Presented by

MARK JIGGER O. VILLANUEVA

Instructor - GE007
Defining Globalization
•Cannot be contained in a specific time-frame,
all people, and all situation (Al-Rhodan, 2006)
•Encompasses a multitude of processes that
involves the economy, political system, and
culture.
•Directly affects social structure.
•“The most important change” (Bauman, 2003)
Defining Globalization
•The process of world shrinkage, of distance
getting shorter, things moving closer.
•The Globalization of Nothing – George Ritzer
The Task of Defining Globalization
•1. Broad and inclusive
• “…globalization means the onset of the borderless
world” (Ohmae, 1992)
•2. narrow and exclusive
• “the characteristic of globalization trend include the
internationalizing of production, the new international
division of labor… making states into agencies of the
globalizinf world.” (RAWOO NDARC, 2000)
Perspective on Globalization
1. The perspective of the person who defines
globalization shapes its definition
2. Globalization is the debate, and the debate is
globalization (Cesare Poppi, 1997)
3. Globalization is a reality. It is changing as
human’s society develops.
Metaphors of Globalization (Ritzer)
1. Solid and Liquid
• Solidity refers to barriers that prevent or make
difficult the movement of things. (Great Wall, Berlin
Wall)
• Liquidity refers to the increasing ease of movement
of people, things, information, and places in the
contemporary world. (E.g. Global Stock Market)
• Movement is difficult to stop.
• Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction.
Metaphors of Globalization (Ritzer)
2. Flows
• are the movement of people, things, places, and
information brought by the growing “porosity” of
global limitations (Ritzer, 2015)
• In global financial system, national borders are
porous. Lander M (2002)
• E.g. foods that are introduced to us by other culture
Globalization Theories
1. Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in
the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies expand to common
practices, same economies, and similar forms of
government.
E.g. IMF for its “one-size-fits-all” policy(Stiglitz, 2002)
Criticize that homogenization suffers from a similar model of
governance in the world (Benjamin B)

Media Imperialism – Global media are dominated by number of large

corporation
Mcdonaldization – Western societies are dominated by the principles
of fast food restaurant
Globalization Theories
1. Heterogeneity pertains to the creation of
various cultural practices, new economies, and
political groups because of the interaction of
elements from different societies in the world.
E.g. “Glocal”, “McWorld” to “Jihad” (Barber, IS)
Economic Issues are not exempted.
Dynamics of Local and Global Culture
Cultural Differentialism – cultures are essentially different
and are only affected by global flows
western and Islamic culture clash
Cultural Hybridization – integration of local and global
cultures.
Globalization has developed an endemic flavorto place is
associated with cultural hybridization (Roland Robertson)
Glocalization – interpenetration of the global and local
resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas
Cultural Convergence – stresses homogeneity introduced
by globalization. One culture imposes itself on and tends to
destroy at least parts of another culture
Dynamics of Local and Global
Culture
Deterritorialization – much more difficult to tie culture to a
specific geographic point of origin
Globalization of Religion
Religions have spread and scattered on a global scale
E.g. website that create info about religions

Media play an important role in the dissemination of

religious ideas.

Globalization has allowed faith/ religion to gain

considerate significance and importance as a non-
territorial touchstone of identity.
Origins and History of
Globalization
Hardwire
Nayan Chanda (2007) globalization can
be traced from our ancestors in Africa
that walked out from the continent.
Thus, It is our basic need to make
our lives better that made
globalization possible.
Cycles
Long term cyclical process. Thus
finding its origin is a daunting task.
Epoch
Ritzer (2015) from Therborn (2000) there are six
great epochs of globalization.
1. Globalization of religion (4th-7th century)
2. European colonial conquest (late 15th)
3. Intra-European Wars (late 18th to early 19th )
4. Heyday of European Imperialism(mid-19th to
1918)
5. Post-World War II period
6. Post-Cold War period
 Events
Gibbon E (1998)– Globalizattion had its origin before the
Roman conquest centuries before the birth of Christ.
Rosenthal – considered the voyages in history ushered in
globalization
Martin Khor – Once regarded that globalization is
colonization.

Rosenthal (2007):
1478 – Vasco De Gama reached Cape of Good Hope
1492 – Christopher Columbus reached America
1522 – Magellan circum navigate the world
 Events
Recent years’ beginning of technological advances in
transportation and communication:
1956 – First trans atlantic telephone cable
1962 – First trans atlantic television broadcast
1988 – Founding year of the modern internet
2001 – terrorist attack on the Twin Tower in New York
 Broader, More Recent
Changes
USA outrun Japan, Germany in WWII
Multinational companies:
Ford, General Motors, Apple, Google, Microsoft,
Mcdonalds (USA) Toyota (Japan) Samsung (S.
Korea)
Global Migration
Vagabonds and Tourist are categories of
migrants (Bauman 1998)

Refugees are vagabonds forced to flee their

home countries due to safety concerns
(Haddad 2003)