1) What is a postmodern world? Discuss briefly.
Explain it
The world is impossible to strictly define and understand.
We live in a postmodern world where everything is
possible and almost nothing is certain. In the postmodern
world there is no worldview (except the view that there is
no correct worldview).
2) Explain the "enlightenment project" of the
modern period.
The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was
an intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenth
century that emphasized reason over superstition and
science over blind faith. Enlightenment thinkers like John
Locke, Isaac Newton, and Voltaire questioned accepted
knowledge and spread new ideas about openness,
investigation, and religious tolerance throughout Europe
and the Americas.
3) What are the four corners of the postmodern
world? Explain each briefly.
 Self-Concept - an idea of the self-constructed from the
beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of
others
 Moral and Ethical Discourse – morality is forged out of
dialogue and choice; Moral discourse takes up
questions of ethics and value.
 Art and Culture – improvisation and variations;  it
preserves our heritage, that it gives a medium
for artistic expression
 Globalization – rapid information exchange and
unprecedented mobility)
4) Cite three characteristics of the postmodern world
 Loss of belief in an objective world
 Critique of legitimation
 Collapse of universal meta-narratives and the
prominence of local narratives
5) Compare thoroughly between premodern,
modern, and postmodern world
 Pre modern –authority is God; in pre-modern society
people were uncivilized, irrational and inefficient in
doing work. In hunting and gathering societies, people
were mainly involved in extracting things from nature. 
 Modern – authority is logic and science; all the
intellectual people had taken birth during this era.
 Post modern – authority is self; technology plays the
vital role, to enhance the standards of living. All the
works are done with the help of machines. Technology
makes our life easier, reliable and relevant for human's
survival.
6) State one definition of Globalization.
concisely.
Globalization refers both to the compression of the world
and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a
whole. The term “globalization” refers to any activity that
brings the people, cultures, and economies of different
countries closer together.
7) Explain globalization as a process.
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration
among the people, companies, and governments of different
nations, a process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology.
8) What is globalization as condition?
Globality is a social condition characterized by trans-
planetary connectivity (the planet is not treated as a
geographical unit but a social space) and supra-territoriality
(social connections that transcend territorial geography).
9) Explain globalization as an ideology?
We think of and want globalization that’s why it happens. It
exists in people’s consciousness. Globalization (the
process) leads to more globalization (the condition).
10) Give atleast three of the six claims that make
globalization an ideology.
 Nobody is in charge of globalization.
 Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
 Globalization benefits everyone in the long run.
11) Discuss the "fluidity of the world today".
Fluidity knows no bounds. Fluidity wants to undo any
borders, barriers, or boundaries that limit creativity, self-
expression, or identity. Institutions and individuals are
liquid, changing quickly and easily moving.
12) Distinguish between homogeneity and
heterogeneity.
Homogeneity is the quality of being similar or uniform and
heterogeneity is the quality of being diverse. Heterogeneity
is a hybrid of 2 cultures (ex. Chavacano)
13) Why should we not equate globalization to
internationalization? Cite examples.
Globalization are activities that do not require reference to
a state’s national borders while internalization does.
Globalization is the increasingly interconnectedness of
communication, financial, and political ideology. This can
include activities such as the sourcing, producing and
selling materials, components, goods and services.
Internationalization is a corporate strategy that involves
making products and services as adaptable as possible, so
they can easily enter different national markets.
Internationalization often requires the assistance of subject-
matter experts, technical experts, and people with
international experience. For example, setting up Mang
Inasal in Hong Kong.
14) Why should we not equate globalization to
liberalization? Cite the implications.
Globalization as liberalization refers to the process of
removing or reducing government - imposed restrictions on
movement of goods, services, capital and people between
countries in order to create an ‘open’, ‘borderless’ world
economy.
15) Why is globalization not universalization and
westernization?
Universalization is a process of the worldwide spread of
culture, ideas, objects and experiences. We could see the
evidence of "globalization" of the Gregorian calendar,
tobacco, rock music, automobiles, Chinese restaurants,
cattle farming, business suits, Barbie dolls, school curricula
and much more. Globalization-as-universalization is
viewed as standardization and homogenization with
worldwide cultural, economic, legal and political
convergence. In westernization, social structures of
modernity destroys local culture.
16) Choose three of the six epochs that yielded to
globalization. Give a background of each.
 Europian Colonial Conquests - The Philippines were
claimed in the name of Spain in 1521 by Ferdinand
Magellan, a Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, who
named the islands after King Philip II of Spain.
 Intra-european wars – Crimean war
 Post coldwar period
17) Cite five events that led to globalization.
 The founding of the modern internet
 Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, Cape
of Good Hope by Vasco de Gama and Ferdinand
Magellan’s Circumnavigation,
 Terrorist Attacks on the Twin Towers in New York
18) What are the three dynamics of local and global
culture?
 Cultural Differentialism - Lasting differences among
and between cultures, largely unaffected by
globalization
 Cultural Hybridization - the mixing of cultures and the
integration of the global and the local leading to unique
combinations
 Cultural Convergence - tends to lead to increasing
sameness throughout the world
19) Differentiate between Glocalization and
Grobalization.
Glocalization refers to the adaptation of a particular product
or service to one of those markets. Many of the
McDonald’s restaurants in Israel serve kosher food and
drink and close during the Sabbath and Jewish holidays.
McDonald’s has also opened a meat-free restaurant in
India, a country in which much of the population does not
eat beef or pork. McDonald’s also sell Strawberry Sakura
McFloat in Japan. The term grobalization implies that these
entities seek to have their power, influence, and in many
cases profits grow.
20) Define globalization in your own terms.
Globalization is socialization. Globalization is interacting
with other people from different places to expand you
knowledge, ideas etc.
21) Explain globalization through a metaphor.
Globalization is like a tree that is constantly growing. It
happens little by little but if you look back after a few
years, it has changed so much. As it grows, it gives way to
new branches. Before, the world was just a small seed. But
now, it is a large tree with a lot of branches, our divisions
such as race, gender, religion etc.
22) Cite three manifestations of homogeneity.
 Christianity in the Philippines
 Americanization - the process of becoming a person
who shares American values, beliefs, and customs by
assimilating into American society.
 Media Imperialism - an over- concentration of mass
media from larger nations that is seen as negatively
affecting smaller nations.
23) What is McDonaldization?
McDonaldization is the process by which the principles of
the fastfood restaurant are coming to dominate more of the
world.
Efficiency, both employees and customers act in an
efficient manner. The efficiency of one helps to ensure that
the other will behave in a similar manner.
Calculability, an emphasis on quantity rather than quality.
Predictability, meaning that things (products, settings,
employee and customer behavior, and so on) are pretty
much the same from one geographic setting to another
(globalization) and from one time to another.
Control from technologies, employees are controlled by
technologies as automatic well-done machines, even
customers.
24) What is globality?
Globality is defined as the "consciousness of the world as a 30) What are the four Cs of 21st Century Education?
single space". Globality is the subjective perspective, the Explain each briefly.
reflexive awareness of the changes taking place in the
world. Communication – sharing thoughts, questions, ideas and
solutions.
25) In terms of politics, what concept characterize
heterogeneity. Collaboration - the action of working with someone to
produce or create something.
Barber sees Jihad as offering solidarity and protecting
identities, but at the potential cost of tolerance and stability. Creativity - the use of the imagination or original ideas,
Barber describes the solidarity needed within the concept of especially in the production of an artistic work
Jihad as being secured through exclusion and war against
Critical Thinking - the objective analysis and evaluation of
outsiders.  Barber also describes what they are: "They are
an issue in order to form a judgment
cultures, not countries; parts, not wholes; sects, not
religions, rebellious factions and dissenting minorities at
war not just with globalism but with the traditional nation-
state. Kurds, Basques, Puerto Ricans, Ossetians, East
Timoreans, Quebecois, the Catholics of Northern Ireland,
Catalans, Tamils, and of course, Palestinians – people with
countries, inhabiting nations not their own, seeking smaller
worlds within borders that will seal them off from
modernity.

26) Give atleast three of the flows that can be

observed in the world today.

 Poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the world

 The virtual flow of legal and illegal information such as

child pornography and blogs

 Immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in host countries

27) What is Americanization?

Americanization is the process of becoming a person who

shares American values, beliefs, and customs by
assimilating into American society.

28) What do we mean with postmodernity as an era

of incredulity towards grand meta-narratives?

In the postmodern era, people start to question the

authenticity of what was believed for a long period of time.
They even start questioning the bible and the history. They
start investigating if what was written is true and if it really
happened.

29) Explain Richard Rorty's statement: "Truth is made

rather than found" in connection to postmodern world.

Postmodernism says that there is no real truth people can

know. It says that knowledge is always made or invented
and not discovered. That is, how we think of truth, or a fact,
as in "the grass is green", is only true in so far as it is a
truth-conditional in language.  At this stage in our
language, we have decided to assign a certain word to this
general color,
"green". So, in our language, "the grass is green" is a true
statement in that it satisfies what we consider to be true
within the use of our language.