1.

The Task of Defining Globalization

• TWO CLASSIFICATIONS:

1. Broad and inclusive

. Globalization means the onset of the borderless world... (Ohmae,1992)
2. Narrow and exclusive
Globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new international division of
labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that
accelerated these processes, and the internationalizing of the state... making states into
agencies of the globalizing world. (Cox, 2000)
Defining GLOBALIZATION

Definition of Globalization

Complex and multifaceted

1. Economic Dimension
2. Political Dimension
3. Social Dimension

Defining GLOBALIZATION

• KUMAR(2003) took on a different argument about the issue. To him, the debate about what
can be done about globalization and what it is are similar. This is in relation to what some
academics have claimed about defining globalization-it is a useless task.

• RITZER (2015)
Globalization is a transplanetary process or a set of processes involving liquidity and the
growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information as well as the
structures they encounter and create that are barriers to or expedite those flows.

Globalization could bring either or both

1. Integration
2. Fragmentation
Although things flow easily in a global world, hindrances or structural blocks are present.
These could slow down one's activity in another country or could even limit the places a person
can visit.

Defining GLOBALIZATION

1. The perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition.
2. Globalization is the debate and the debate is globalization.
3. Globalization is a reality. It is changing as human society develops.
2. METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION ( SOLID AND LIQUID FLOWS)
Defining GLOBALIZATION

• RITZER (2015)
Globalization is a transplanetary process or a set of processes involving liquidity and the
growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information as well as the
structures they encounter and create that are barriers to or expedite those flows.
Globalization could bring either or both
1. Integration
2 Fragmentation

Although things flow easily in a global world, hindrances or structural blocks are present.
These could slow down one's activity in another country or could even limit the places a person
can visit.

SOLID AND LIQUID

(STATES OF MATTER)
● The epochs or ages that preceded today's globalization paved way for people, things,
information, and places to harden over time.
● They have limited mobility, (Ritzer, 2015).
● SOLIDITY- refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult movement of things.
● Solids can either be natural or man-made.
Examples:
● NATURAL- landforms and bodies of water
● MAN-MADE- Great Wall of China and Berlin Wall

SOLID AND LIQUID (STATES OF MATTER)

● Solids have a tendency to MELT. (not literally)

● This process involves how we can describe what is happening in today's global world. It
is becoming increasingly liquid.
● LIQUID- as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container. Liquids are NOT FIXED.
● LIQUIDITY- refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information,
and places in the contemporary world.
Characteristics of liquidity accdg. to Zygmunt Bauman
1. Liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects are in continuous fluctuation.
2. Liquid phenomena movement is difficult to stop.
3. Liquid tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solids).

SOLID AND LIQUID (STATES OF MATTER)

BUT HOW DOES LIQUID MELT?

-like Youtube videos, Internet sensation fame, stocks, They melt through TIME.
SOLID AND LIQUID (STATES OF MATTER)

• LIQUIDITY and SOLIDITY are in constant interaction.

● increasing and proliferating today.
● the metaphor that could best describe globalization.
● LIQUIDS DO FLOW.

FLOWS (OF THE LIQUID PHENOMENA)

1. MELTING PROCESS OF SOLID PHENOMENA =WHY DO LIQUIDS FLOW?
2. INCREASE IN LIQUIDITY
3. FLOWS OF LIQUID PHENOMENA

● Flows are the movement of people, things, places, and information brought by the
growing "porosity" of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015).
Examples:
● Foreign cuisines
● Global financial crises- "In global financial system, national borders are porous.”
● Virtual flow of legal and illegal information such as blogs, chile pornography.
● Concrete example: Filipino communities abroad/Chinese communities in the Philippines

3. GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
● Heterogeneity
● Homogeneity
HOMOGENEITY
● refers to increasing sameness in the world as cultural/social inputs, economic factors,
and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same
economies, and similar forms of government. CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
Examples:
● Dominant religion-Christianity
● Economy-spread of capitalism, market economy

HOMOGENEITY
● "ONE SIZE FITS ALL" approach of IMF (International Monetary Fund)
● treats every country in the world as the same
● EFFECT:
● Rich countries become advantageous in the world economy at the expense of poor
countries, which lead to inequality among nations.

According to Ritzer,
The contemporary world is undergoing the process of McDonaldization. (Process by which
Western societies are dominated by the principle of fast food restaurants)
GROBALIZATION- a process wherein nations, corporations, etc. impose themselves on
geographic areas in order to gain profits, power, and so on.
HETEROGENEITY
• Creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups because of the
interaction of elements from different societies in the world.
• Refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the hybrids or
combinations of cultures that can be produces through the different transplanetary process.
HETEROGENEITY

GLOCALIZATION- refers to global forces interacting with local factors or a specific geographic
area.
EFFECT:
-intensification of nationalism and that leads to greater heterogeneity throughout the world.

● In Thailand and Vietnam, to buy in the market, you have to speak their own language for
them to understand you.
● Glocalization of language in some countries are intensified mainly in Cheir language.

4. ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

HARDWIRED
● Trace the beginning of globalization from our ancestors in Africa who walked out from
the said continent in the late Ice Age.
● Chanda (2007) mentioned that commerce, religion, politics, and warfare are the "urges"
of people toward a better life.
● Trade, missionary work, adventures, conquest

CYCLES
● For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be
a daunting task.
● What is important is the cycles that globalization has gone through, (Scholte, 2005).
● NOTION: Globalization will soon disappear and reappear.

EPOCH

SIX GREAT EPOCHS/WAVES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Globalization of religion
2. European colonial conquests
3. Intra-European wars
4. Heyday of European imperialism
5. Post-World War II period
6. Post-Cold War period
EVENTS

• Several points that can be treated as the start of globalization.

1. Roman conquests
2. Rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe
3. Voyages of discovery
4. First transatlantic telephone cable (1956)
5. First transatlantic television broadcast (1962)
6. Founding of modern internet (1988)
7. Terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New York (2001)
EVENTS
● With this fourth view, more and more specific events will characterize not just the origins
of globalization but also more of its history.

BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES

Broad changes-last half of the twentieth century

● The emergence of the United States as the global power (post World War II)
● The emergence of multinational corporations
● The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY AND GLOBAL MIGRATION

DEMOGRAPHICS is the study of a population based on factors such as age, race and sex.
● Governments, corporations and nongovernment organizations use demographics to
learn more about a population's characteristics for many purposes, including policy
development and economic market research.
● 90%,80%,60%,40%

BIRTH RATE
Birth Rate - The number of births per 1000 people per year.
● (Total live births/Total population) X1000 = Birth Rate

MORTALITY RATE

Death Rate (Mortality): The percentage of people who die relative to the country's population
(annual)
● (Total deaths/ Total population) x1000 = Death Rate

IMMIGRATION VERSUS EMIGRATION

IMMIGRATION
● Act of entering a foreign country, often for permanent residency
● Entering a foreign country
● Movement into a different country
EMIGRATION
● Act of leaving one's own country often to settle permanently in another country
● Leaving the home country
● Movement

LIFE EXPECTANCY
● Expectation of life - at a given age is the average number of years which a person of that
age may expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country
BOTH SEXES
● 73.2 years
● (He expectancy at birth, both sexes combined)

FEMALES
● 75.6 years
● (We expectancy at birth, females)
●
MALES
● 70.8 years
● dife expectancy at birth, males)
FERTILITY RATE
● Total number of children borne by a woman at a point of time during her child-bearing
age (15 to 45 years)
Family size depends upon
● Duration of marriage
● Education of couple
● No of live births
● Contraception method
● Socio economic status
Median age
● is the age that divides a population into two numerically equally sized groups - that is,
half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that
summarizes the age distribution of a population.
GLOBAL MEDIAN AGE
● 21.7- 1970
● 30- 2019

AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO

● THE RATIO OF DEPENDENTS-PEOPLE YOUNGER THAN 15 OR OLDER THAN 64--
TO THE WORKING-AGE POPULATION-THOSE AGES 15-64. DATA ARE SHOWN AS
THE PROPORTION OF DEPENDENTS PER 100 WORKING-AGE POPULATION.

THEORIES OF POPULATION GROWTH AND DECLINE

1. Malthusian theory
2. The demographic transition theory
MALTHUSIAN THEORY
● Overpopulation and Massive Poverty
● Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) theorized pessimistically that population was
uncontrollable.
Thomas Malthus (1766 - 1834)

● Malthus argued that population was growing faster than the amount of resources we
could produce
● This suggested that at some point population would outgrow resources (food)
● A catastrophe such as war, famine or disease would then cut the population which would
return to balance again

Grows exponentially=doubles at each stage.

e.g. 2-4-8-16 -32
Grows arithmetically=add one on each time.
e.g. 1-2-3-4-5

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

● This model predicts that, as a country develops, high birth rates and high death rates will
fall.
● This model also predicts that countries will pass through periods of industrialization and
urbanization on the way to reduced birth death rates.
STAGE ONE
Stage one is characterized by high birth rates and high fluctuating death rates resulting in small
population growth. Plagues, diseases and poor nutrition keep mortality high.
STAGE TWO
Stage two is characterized by improved health care, sanitation and increased food supplies
leading to a rapid fall in death rates. Birth rates are still high, so there is a rapid increase in
population numbers.
STAGE THREE
Stage three is characterized by a decreased growth rate of a population. Birth rates begin to fall.
Industrialization, urbanization and improved living standards lead to less desire for large
families.
STAGE FOUR
Stage four is characterized by the completion of the transition to a low growth rate with low birth
and death rates. The birth rate may fluctuate in special circumstances, such as in the post-war
"baby-boom.”
STAGE FIVE
Stage five is characterized by a lower birth than death rate. This is happening in some
European countries and in Japan. It is not known if this trend will extend to other region

THE GOOD NEWS

● Better economy
● Efficient utilization of resources
 ● Medical, agricultural and industrial growth
● Better Labour Force
● Greater Investment in Capital Formation

THE "PERILS" OF OVER POPULATION

● Shortage of Food and land
● Environmental Problems
● Problem of Unemployment
● Poverty and Low Standard of Living
● Inflation
● Conflict and war
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

● demography, noun.
● the study of changes (such as number of births, deaths, marriages, and illnesses) that
occur over a period of time in human populations
● We have a growing population.
● Experts believe that we will reach the 9 Billion milestone in the year 2050
● BUT, "What could cause an excess of 10Million deaths in a single year?”-a 2018
question
Total Population- 7.8 Billion
Largest Country China - 1.8 Billion

Excess mortality is a term used in epidemiology and public health that refers to the number of
deaths from all causes during a crisis above and beyond what we would have expected to see
under 'normal' conditions. ¹ In this case, we're interested in how the number of deaths during the
COVID-19 pandemic compares to the deaths we would have expected had the pandemic not
occurred - a crucial quantity that cannot be known but can be estimated in several ways.

Excess mortality is a more comprehensive measure of the total impact of the pandemic on
deaths than the confirmed COVID-19 death count alone. It captures not only the confirmed
deaths, but also COVID-19 deaths that were not correctly diagnosed and reported as well as
deaths from other causes that are attributable to the overall crisis conditions.

But what's important is:

● Everyone will die.

● ARE YOU READY TO DIE? Do you already know where your souls will be for eternity?
Jesus said, He has come to seek and to save the LOST.
● ARE YOU LOST? Jesus came for you. So you can spend eternity with Him. All you have
to do is put your faith and trust in Him—but not only that. You have to repent of your sins
and follow Him.
GLOBAL MIGRATION

Migration- movement of people from one place to another in searching of employment, better
conditions of living, better educational facilities, and other reasons to live a better life.

Internal Migration- people migrate between states/provinces within a country. The people
migrate in search of better conditions, employment, education...
● Seasonal migration
● Rural to Urban migration
● Rural to Rural migration
● Urban to Rural migration

International Migration- people migrate from one country to another country for various
purposes like job opportunities, higher education, businesses. Restrictions and rules need to be
followed when migrating internationally.
● Should get passport, visa, etc.
● They must know the laws of the migrating country.

REASONS OF MIGRATION

The people migrate for different reasons and some of them are as follows.

● Availability of work and livelihood.

● Government policies.
● Better educational facilities.
● Natural calamities
● Political reasons
● Religious reasons
● Health care facilities
● Marriages
● Business opportunities, etc.
INTERNAL MIGRATION
● Mostly seen in
● Government
● Money Transfer
● Internal migration is mostly seen in the semi-skilled and unskilled workers in the rural
and semi-urban areas.
● The government may or may not take care about the internal migrants from other states.
● The money sent by the migrants to their families is less when compared to international
migrants.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
● Mostly seen in
● Government
● Money Transfer
● The International migration is mostly seen as the professional and skilled people.
● The government provides security to the international migrants through embassy's in
respective countries.
● The money sent by the international migrants to the home country is very high.