The world has

shrunk!
 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

 “the intensification of worldwide social relations

which link distant localities in such a way that local
happenings are shaped by events occurring many
miles away and vice versa”
(Giddens, 1990:64) 
 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
 “refers both to the compression of the world and
the intensification of consciousness of the world as
a whole” (Robertson 1992:8) 

 “the compression of time and space and the

annihilation of distance” (Harvey, 1989) 
 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
 “a process of interaction and integration among the
people, companies, and governments of different
nations, a process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology”
(Sunny Levin Institute) 
Globalization according to Social Science and Humanities Disciplines (Nederveen,2012)
 GLOBALIZATION AS PROCESS
 “multidimensional set of social processes that
generate and increase “worldwide social
interdependencies and exchanges while at the same
time fostering in people a growing awareness of
deepening connections between the local and the
distant
GLOBALIZATION AS
PROCESS?
Can we trace its beginning?
When did it start?
 TRACING THE ROOTS: VARIED VIEWS
Scholars in international 1970s
relations, political science, Formation of global value chains
media studies, and economics and accelerated communication

Neoliberal
Globalization
1980 – 2000
 Modernity
SOCIOLOGY Renaissance – Enlightenment –
French Revolution – Industrial
Revolution
(14th Century – 1800s)

1500s
Marx: “the conquest of the
POLITICAL ECONOMY
world market marks the
birth of modern capitalism
Criticisms on the Abovementioned
Periodization
 “EUROCENTRISM”
 INTELLECTUAL APARTHEID
 MODERN CAPITALISM as a
Cut Off
 How about earlier forms
of capitalism?
Globalization according to Social Science and Humanities Disciplines (Nederveen,2012)
 TRACING THE ROOTS IN “GLOBALITY”
GLOBALITY – the thickening of social
linkages between people from different parts of
the world (Connectivity)
GLOBALIZATION has no exact and definite
beginning
Spurred by innovations in transportation and
communication technologies, and creation of
institutions of commerce
 Economists 1820s,
When commodity prices across
continents converged

Globalization is synonymous to
permanent global trade…
exchange products FLYNN AND GIRALDEZ
continuously. (2006)
Birth of Globalization: 1571
(Manila was founded as a
Spanish entrepot connecting
Asia and the Americas)
 The emergence of world
Some scholars economy is the threshold of
globalization

The World Economy is

understood as the
merger of economic BRAUDEL
worlds.
(Commonly believed to
have started in the
1500s)
 BRAUDEL and 1200s, concurred in
ABU-LUGHOD by researches on Asia
and Southeast Asia

 World Economy emerged

much earlier to 3500 BCE
 Expansion of Global Trade HOBSON, 2004
happened in post – 600
period
 Globalization began in 500 CE
(Oriental Globalization)
 A slightly different view
GLOBALIZATION BEGAN WITH THE UNFOLDING
OF COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION BACK IN 1000 BCE
Complex Commercial Ties linked a vast portion of the
world including:
GLOBALIZATION is not a new idea!
 The era of the commercial revolution also
coincided with a revolution in the
metaphysical, intellectual, ethical and
religious aspects of life

Developments in traditions, religions and

ethical philosophy indicated growing global
consciousness
 GLOBALIZATION goes
beyond the economic and
material and includes other
aspects like culture, politics,
and society.
 GLOBALIZATION AS A CONDITION
 GLOBALIZATION AS GLOBALITY

Globality is a social condition

characterized by trans-planetary
connectivity and supra-territoriality
(Scholte, 2008)
TRANS-PLANETARY CONNECTIVITY
The planet is not treated as a
collection of geographical units
but as a social space or an arena of
social life
SUPRA-TERRITORIALITY
“social connections that
transcend territorial
geography”
The lifeless body of
3-year-old Syrian
boy Aylan Kurdi lies
on the shore of
Turkey near
Bodrum
GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY

Globalization exists in people’s

consciousness because it consists of a
set of coherent and complementary
ideas and beliefs about the global
order
 Globalization as an ideology is defined by
six (6) core claims:

1) Globalization is about the liberalization

and global integration of markets

2) Globalization is inevitable and irreversible

 Globalization as an ideology is defined by
six (6) core claims:

1) Globalization is about the liberalization

and global integration of markets

2) Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.

 Globalization as an ideology is defined by
six (6) core claims:

3) Nobody is in charge of globalization.

4) Globalization benefits everyone in the long

run
 Globalization as an ideology is defined by
six (6) core claims:

5) Globalization furthers the spread of

democracy in the world

6) Globalization requires a global war on

terror
 Globalization as an ideology is defined by
six (6) core claims:

3) Nobody is in charge of globalization.

4) Globalization benefits everyone in the long

run
 Globalization as an ideology is defined by
six (6) core claims:

3) Nobody is in charge of globalization.

4) Globalization benefits everyone in the long

run
 Globalization as an ideology is defined by
six (6) core claims:

3) Nobody is in charge of globalization.

4) Globalization benefits everyone in the long

run
 Globalization as an ideology is defined by
six (6) core claims:

3) Nobody is in charge of globalization.

4) Globalization benefits everyone in the long

run