154

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 155
HIGHER DERIVATIVES

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 156

EXAMPLE

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 157

APPLICATIONS OF
DIFFERENTIATION Section 7.5
 NORMAL LINE
 The differentiation rules enable us to find tangent lines without having to
resort to the definition of a derivative. It also enables us to find normal
lines.
 The normal line to a curve C at a point P is the line through P that is
perpendicular to the tangent line at P.
 (In the study of optics, one needs to consider the angle between a light ray
and the normal line to a lens.)

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 159

 TANGENT LINE TO THE CURVE AND LINEAR
APPROXIMATION

Given the curve y = f(x)

Tangent line at the point (a, f(a))
y = f’(a)(x – a) + f(a) // slope = f’(a)

Approximation problems.
f(x): difficult to calculate  approximate this value by y =
f’(a)(x – a) + f(a) = L(x) // x is near x0

f(x)  L(x) when x is near a

Linear approximation
Tangent line approximation
Linearization of f at a.
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 160
 LINEARIZATION. EXAMPLE
Find the linearization of the function
𝐟 𝐱 = 𝒙 + 𝟑 at a = 1
and use it to approximate the numbers
𝟑. 𝟗𝟖 and 𝟒. 𝟎𝟓 .
Solution.
Tangent line at a = 1:
L( x)  f (1)  f '(1)( x  1)
 2  14 ( x  1)

7 x
L( x)    f(x) 
4 4 when x is near a

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 161

DO YOURSELF

Find the linearization of the function

𝐟 𝐱 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 at a = -1 and use it to approximate the
value of f(-0.99).

f(x)  f’(a)(x – a) + f(a) = L(x)

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 162

 RELATED RATE PROBLEMS. INTRODUCTION

Idea is to compute the rate of change of one quantity in

terms of the rate of change of another quantity (which may
be more easily measured).
For example, If we are pumping air into a balloon volume it
is much easier to measure directly the rate of increase of
the volume than the rate of increase of the radius.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 163

 RELATED RATE PROBLEMS. EXAMPLE

A ladder 10 ft long rests against a vertical wall. If the bottom

of the ladder slides away from the wall at a rate of 1 ft/s, how
fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall when the
bottom of the ladder is 6 ft from the wall?

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 164

 EXAMPLE
We first draw a diagram and label it
as in the figure.
 x: distance from the bottom of the ladder to the wall
 y: distance from the top of the ladder to the ground.
 Functions of time t: x(t), y(t)

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 165

 EXAMPLE
dx/dt = 1 ft/s
Find dy/dt when x = 6 ft.

by the Pythagorean Theorem:

x2 + y2 = 100
[x(t)]2 + [y(t)]2 = 100

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 166

EXAMPLE

Differentiating each side with respect to t :

dx dy
2x  2 y 0
 We obtain: dt dt

dy x dx

dt y dt

dy 6 3
  (1)   ft / s
dt 8 4
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 167
DO YOURSELF

1. The top of a ladder slides down a vertical wall at a

rate of 0.15 m/s. At the moment when the bottom of
the ladder is 3 m from the wall, it slides away from
the wall at a rate of 0.2 m/s. How long is the ladder?
2. Two sides of a triangle are 4 m and 5 m in length and
the angle between them is increasing at a rate of 0.06
rad/s. Find the rate at which the area of the triangle is
increasing when the angle between the sides of fixed
length is /3.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 168

APPROXIMATION BY DIFFERENTIALS

Differential: // vi phân
dy = f’(x)dx
x : change in x
y = f(x + x) – f(x) //change in f at x
dy  y // if x is small, we have a good approximation
For example, compare the values of and if f(x) = x3 + x2 –
2x + 1 and x changes (a) from 2 to 2.05 and (b) from 2 to
2.01.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 169

 DIFFERENTIALS

The radius of a sphere was measured and found to be 21 cm

with a possible error in measurement of at most 0.05 cm.

What is the maximum error in using this value of the radius to

compute the volume of the sphere?

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 170

DIFFERENTIALS

If the radius of the sphere is r, then

its volume is V = 4/3πr3.

 If the error in the measured value of r

is denoted by dr = ∆r, then the corresponding
error in the calculated value of V is ∆V.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 171

DIFFERENTIALS

This can be approximated by the differential

dV = 4πr2dr

When r = 21 and dr = 0.05, this becomes:

dV = 4π(21)2 0.05 ≈ 277

 The maximum error in the calculated volume

is about 277 cm3.
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 172
DO YOURSELF

Use differentials to estimate the amount of paint needed

to apply a coat of paint 0.05 cm thick to a hemispherical
dome with diameter 50 m.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 173

MORE APPLICATIONS
 Maximum and Minimum Values
 The Mean Value Theorem
 f’ and f’’ say about f
 Optimization Problems
 Newton’s Method

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 174

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 175

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES (F)
(1) Absolute (global) maximum abs max
(2) Absolute (global) minimum abs min
(3) Local (relative) maximum loc max
(4) Local (relative) minimum loc min

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 176

EXAMPLES

Abs max; abs Min;

?
Abs max; abs min;
local max; local min local max

Abs max; Abs max; abs min;

local max; local max;
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 177
 FIGURE 8. Functions continuous on a closed interval always attain extreme values.

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 178

10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 179
10/9/2021 FTU2_K60 180
 HOW TO FIND ABS MAX AND MIN?

Always exist? No
A few values need to be considered

    
    

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FINDING ABS MIN & ABS MAX

Ex. Find the absolute maximum and minimum

values of the function

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EXAMPLE 2.
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of:
g(t) = 32t – t4 on [-1, 1].

Critical number:
g’(t) = 32 – 4t3 = 0  t = 2 > 1, not in [-1, 1]
The function's abs max and min values therefore occur at
the endpoints:
 g(-1) = -33 (abs min)
 g(1) = 31 (abs max)

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IMPORTANT THEOREMS

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 MVT INTERPRETATION

 There is a point P where the tangent line is parallel to the secant line AB.
 There is a number at which the instantaneous rate of change is equal to the
average rate of change over an interval.
 Also enables us to obtain information about a function from information about its
derivative.

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Hint. Use MVT

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HOW TO FIND LOCAL MIN/MAX?

Always exist? NO
How to find?
Two ways:
 1st derivative test
 2nd derivatives test

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WHAT DOES F’ SAY ABOUT F?

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FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL EXTREME VALUES

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FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST. EXAMPLE.
Find the local minimum and maximum values of the
function f(x) = x4/3 – 4x1/3
4 1 4 4(𝑥−1)
f(x) = x4/3 – 4x1/3  f’(x) = 𝑥3 − 2 = 2
3
3𝑥 3 3𝑥 3
f’(x) = 0  x = 1 and f’(0) is undefined //critical numbers

Interval - 0 1 
Sign of f’ - undefined - 0 +
decreasing decreasing increasing
Behavior of f
f(1)
local min

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 WHAT DOES F’’ SAY ABOUT F?

f’ is increasing f’ is decreasing

Definition.
1. If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents on (a, b), then it is called concave upward on (a, b).
2. If the graph of f lies below all of its tangents on (a, b), it is called concave downward on (a, b).

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THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR CONCAVITY

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WHAT DOES F’’ SAY ABOUT F?
CONCAVITY
 If f’’ > 0 on I, the graph of f over I is concave up.
 If f’’ < 0 on I, the graph of f over I is concave down.

f’’ > 0 on I
 f’ is increasing on I
 graph of f over I is concave f’ is increasing

up.

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INFLECTION POINT

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 INFLECTION POINTS.
Definition. A point where the graph of a function has a
tangent line and where the concavity changes is a point of
inflection (or inflection point).
Note: At a point of inflection (c, f(c)), either f’’(c) = 0 or f’’(c)
fails to exist.

f(x) = x1/3, f’’(0) and f’(0) fail

f(x) = 3 + sinx, f’’() = 0, f(x) = x5/3, f’’(0) fails to exist, to exist,
(, 3) is an inflection point (0, 0) is an inflection point (0, 0) is an inflection point

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 SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL EXTREME
VALUES
The Second Derivative Test.
Suppose f is continuous near c.
(a) If f’(c) = 0 and f’’(c) > (b) If f’(c) = 0 and f’’(c) <
0, then f has a local 0, then has a local
minimum at c. maximum at c.

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 SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST. EXAMPLE
Discuss the curve y = x4 - 4x3 with respect to concavity,
points of inflection, and local maxima and minima.
f(x) = x4 - 4x3  f’(x) = 4x3 – 12x2  f’’(x) = 12x2 – 24x
 f’(x) = 0  4x2(x – 3) = 0  x = 0, x = 3.
 f’’(x) = 0  12x(x – 2) = 0  x = 0, x = 2.

Interval - 0 2 
f’’(x) = 12x(x – 2) + 0 - 0 +
Concavity of f concave up concave down concave up

f’’ changes sign at x = 0, x = 2 f’(0) = 0, f’’(0) = 0: 2nd Derivative Test

 Inflection points: (0, f(0)), (2, gives no information
f(2)) f’(3) = 0, f’’(3) > 0: f(3) is loc min
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 OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
Applications in many areas of life:
 A businessperson wants to minimize costs and maximize profits.
 A traveler wants to minimize transportation time.
 Problems as maximizing areas, volumes, and profits and minimizing
distances, times, and costs.

Steps in Solving Optimization Problems

 Read the problem.
 Draw a Diagram.
 Introduce variables.
 Write an equation for the unknown quantity.
 Express the unknown as a function of a single variable.
 Find the abs max or abs min values of the function.

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EXERCISE
1. Find the point on the line y2 = 2x + 3 that is closest to
the origin.

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EXERCISE

2. A box with a square base and open top must have a

volume of 32,000 cm . Find the dimensions of the box that
minimize the amount of material used.

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 MARGINAL COST
Suppose C(x) is the total cost that a company incurs in producing x units of a
certain commodity. The function C is called a cost function.
If the number of items produced is increased from x1 to x2, then the
additional cost is

and the average rate of change of the cost is

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EXAMPLE

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MARGINAL FUNCTION

Economists also study marginal demand, marginal

revenue, and marginal profit, which are the derivatives of
the demand, revenue, and profit functions.
These will be considered later after we have developed
techniques for finding the maximum and minimum values
of functions.

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1_VARIABLE ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS
Name Variable Function formula Marginal function
Cost x C(x) C’(x)
Demand P D(P) D’(P)
Supply P Q(P) Q’(P)
Revenue x R=P(x).x R’(x)
Profit x π(x)= R(x)-C(x) π’(x)= R’(x)-C’(x)

Sometimes we denote x by Q (quantity)

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 NEWTON’S METHOD (SELF-STUDY).
No formula to find the root of an equation f(x) = 0
(e.g., cosx – x = 0).
 approximate it.
Newton’s Method: A technique to approximate.
Well suited for computers or calculators.
HOW TO APPROXIMATE?

x1  x2  x3  x4  …
 xn  xn+1 root of an equation

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 NEWTON’S METHOD

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 NEWTON’S METHOD
Need to approximate the root of the equation f(x) = 0.
Start by choosing an x1 near root



   

Fourth Third Second First

APPROXIMATIONS

x4  r
xn  r
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 NEWTON’S METHOD. EXAMPLE
6
Use Newton’s method to find 2 correct to eight decimal
places.  Approximate the root of the equation x6 = 2.
f(x) = x6 – 2 = 0, f’(x) = 6x5
 Choose x1 = 1. (just guess, 1 near r)
 Use the formula

x1  x2 𝑓(1) −1 7
x2 = 1 - 𝑓′(1) = 1 - = 6  1.16666667
6

x2  x3 x3  1.12644368
x5 and x6 agree
eight decimal
xn  r places

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FAILURES OF NEWTON’S METHOD

1. At one of the approximations xn, the derivative f ′ is

zero at xn, but f (xn) ≠ 0.
2. The approximations x0, x1, x2 ,… may approach a
different root
3. The approximations may fail to approach a root
entirely.

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 THANKS

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