Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
Overview
This unit is designed to inform you about the increasing awareness of people's
interconnectedness and places around the globe, which was the result of economic and
sociopolitical integration among different countries, and advances in technology and other
facets that have allowed people to experience living in a borderless world. As such, this unit
examines the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization thru the lenses of various
disciplines.
Learning Objectives
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Lesson Proper
Defining Globalization
In this world, advances in technology are vividly experienced by everyone. For example, the
currently used method in learning for the 21st century involves gadgets, the Internet, and
cellular devices. Different issues and events across the world can be easily accessed through
the help of information technology. People of this era have general information about the
ideas, culture, and practices of other nations as if the world is a global mall in which
opinions are available everywhere. As such, these experiences lead us to the notion that we
live in a seemingly borderless world. All of these things are the result of the so-called
Globalization.
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According to Robert Cox (1999), Globalization is characterized by the
internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, migration from
south and north, and a competitive environment, which increases processes such as
manufacturing of goods and commodities. This definition presents us an idea that specific
activities are happening under Globalization such as the acquisition of products of a
particular country to other parts of the world, the categorization of states when it comes to
the division of labor as presented in the world system theory, the migration of people to
other wealthy nations, and the existence of a free market that allows competition in an open
economy. From the viewpoint of Bairoch & Kozul-Wright (1996), Globalization is a process
in which the production and financial structures of countries are becoming interlinked by
an increasing number of cross-border transactions to create an international division of
labor in which national wealth creation comes, increasingly, to depend on economic agents
in other countries. In this sense, countries from different parts of the world are actively
engaging in transactions with others about the products, labor, investment, and policies that
are beneficial to each state. On the other hand, Langhone (2001) explains that Globalization
is the latest stage in a long accumulation of technological advance, which has given human
beings the ability to conduct their affairs across the world without reference to nationality,
government authority, time of day or physical environment. All of these definitions provide
a specific description of Globalization by which it tackles particular areas of human activity.
However, this kind of meaning can be limiting in terms of application. Thus, defining
Globalization through exclusive and narrow can only be applied with a particular scope of
activity.
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Solid- it refers to the barriers that may prevent free movement and it can be natural
or man-made. It may also refer to people, things, information, and places “harden
“over time and therefore have limited mobility.
2. Liquidity- It refers to increasing ease of movement of people, things, information,
and places in the global age.
Characteristics:
I. Liquid is forever ready to change whatever shape it might take on
momentarily and it is in continuous flux. This scenario can be seen in global
finance by which an economy has never been stable at it changes from time
to time
II. Liquid is difficult to stop once it is on the move such as the advances in
technology.
III. Liquid tends to melt whatever stands in its path such as the political and
economic barriers.
3. Flows- It refers to the movement of people, things, ideas, and culture across the
globe due to the advances in technology, economic and political integration, and
establishment of global policies that lessens and eliminates the existing borders.
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1. Hardwired proposes that globalization originated from the basic motivation of
human beings to seek a better life (Chanda, 2007). History shows that our ancestors
travel from Africa to other places in search of food and security.
2. Cycles: it explains that there is no single point of origin in globalization but it is a
longterm cyclical process wherein the current global age today is only a
modification of the global age in the past. Thus, it should be noted that the global age
today will be replaced by a new cycle of globalization in the future.
3. Epochs: if cycles explain a continuous long-term cyclical process, the epochs explain
that there are waves of globalization that took place in the past and each of them has
its own origin. Epoch is different from the perspective of the cycle as it argues that
the previous epochs are not returning in the future. The following are the great
epoch according to Therborn (2000).
I. The fourth to the seventh centuries which witnessed the globalization of
religions (e.g. Christianity, Islam).
II. The late fifteenth-century highlighted by European colonial conquests.
III. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries during which various
Intra - European wars led to globalization.
IV. The mid-nineteenth century to 1918; the heyday of European imperialism.
V. The post - World War II period. 6. The post - Cold War period.
4. Events: this perspective is different from cycles and epochs as it specifies the event
that is somehow responsible for the origin of globalization. Some are examples of
the point of origin from the perspective of Events:
I. The spread of Christianity after the fall of the Roman Empire.
II. The Other important Voyages such as the discovery of America by
Christopher’s Columbus in 1942, Vasco Da Gama rounding the Cape of
Good Hope in 1498, and the circumnavigation of the globe completed in
1522 by one of Ferdinand Magellan’ s ships (Rosenthal, 2007)
III. European Colonialism
IV. The founding of the modern Internet-based on Arpanet (which was
created in 1969).
5. Broader, more recent Changes: this perspective views that the origin of globalization
has taken place during the recent changes that happened in the 2 nd half of the 20th
century. Scholars have identified three significant changes that shape the course of
humanity towards globalization.
I. The emergence of the United States as the global power in the years
following WW II
II. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs).
III. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War
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3. Modifiers: It disputes the novelty of the process, implying that the label
‘globalization’ has often been applied in a historically imprecise manner.
THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. World System Theory: this theory believes that capitalism has spread around the world
for the last five centuries from 1500 to the present. In world Capitalism, the key
structure is the three major division of labor of each country that has created hierarchy.
a. Core: powerful, wealthy, and industrialized countries that usually control and
benefit from the global market. Countries that are not as rich as the core
countries usually depend on these core countries. These countries own most of
the world’s capital and technology and have great control over world trade and
economic agreements.
b. Peripheral: countries that are dependent on core countries for capital and have
an underdeveloped industry. They generally provide labor and materials to core
countries.
c. Semi-Peripheral: Countries that share characteristics of both core and periphery
countries. However, they also exploit peripheral countries just as core exploits
the natural resources of peripheral countries.
2. World Polity Theory: It was developed as an analytical frame for interpreting global
relations, structures, and practices. Invoking an image of the world as a system of
interrelated interdependent units. It views the world system as a social system with a
cultural framework called world polity, which encompasses and influences the actors,
such as nations, international organizations, and individuals under it.
3. World Culture Theory: It is a label for a particular interpretation of globalization that
focuses on the way in which participants in the process become conscious of and give
meaning to living in the world as a single place.
Impact of Globalization
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Efficiency, Predictability, and technological advancement in production and
marketing.
d. Globalization: It is the desires and ambitions of different entities such as
organizations, corporations, and other nations to influence others and impose
their power throughout the world. Their major goals include expanding their
power and seeing that their profits grow across different parts of the world.
References
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Lechner, F. (2001). Globalization theories: world-system theory. Department of Sociology,
Emory University.
McNeely, C. L. (2012). World polity theory. The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia of
Globalization. Ohmae, K. (1992). The borderless world: Power and strategy in the global
marketplace. HarperCollins.
Pieterse, J. N. (2003). Globalization and culture: Three paradigms. In: J. N. Pieters (Ed.),
Globalization and Culture: Global Mélange. (pp.41-58). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman &
Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc..
Ritzer, G. (2011) Globalization: The Essentials. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd Ritzer,
G. (2007). The globalization of nothing 2. Sage.
Steger, M., Battersby, P., & Siracusa, J. (Eds.). (2014). The Sage handbook of globalization.
Sage.
Therborn, G. (2000). Globalizations: dimensions, historical waves, regional effects,
normative governance. International sociology, 15(2), 151-179.
Assessing Learning
Activity 1
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Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: This is an individual activity by which each student will find and read three
editorials (local or international) discussing globalization. Write 50-word summaries of
each opinion editorial, identifying the underlying definition of globalization.
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Activity 2
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
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Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
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2. In defining globalization, which of them is the most likely accepted definition for
you? Explain your answer and make it brief and concise.
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Activity 3
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
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Directions: Write the word True if the Statement is correct and write False if the statement
is wrong. Write your answer on the space provided before the item.
_______________3. One of the criticisms against the broad and inclusive definition of
Globalization is the vagueness of definition and did not explain the
implication of it in the world.
_______________4. According to Cox (2000), the globalization has changed the role of the
nation- states by which nations become agencies of globalizing the world.
_______________6. One of the criticisms against the narrow and exclusive definition of
globalization is that it is too broad and the scope is very vague
_______________7. Solidity refers to the barriers that may prevent free movement and it can be
natural or man-made
_______________10. There are two opposing views on the impact of Globalization, Sameness and
Heterogeneity.
Setting Up
Lesson Proper
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GLOBAL ECONOMY
Local products of the Philippines such as Marikina Shoes, Datu Puti Vinegar, Philippine
Dried Fish, and other products are usually available not only here in the Philippines but also
in other countries such as in America and Canada. However, the question arises as to how is
this possible? If one wonders how it happens, you should also be curious about how your
countrymen can wear branded shoes and other garments such as Nike, Louis Vuitton, and
Uniqlo. The accumulation, importation, and exportation of goods and commodities from one
country to other countries and vice-versa is best explained by the economic globalization.
Economic Globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a
result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of
international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies (Shangquan, 2000). The
given example above was only a part of economic globalization as the scope of economic
globalization is not only limited in goods as it also involves, capital, labor, migration and
anything that is related to goods and services.
From the viewpoint of the International Monetary Fund, Economic Globalization is a
historical process that was the outcome of human evolution from traditional and primitive
technology to the present technological advancement. It refers to the increasing integration
of economies around the world, mainly through the movement of goods, services, and
capital across borders. The term sometimes also applies to the change of people (labor) and
knowledge (technology) across international borders (Staff, I. M. F., 2008). From these
explanations, it makes sense that advancements in technology allow foreign transactions to
make the acquisition of imported goods possible.
1. Goods and Services: Goods are tangible objects that satisfy people's wants. Services
are actions, such as haircuts and car repair, which also satisfy people's wants.
2. Capital: It is the total assets a company needs to stay solvent. A company’s capital
assets are significant because organizations use capital assets to create wealth
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3. Communication and Technology: Advances in Communication and technology has
allowed the integration of economies worldwide through increases in trade,
investment flows, and technology transfer.
4. Market Exchange: it is an economic system in which goods and services are
produced, distributed, and exchanged by the forces of price, supply, and demand.
a. Its goal is to improve the domestic economy by forcing its citizen either direct or
indirect to purchase local products instead of imported products.
b. For safety and quality concerns of both imported and exported products
Primary policy tools
a. Tariffs: These are charges to importing countries in the form of either money or
goods that will serve as a payment for allowing its international products to be sold
in the local market. It is usually documented in the custom of a particular
government. These Import tariffs are the reasons for the increase of international
product prices. It also raises revenues of the government and protects domestic
products from foreign competition due to the price hike of imported goods.
b. Import Quotas: This is a kind of tariffs that lessen the number of products that can
be imported for a certain period of time. The implementation of import quotas helps
the government protects its domestic businesses by allowing its local businesses to
cover the shortfall of certain products. Thus, it helps the local market to increase its
production that will lead to the increase of numbers of goods that can be sold in the
market
c. Product Standards: This is a kind of barrier that imposes strict standards in
imported products which may make it difficult for different importing countries to
bring their goods in the local market. Thus, the restriction of a particular product
can lead to a higher volume of product production domestically.
d. Government Subsidies: This is a strategy of the national government by which
incentives and cash payments are distributed to domestic businesses to encourage
them to expand their market globally by increasing international export. Thus, the
government may strengthen its local market.
Advantages of Protectionism:
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a. Protectionism policies often time support other countries to make their own
protection policy as well. Hence, it inhibits the exportation of each other products
that may result in less profit
TRADE LIBERALIZATION: It is the process of removing or reducing the barriers or
restrictions in the exchange for goods between and among nations. With the reduction of
barriers such as tariffs and import quotas in the process of exchanging goods and services,
it significantly reduces the cost of goods sold by the importing countries Thereby, allowing
an increase of exchange between and among countries. Thus, the proponents of trade
liberalization believe that reduction of barriers ultimately lessen consumer costs while
increasing efficiency, and fostering the growth of the economy.
a. As it promotes free trade between and among countries, the cost of importing
nations in bringing their goods to other countries is most likely to be lessened. This
event may likely result in lower consumer prices due to lower fees of importing
nation and an increase in competition among local and international businesses.
b. Promotes efficient use and allocation of world resources
c. Increases Capital Flow
d. Allows developing countries access to the heavily protected markets of the
developed world thus helping promote development
e. It encourages specialization among countries by maximizing their capabilities
whether to manufacture goods or provide services. This scenario is related to the
concept of comparative advantage wherein one specializes in which they can gain
the most profitable.
f. It can lead to a higher efficiency of producers.
g. It can attract foreign investment
Disadvantages of Trade Liberalization
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1. Consumer: they get products at lowest 1. Consumer: they get products that are
and cheapest price cheap yet have the least and lowest quality
2. Worker: Low wage worker earned more 2. Worker: Low wage workers work in
hazardous environment
3. Countries: they are able to gain out of the 3. Countries: they did not gain as much as
trade for the cheaper price and sell it to a the countries who have bought their raw
higher price materials for a cheaper price.
4. Corporation who earned more profit 4. Corporation who lose out to foreign
either due to increase in sale and low labor competition.
cost for manufacturing its good
For Wallerstein, "a world-system is a social system that has boundaries, structures,
member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting
forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to
remold it to its advantage. A world-system is what Wallerstein terms a "world economy",
integrated through the market rather than a political center, in which two or more regions
are interdependent concerning necessities like food, fuel, and protection, and two or more
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polities compete for domination without the emergence of one single center forever.
Worldsystem theory is, in many ways, an adaptation of the dependency theory. Wallerstein
draws heavily from the dependency theory, a neo-Marxist explanation of development
processes, famous in the developing world. Dependency theory focuses on understanding
the "periphery" by looking at core-periphery relations, and it has flourished in peripheral
regions like Latin America.
Wallerstein proposes different categories, core, semi-periphery, and periphery into which
all regions of the world can be placed. Of the three, two are of the uttermost importance:
core and periphery. These are geographically and culturally different, focusing on labor-
intensive (Periphery), and the other on capital-intensive production(core). The core-
periphery relationship is structural. Semi-peripheral states act as a buffer zone between
core and periphery and have a mix of the kinds of activities and institutions that exist on
them
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
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Levels of Economic Integration
• Preferential trading area. Allow member countries to have access to some of their
products. Tariffs are not eliminated but it is lessened as compared to
nonparticipating countries
• Free trade. It aimed to reduce the tariff significantly between or among partnered
countries. In regards to external countries which are not part of their agreement,
each of them has its own decision making in regards to the tariff they will impose on
those external countries. The general goal of free trade agreements is to develop
economies of scale and comparative advantages, which promotes economic
efficiency.
• Custom union. It almost the same with free trade agreement as it aims to reduce and
abolish the tariff but it differs from free trade as the member country has common
external tariffs among member countries, implying that the same tariffs are applied
to third countries; a common trade regime is achieved.
References
Shangquan, G. (2000). Economic globalization: trends, risks and risk prevention. Economic
&
Sorinel, C. (2010). Immanuel Wallerstein’s World System Theory. Annals of Faculty of
Economics, 1(2), 220-224.
Social Affairs, CDP Backround Paper, 1.
Staff, I. M. F. (2008). Globalization: A brief overview. International Monetary Fund, (02/08).
What is Capital in Economics. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from http://ncsp.org/what-
iscapital-in-economics/
Assessing Learning
Activity 4
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Read the article, “The Philippine Rice Tariffication Law: Implications and issues”
By Annette M. Tobias. Afterwards, Answer the following critical questions regarding the
article. Reference: http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=960&print=1
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2. Cite the (2) two most important provision under the rice Tariffication Law.
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3. Identify (3) three advantages and (3) three disadvantages of Rice Tariffication Law in
the Philippines Economy.
Advantages Disadvantages
1.
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2.
3.
Activity 5
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of your answer and write it on the provided space
before the item.
1. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world particularly
through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders.
a. Trade Liberalization c. Economic Integration
b. Economic Globalization d. Modern world System.
2. Which of the following is not included in interconnected dimensions of
Economic Globalization?
a. Production c. Capital Markets
b. Technology d. Non-governmental Organizations
3. Which of the following statements describe Protectionism?
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a. It refers to government policies that allows free flow of trade
b. It protects domestic products through implementation of tariff.
c. It refers to the removal of trade barriers between countries
d. Both A & B
4. Which of the following statements is true about the tariff?
a. It protects domestic products c. It is viewed as a barrier to free trade
b. It raises revenue for the Governments d. All of the above
5. All of the following statements are advantages of Trade Liberalization, except one.
a. Encourages Countries to specialize
b. Can attract foreign investment
c. Can lead to lower prices for the consumers
d. Can result in exploitation of the environment
6. According to Wallerstein, countries under this category specialize in exporting
raw materials.
a. Periphery c. Core
b. Semi-periphery d. Both a & b
7. According to Wallerstein, Countries under this category are technological advanced.
a. Periphery c. Core
b. Semi-periphery d. Both b & c
8. It refers to an agreement among countries in a geographic region to reduce and remove
tariff barriers.
a. Trade Liberalization c. Economic Integration
b. Economic Globalization d. Modern world System.
9. A level of Economic integration wherein countries freely exchange all goods, services,
labor and capital.
a. Free Trade Area c. Common Market
b. Custom union d. Economic Union
10. A level of Economic integration wherein country members share one trade policy with
non-members.
a. Free Trade Area c. Common Market
b. Custom union d. Economic Union
This unit will provide a brief history of Global Market Integration that will lead to the
understanding of market integration and its effect in our current situation. The Different
Financial institutions, international Organization and Global Corporation will also be
discussed to identify the significant influence of these Institutions to economic globalization
and market Integration. Types and levels of market integration will be tackled to determine
the possible effects of each level of integration in our economy.
Learning Objectives
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At the end of the unit, I am able to:
ROLE
You are a member of the corporate social responsibility committee of a certain
Multinational Company.
SITUATION
There is a pandemic that is currently being experienced by every other nation,
particularly by the Philippines. The World Health Organization determined that the
transmission of this virus can be prevented by avoiding crowded places, staying at
home, maintaining social distance, and by practicing proper hygiene. The World Health
Organization approached your company to help because of your company manufacture
and sells personal cleansing products globally.
PERFORMANCE
Develop a single campaign that will teach and encourage Filipinos to practice proper
hygiene. The campaign material should be culturally appropriate and applicable to the
Filipino Community. Likewise, the campaign material that you will develop should only
be in the form of comic-brochure.
Lesson Proper
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MARKET INTEGRATION
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INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL ORGANIZATION AND ALLIANCES
(OECD) is an international organization that works to build better policies for better
lives. Their goal is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and
wellbeing for all. Together with governments, policymakers and citizens, they work on
establishing evidence-based international standards and finding solutions to a range of
social, economic and environmental challenges. From improving economic performance and
creating jobs to fostering strong education and fighting international tax evasion, they
provide a unique forum and knowledge hub for data and analysis, exchange of experiences,
best-practice sharing, and advice on public policies and international standard-setting
The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989. Currently,
the APEC has a twenty-one member over the four continents. APEC Member Economies
works together to sustain economic growth through a commitment to open trade,
investment and economic reform. The economic growth is usually accomplished through
the reduction of barriers such as tariffs and import quotas. Its Goal is to ensure the
sustainability of growth and development of the region for the good of its people. Likewise,
the reduction of barriers among member economies is in consistent with the principles of
GATT, where applicable, and without detrimental effect to its member country.
European Union
The European Union adheres to the economic and political union where its member
countries have a single currency, Euro. Through its harmonization of its political and
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economic policy, the European Union was able to deliver peace, prosperity, and stability for
more than fifty years by which it increases the standards of living of its people. The EU
remains focused on making its governing institutions more transparent and democratic.
Decisions are taken as openly as possible and as close as possible to the citizen. The
European Union is the largest trade block in the world. The European Union is one of the
largest exporters of goods and services and considered to be the biggest import market for
over a hundred countries.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
This organization was formed in 1994 by the Canada, Mexico and America for the
reason of elimination of barriers when it comes to trade and investment. The agricultural
sector, production and manufacturing sector, investment, and other services are some of the
economic sectors wherein tariffs are eliminated. This organization has also given
importance to the protection of intellectual property rights, environments, and rights of
workers or laborers. Small businesses were among those that were expected to benefit the
most from the lowering of trade barriers since it would make doing business in Mexico and
Canada less expensive and would reduce the red tape needed to import or export goods.
GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
A global corporation, also known as a global company, is coined from the base term
‘global’, which means all around the world. It is a company that operates beyond its local
boundary. Thus, most of the global companies works in more than one country and has
some foreign investment. Global corporations are deemed to be one of the major players in
economic integration as their goods and commodities allow other countries to engage in
foreign trading and exchange. Their existence has significant influenced to the consumer
behavior such as changes of lifestyles, spending pattern, practices and traditions.
The nature of Global Corporations usually varies depending on the classification to
where it can be categorized. However, most of the global corporations as stated above has
foreign investment and operating beyond the borders. They conduct activities outside their
origin countries such as manufacturing, distribution, research and development, marketing,
and selling of products. In some ways, the Global Corporation can influence local and global
laws in regard with trade and exchange. Lastly, most well-known global corporations have
strong brand recognition.
Types of Global Corporations
International Companies: this company operates primarily in a single country but has
some exposure to foreign markets. These are basically importers and exporters. The most
common type of American international business is one that purchases products or raw
materials from international markets. Best Buy is an example of this type of business. The
company operates in the United States and employs mostly American citizens, but it sells a
large amount of imported goods yet they don’t have foreign investments.
Multinational Companies: this Company operates in more than one country and receive
substantial income from these foreign operations qualify as multinational in nature.
Multinational companies, while usually controlled by management based in a single
country, cater to markets in individual countries. It invests directly in foreign nations, but
this is usually limited to a few areas. Products are customized to local preferences, rather
than homogenized, limiting the ability to create economies of scale.
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Transnational Companies: transnational companies are the very largest multinational
businesses with separate divisions that operate with a significant independence in their
assigned markets. A transnational company invests directly in dozens of countries and has a
global headquarters that distributes decision-making capabilities to its various local
operations.
Global Companies: This kind of company would usually operate on a worldwide scale, but
it would not be tied legally to any nation. They have an investment in many countries but
maintain a strong headquarters in one country. They typically market their products and
services to each individual global market.
References
ADB, EU, ASEAN, SAARC, AU, NATO, NAM, OPEC, G-8, IAEA, etc. (N.D.) retrieved from
https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/international-relations/adbeu-asean-saarc-au-
natonam-opec-g-8-iaea-etc/
Berman, C. (2019). Characteristics of Global Corporation. Retrieved from
https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-global-corporation.html
Bernanke, B. S. (2006). A Short History of Global Economic Integration. Global Economic
Integration: What's New and What's Not.
Boykin, G. (2019). The differences in International Trade & Transnational Businesses.
Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-
globalcorporation.html
Chen, J. (2020). Bretton Woods Agreement and System. Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brettonwoodsagreement.asp
Heakal, R. (2019). What is the World Trade Organization?. Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/investing/what-is-the-world-trade-organization/
INC. EDITORIAL, INC. STAFF. (N.D.) Retrieved from
https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/north-american-free-trade-
agreementnafta.html#:~:text=The%20North%20American%20Free%20Trade,%3B
%20NAFTA
%20broadened%20that%20arrangement.)
International Financial Institutions- An Overview. (2020).
Retrieved From https://www.cinfo.ch/en/un-ifi-careers/working-
international-financialinstitutions/international-financial-institutions
Kenton, W. (2020). International Monetary Fund (IMF). Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/imf.asp
Kenton, W. (2019). World Bank. Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/worldbank.asp
Koester, U. (2000). Market integration: how it works. Agricultural policy and enlargement of
the European Union, 21-34.
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Lamarco, N. (2018). What is a Global Corporation. Retrieved
from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/global-corporation-63267.html
Majaski, C. (2019). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Investopedia. Retrieved
from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gatt.asp.
Majone, G. (2005). Positive and Negative Integration.
Retrieved From
https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199274304.001.0001/acprof-
9780199274307-chapter-7
Stat4all (2014). OBJECTIVE, ACTIVITIES & CONTRIBUTION OF- ASEAN, SARRC, NAFTA,
APEC, OPEC, WB, IMF, FAO, WTO, EU, AU, BIMSTEC. Retrieved from
https://statistics2learn.wordpress.com/2014/04/21/objective-
activitiescontribution-of-asean-sarrc-nafta-apec-opec-wb-imf-fao-wto-eu-au-
bimstec/
Walker, J. (2017). How to Describe the Four Basic Levels of International Business
Activities. Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-
globalcorporation.html
Wolfe, M. (2017). What does it mean to be a Global Company?. Retrieved from
https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-global-corporation.html
Assessing Learning
Activity 6
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
29
Directions: The students are tasked to find the (2) two similarities and (2) differences
between Multinational Company and Transnational Company using the Venn diagram.
Activity 7
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
IDENTIFICATION: Read and analyze each item, identify the word being asked for every
item. Choose your answer from the given choices and write the letter of your answer on the
space provided before each number.
30
a. Common Market b. Custom Union c. Global Corporations
Wood f. Global Companies
d. Transnational e. Bretton
Corporations System
j.OPEC
Activity 8
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
TRUE OR FALSE: Write the word True if the statement is correct otherwise, write the word
False.
31
_________1. Multinational Company usually exports it’s materials or products to other
countries which their other branches are located.
_________2. A Multinational Company usually pay tariffs for their products as compared a
transnational company.
_________3. The shareholders of the transnational companies are usually owned by foreign
countries.
_________4. International Financial institution are usually owned and governed by one
country.
_________5. One of the focuses of the International Financial Institution is to provide economic
and financial support to developing countries.
_________6. The Philippine was one of the founding fathers of the ASEAN.
_________7. Producing and manufacturing goods for the local community only is one of the
natures of Global corporations.
_________8. International Companies activities are limited to importing and exporting
products.
_________9. The two world wars destroyed the flourishing economic activities of the 19th
century.
_________10. The History of the global market can be traced back to early Greek civilization.
33
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Lesson Proper
As globalization became the most heated topic among scholars, some would suggest that
the state was being displaced as the Primary Vehicle through which political communities
would organize themselves in the century to come. Although, the early years of the 21 st
century have shown us that globalization has not displaced the state due to recognized
sovereignty of the state to set economic policies for a country that is honored across the
34
world. The treaty of Westphalia of 1648 established the notion of the nation-state and the
idea of state sovereignty which creates an atmosphere that states have sovereignty and
government control over its own affairs. However, Globalization has dispersed political and
economic power beyond the state. Global Norms, Economic Policies, and competitive
benefits have forced each state to participate in International relations with the purpose of
establishing legitimacy, respectability, economic growth, and peace and order (Schattle,
2014).
Besides, the increasing power of other actors other than the nation-states such as
Multinational companies, Non-Governmental Agencies, and regional organizations and
alliances have posed challenges on the Government of a state.
There have been several challenges to the government particularly with state autonomy.
These challenges can be divided into four. Traditional challenges, challenges from national
or identity movements, global economics, and global social movements.
Traditional Challenges
Different people with different identities and beliefs who live in different states may
challenge the government to recognize their unique Ideologies and Identity all over
that state. Thus, a nation’s cultural identity and a state’s definite identity is being
challenged by these movements.
o Example: Al-Qaeda and ISIS movement were based on the fundamentalist
version of Islam.
Global Economics
35
o Example: Governments have to comply with Global or regional
agreements (e.g. WTFO, NAFTA, EU, and ASEAN
o Economic Crises can force the government to subscribe to the terms of
the global financial market in order to recover economic stability.
Global Social Movements
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International relations can be defined as political activities and other kinds and aspects of
interactions among states, inter-governmental organization, non-government
organizations, and Multinational corporations.
36
Institutions that Govern International Relations
37
Peace Treaties and Military Alliances
United Nations (UN): it was founded in 1995, and it has 193 member states
with the republic of South Sudan as its newest member. The UN has four
functions, which include military, economic, environmental issues, and human
protection. However, the ultimate goal of the UN is to maintain peace and order.
The UN usually provides a forum wherein countries gather to discuss different
issues and concerns. Likewise, the UN promotes and protects human rights
through various organizations and mechanisms.
Internationalism
Internationalism can be defined as the principle of cooperation among nations, for the
promotion of their common good (Dictionary.com, 2020). Moreover, Internationalism can
be defined as the idea that cooperation among countries is beneficial for everyone. In most
cases, nations adhere to this doctrine to cooperate economically and avoid conflict.
According to Halliday (1998), Internationalism is the idea that we both are and should be
part of a broader community than that of the nation or the state. This means that we should
be part of a larger community that helps to build each other economy and maintain peace
and order. According to Fred Halliday, there are three concepts of Internationalism:
hegemonic, revolutionary and liberal.
Hegemonic internationalism: The belief that the world is being integrated is based
on unequal terms with the dominance of one nation or nation-state over others. This
means that a particular country has exerted a dominating influence over other
groups or societies. This case can be seen through the colonization of Britain over
the other 70 nation-states for 200 years.
Revolutionary Internationalism: It is the belief that conflicts within societies
ascend due to international factors and alliances. This scenario can be seen when
Liberal Internationalism: It is the belief that certain goals such as peace and
prosperity can be attained through cooperation and collaboration between and
among countries. For example, the Humanitarian efforts by nation-states and
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to improve the welfare of people in poorer
countries.
Globalism
Globalism is a national policy of treating the whole world as a proper sphere for political
influence (Merriam-Webster, 2020). This is almost similar to the definition given by the
Cambridge dictionary wherein Globalism is the idea that events in one nation cannot be
separated from those in another and that economic and foreign policy should be planned in
an international way. Likewise, others would define globalism as a broad ideological
commitment in favor of the process of globalization that embraces a variety of interlinked
economic, communicational, environmental, and political phenomena (Encyclopedia.com,
39
2020). In the view of Nye (2002), Globalism seeks to describe and explain nothing more
than a world which is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental
distances. It attempts to understand all the interconnections of the modern world — and to
highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them. American Political Scientist, Joseph Nye,
has identified four dimensions of Globalism: Economic, Military, Environmental, Social and
Cultural.
References
Assessing Learning
Activity 9
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Identify (3) three challenges that was experienced by the Philippine Government
in the given category for both traditional challenges and national identity/movements.
External
Intervention by
other countries
41
Internal
Political
challenges
Regional
organization
challenging
state autonomy
42
National/
identity
movements
Activity 10
IDENTIFICATION: Identify the correct answer for each item. Write your answer on the
space provided before each number.
1. Challenges that arise from their own internal
dissenters.
2. An example of this challenge to government is the
European
Union’s remarks against Duterte’s war on drugs.
3. It demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism.
4. These are groups that emerge through grassroots
organizations.
5. This organization was founded in 1945 and it has currently
43
189 member states
6. An nternational organization that
settle international disputes regarding
trade and exchange
7. It is a principle used by this
organization that attack to the one-
member nation means an attack to all
member nations 8. An independent and
neutral organization organized in 1863
to help those who were wounded by
wars.
9. A belief and/or a movement which promotes better cooperation among nations in
economic, political, and social 10. It seeks to describe and explain nothing more than a
world which is characterized by networks of connections that span multi- continental
distances.
Activity 11
TRUE OR FALSE: Write the word True if the statement is correct and False if it is incorrect.
Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
1. Internationalism stresses solidarity and cooperation
among the nation to benefit the interest of one nation over
another.
2. Globalism is the idea that events in one nation cannot be
separated among any other nations.
3. Economic Globalism involves purchases of oil and other
equipment.
44
4. In Social and cultural globalism, Culture and other
traditional customs can move beyond its own national
borders.
5. Revolutionary internationalism is a belief that the world is
being integrated due to the conflicts that arise within
society.
6. Liberalism Internationalism promotes the achievement of
a common goal among nations.
7. The international relation can contribute to the human
wellbeing by addressing human rights and health care
system.
8. In Globalization, the Government of any state is not affected by the different
challenges as they have its own sovereignty which they can always impose in their
national borders.
9. One of the advantages of Globalization in government is that it
allows a nation to extend its economic growth by moving beyond
its borders.
10. A red cross cannot be considered as a key player in international
relations.
45
4. explain the relevance of the state amid globalization.
Setting Up
Lesson Proper
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Fake news, cyberbullying, invasion of privacy and other digital fraudulent activities are
the results of easy, fast, and difficult-to-control flow of digital information through social
media. This calls for global governance because a single nation-state cannot tackle these
issues on their own.
The migration of people may result in some forms of unlawful activities such as sex
trafficking and the pushing of illegal drugs. This calls for global governance as it needs
strong regulatory policies, international cooperation, and effective implementation of the
law for the protection of the citizens.
47
States, as well as non-state actors, work together to come up with mutually beneficial Global
Governance
ROLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE (un.org)
There is no “Central Authority” in Global Governance but the United Nations comes close to
being a “Central Authority” to raise and resolve global issues as they have the capability to
involve many non-state actors (governmental and non-governmental organizations, etc).
What is the United Nations? (un.org)
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after World War II. It is
currently made up of 193 Member States. It fosters cooperation among nation-states to
address global problems.
Main Bodies of the United Nations
General Assembly
General Assembly is the main deliberative,
Policy - making, and representative body of the United
Nations. It is where all member-states come together to
discuss and resolve various global issues.
Security Council
The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace
and security. It is composed of 15 members: the United States of America, Britain, Russia,
China, and France as permanent members and ten other non-permanent members on a
two-year term.
Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy review,
policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social, environmental, and other
related concerns along with specialized agencies and organizations such as IMF, UNESCO,
WHO and etc. It is the United Nations’ central platform for reflection, debate, and innovative
thinking on sustainable development.
Trusteeship Council
The Trusteeship Council provides international supervision for eleven Trust Territories to
ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for selfgovernment and
interdependence. But it suspended its operations after the last of the trust territories
attained independence in 1994.
International Court of Justice
International Court of Justice or also referred to as the World Court, is the principal judicial
body of the United Nations. It is the only one of the main bodies of the United Nations not
located in New York, USA. The Peace Palace in Hague, Netherlands provides the venue for
countries to settle disputes inside a court of law.
48
Secretariat
Secretariat assists the other bodies and committees while performing varied tasks. It
comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members
who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly. The
Secretary-General is chief administrative officer of the Organization, appointed by the
General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.
Roles and Functions of the United Nations (un.org)
1. Maintain International Peace and Security
The United Nations came into being in 1945, following the devastation of the Second World
War, with one central mission: the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN
does this by working to prevent conflict; helping parties in conflict make peace;
peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish. These
activities often overlap and should reinforce one another, to be effective.
49
Preventing and managing conflicts Empowering women
Regulating armaments Educating children
Championing human rights and Feeding the hungry
international humanitarian law Housing the refugees
Liberating the colonized
Coordinating disaster relief and
Providing economic and technical assistance
aid in newly liberated countries
Global Governance is too slow to catch up with global issues or dilemmas brought by the
speed of technological changes. In today’s digital world, the challenge is how to mainline the
free flow of information while having appropriate policies to control cyber aggression.
50
GLOBALIZATION AND THE STATE
The Relevance of the State amid Globalization
Others argue that State is now irrelevant because it cannot keep up with globalization. On
the other hand, the State is more relevant today because it can influence the direction of
globalization. But both arguments miss the point. States’ legitimacy is not based on how it
can handle globalization. It is based on how effective it can utilize its public goods rather
than the other actors in the process of globalization. There are few cases only where the
other actors are more effective and competent in addressing specific issues than the States.
Until or unless various actors can perform better services than what the State does now on
a macro scale, then the State will continue to be a major force in globalization.
The state is a distinctive political community with its own government which asserts
sovereignty over its land and people.
A nation is a large group of people who inhabit a specific territory and are connected by
history, culture, or another commonality.
Nation-State is a sovereign institution that governs individuals sharing a collective history
and culture within a bounded territory. The state is considered as the representative of “the
people” and the people are the source of the state’s legitimacy and sovereignty.
51
References
Internet
A factor analysis on trade integration. (2009). Retrieved from
https://www.cairn.info/revue economie-internationale-2009-3-page-5.htm
Global Governance – Shaping Globalization. (2020, February 28). Retrieved from
https://english.bdi.eu/article/news/global-governance-shaping-globalization/
Identify the factors leading to greater integration of the asian region. (2018). Retrieved July
20, 2020, from https://brainly.ph/question/1710817
Book
Larsson, T. (2001). The race to the top: The real story of globalization. Cato Institute.
52
Assessing Learning
Activity 12
Directions: Choose two challenges of Global Governance that the Philippines are mostly
affected. Outline the possible suggestions/solutions you can give to address this
challenge.______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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53
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 13
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the UNDERLINED word is
incorrect, and then write the correct answer pertaining to the underlined word. Write all
the answers to the space provided
.___________________ 1. There is no “Central Authority” in Global Governance.
___________________ 2. United Nations is a global organization, composed of 193 nation-stares,
fosters cooperation among nation-states to address global problems
together.
___________________ 3. Secretariat is the main deliberative body of the United Nations.
___________________ 4. Security Council’s main responsibility is maintaining international
peace and security.
___________________ 5. Economic and Social Council coordinates the economic, social, and
related concerns along with the specialized agencies and organizations.
___________________ 6. General Assembly assists the other bodies and committees while
performing varied tasks.
___________________ 7. Trusteeship Council provides international supervision for Trust
Territories to attain self-government and independence.
___________________ 8. International Court of Justice is also referred to as the Court Palace.
54
___________________ 9. United Nations was founded in 1945 after World War I.
___________________ 10. Global Governance is needed to facilitate relations within countries,
organizations, and markets through a set of norms, policies, laws, or
regulations.
This unit presents how globalization creates divisions between various countries.
During and after the Cold War, various classifications of countries have emerged.
Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, I am able to:
55
Directions: Look at the pictures above. Write your observations on the space provided
below.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson Proper
56
Despite the modern aesthetic of these cafes, the world outside them can be very different
like what you see in the pictures below.
58
The Latin American Experience and the Dependency Theory
After World War II, Latin American countries such as Mexico, Central America, and the
islands of Caribbeans are still underdeveloped because they were colonized by the
Spaniards and Portuguese. This is also an example of Dependency Theory.
This theory explains that the South’s economic development decreases and it increases the
North’s economic development because these rich countries exploit the poor countries.
References
Internet
ADB, EU, ASEAN, SAARC, AU, NATO, NAM, OPEC, G-8, IAEA, etc. (N.D.) retrieved from
https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/international-relations/adbeu-asean-saarc-au-
natonam-opec-g-8-iaea-etc/
Asian Development Bank. (2020, June 21). Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/
Explore What Defines a State, Sovereign State, Country, and Nation. (2020, January 27).
Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/country-state-and-nation 1433559
Book
Schattle, H. (2014). Governments and Citizens in a Globally Interconnected World. The SAGE
handbook of globalization, 105.
Assessing Learning
Activity 14
59
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Complete the table below.
GLOBAL DIVIDES DESCRIPTION COUNTRIES
GLOBAL NORTH
GLOBAL SOUTH
60
Activity 15
Setting Up
61
What comes to your mind when you see the picture below?
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__________________
Lesson Proper
62
societally driven processes coming from markets, private trade, and investment flows, none
of which is strictly controlled by governments.
Regionalism is defined as a political will to create a formal arrangement among
states on a geographically restricted basis. Since its main participants are governments, it
can be expressed as an artificial, top-down process.
Regionalization in Asia
Regionalization helped build bridges among Asian countries.
Asian Regionalization is a result of economic activities such as trade, financial transactions,
investments, technologies, labor, and tourist flows that connect Asian countries together.
Asian Regionalization complemented global relationships and it became beneficial not only
to Asia but also to the world. It helped sustain the region’s growth and contributed to
globalization.
ASEAN as a Model of Regionalism
• To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the
region through joint endeavors in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to
strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian
Nations.
• To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule
of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles
of the United Nations Charter.
• To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest
in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields.
• To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities in the
educational, professional, technical, and administrative spheres.
• To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture and
industries, the expansion of their trade, including the study of the problems of
international commodity trade, the improvement of their transportation and
communications facilities, and the raising of the living standards of their peoples.
• To promote Southeast Asian studies.
• To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional
organizations with similar aims and purposes, and explore all avenues for even closer
cooperation among themselves.
63
ASIAN REGIONALISM
What are the challenges?
Regionalization and Regionalism’s main goal is to develop the economy of the nation.
Within its goal, there are challenges that the nations must face.
• Exclusion of countries that do not belong in the region.
• A threat to strategic partnerships with countries from other regions.
• Compromised financial stability that may result in a deepening credit crisis and a weak
currency.
• Expensive and difficult flow of goods because of the threats on and security of a country.
• Environmental damages may result in radical changes in economic policies.
How can regionalism help Asia grow as a region?
According to the Asian Development Bank (adb.org), Asia may be able to address the
challenges of regionalism by:
(1) Linking the competitive strengths of its diverse economies to boost productivity and to
sustain the region’s growth.
(2) Connecting the region’s capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce the cost of
capital, and improving opportunities for sharing risks.
(3) Cooperating in setting exchange rates and macroeconomic policies in order to minimize
the effects of global and regional shocks and to facilitate the resolution of global imbalances.
(4) Creating regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health, safety, and
environmental issues better.
(5) Exercising leadership in global decision making to sustain the open global trade and
financial systems that have supported a half-century of unparalleled economic
development.
(6) Building connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive development to reduce
inequalities within and across economies and thus strengthen support for pro-growth
policies.
Some factors may hinder the integration of the Asian region and these are the following:
• Absence of a non-political platform to maintain peace and stability among countries.
• Lack of liberalization of trade in the region.
• Insufficient support to promote economic growth, social progress, and cultural
development in the region.
• Lack of communication and cooperation in Asian countries through media.
64
Definition of Globalization
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations around the world, a process driven by international trade
and investment and aided by information technology.
Globalization in Asia is an external push by Western regions such as the United States and
Europe. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible and it will surely create economic,
political, societal, and cultural transformation in the Asian region.
Globalization might be a great help for Asian countries but it has always challenges. It
requires a lot of time for countries to receive the benefits of globalization and it may lead to
instability if not managed well. That’s why high-level decision making is also important for
leaders as global issues will emerge from time to time. There will also be increased
competition on the economic market which will affect wages, labor rights, employment, and
the environment.
References
65
Identify the factors leading to greater integration of the asian region. (2018). Retrieved
July 20, 2020, from https://brainly.ph/question/1710817
Shangquan, G. (2000). Economic globalization: trends, risks and risk prevention.
Sorinel, C. (2010). Immanuel Wallerstein’s World System Theory. Annals of Faculty of
Economics, 1(2), 220-224.
Stat4all (2014). OBJECTIVE, ACTIVITIES & CONTRIBUTION OF- ASEAN, SARRC, NAFTA,
APEC, OPEC, WB, IMF, FAO, WTO, EU, AU, BIMSTEC. Retrieved from
https://statistics2learn.wordpress.com/2014/04/21/objective-
activitiescontribution-of-asean-sarrc-nafta-apec-opec-wb-imf-fao-wto-eu-au-
bimstec/
Wiley-Blackwell. (2012). City Research Online - Globalization and the mass media.
Retrieved from https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/5542/
Assessing Learning
Activity 16
66
Directions: Using the Venn diagram, compare and differentiate Regionalization from
Globalization.
Activity 17
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
a. Regionalism b. Multinationalism
c. Globalization d. Regionalization
67
3. It is the worldwide integration along economic, political, social, and cultural lines.
a. Internationalization b. Regionalization
c. Globalization d. Regionalism
1. Analyze how various media drive various forms of global integration; and
2. Explain the dynamic between local and global cultural production.
Setting Up
E M I O B L
2. ________________________________________
C E F T F E S
3. ________________________________________
I E A D M
4. ________________________________________
O T O L G H E Y C N
5. ________________________________________
Lesson Proper
MEDIA DEFINED
According to Lule (2014), the world media are tools used to store and deliver information
or data. The term is often used synonymously with mass media, but it can also refer to a
single medium used to communicate any data for any purpose.
Role of Media
Economic, political, cultural, and social changes and needs have contributed to the
development of various forms of media technology. It influenced and shaped human life
through generations.
The mass media are today seen as playing a key role in enhancing globalization, and
facilitating cultural exchange and multiple flows of information and images between
countries through international news broadcasts, television programming, new
technologies, film, and music.
Evolution of Media and Globalization
In the study of globalization, there are five time periods that usefully capture the study of
globalization and media such as oral, script, print, electronic, and digital.
69
Oral Communication
Speech is often the most overlooked medium in the history of globalization. Yet the oral
medium — human speech — is the oldest and most enduring of all media. Despite
numerous changes in hundreds of years, the first and very last humans will share at least
one thing — the ability to speak.
In our primitive lives, language and communication is a very important tool in enriching
knowledge, experiences, and skills in surviving everyday life.
Script
This is the stage that explores the brief transition from the oral form of communication to
printing. As communication travels on distant places and over different periods of time,
problems and difficulties emerge because language relies on the capacity of our memory.
There emerged the script.
It refers to the very first writing that enables human beings to record information across
distances for a much longer time.
The Printing Press
Prior to the printing press, the production of written documents was slow, cumbersome,
and expensive. On the earliest civilizations, only a few powerful and elite have used
papyrus, parchment, and paper for printing documents. The rich controlled information.
The printing press, however, encouraged the literacy of the public and the growth of
schools. It helped foster globalization and knowledge of globalization.
Electronic Media
Electronic media is an efficient way to communicate with one another, either by the use of
media devices or social media sources such as radio, television, telephone, and etc. Scholars
have come to call these “electronic media” because they require electromagnetic energy —
electricity — to use.
• Radio was developed alongside the telegraph and telephone in the late 1890s. It was
first conceived as a “wireless telegraph”. By the 1920s, broadcast stations were “on the air”
transmitting music and news. Radio quickly became a global medium, reaching distant
regions without the construction of wires or roads.
• Television is the electronic delivery of moving images and sound from a source to a
receiver. By extending the senses of vision and hearing beyond the limits of physical
distance, television has had a considerable influence on society. (britannica.com) With
Cable TV, Television became an even more powerful medium catering to a wide range of
global interests such as arts, adventure, entertainment, education, food, history, nature,
politics, travel, and many more.
Digital Media
Digital Media are most often electronic media that rely on digital codes — the long arcane
combinations of 0s and 1s that represent information.
Digital media is commonly used software, websites, and social media but the computer,
cellular phone, and the internet are the usual representations of it. It is currently the most
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significant media of influence to globalization. It provides more interactive communication,
unlike print and TV which only provides one-way communication.
MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
Economy
E-commerce is becoming a major form of business. Amazon, Lazada, and Zalora are some
examples of start-up companies that have grown into successful global e-commerce
platforms. Micro-Entrepreneurs like farmers, fishermen, and start-ups are now able to
access micro-financing using mobile phones or computers.
The media have been essential to the growth of economic globalization in the world. Indeed,
the media have made it possible by creating the conditions for global capitalism and by
promoting the conceptual foundation of the world’s market economy.
Politics
Globalization has transformed world politics in profound ways. Media is able to spark
collective public opinion and action towards politics. Even during election campaigns,
various forms of media have used by candidates to appeal for public votes and by people to
assert their support to candidates.
Education
The internet is helping democratize access to affordable learning as open universities,
online courses, and webinars are just one click away through phones and computers. Media
has made it easy to search for information on the internet.
Culture
Media is the primary carrier of culture. There is now a wealth of exchange and fusion of
culture including fashion, arts, and music through the use of newspapers, magazines,
movies, advertisements, television, radio, the Internet, and other forms of media.
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• Negative Effect - it is a threat to the local economy and it has disadvantages for poor
countries and small businesses. It can also destroy traditional culture, beliefs, and
value systems and may result in a loss of cultural identity.
• Positive Effect - it expands global market opportunities and it drives economic
growth in the poor parts of the world. Local culture enriches when exposed to other
cultures. It increases the knowledge and understanding of people around the world.
Globalization has grown due to the advancement of media and technology. With the
increased global interaction comes the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture.
There are positive and negative points of view and these are not opposites but inherently
interdependent.
References
Internet
Book
Matos, C. (2012). Globalization and the mass media. In: Encyclopedia of Globalization.
Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell
Pieterse, J. N. (2003). Globalization and culture: Three paradigms. In: J. N. Pieters (Ed.),
Globalization and Culture: Global Mélange. (pp.41-58). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman
& Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc..
Steger, M., Battersby, P., & Siracusa, J. (Eds.). (2014). The Sage handbook of globalization.
Sage.
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Therborn, G. (2000). Globalizations: dimensions, historical waves, regional effects,
normative governance. International sociology, 15(2), 151-179.
Assessing Learning
Activity 18
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
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Activity 19
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____________________ 5. Digital media has allowed artists, musicians, and designers to transcend
borders and gain global audience.
____________________ 6. It is an integral part of globalization which allows humans to share
information across the globe.
____________________ 7. E-commerce is becoming a major form of business.
____________________ 8. It is considered as the most powerful mass media invented.
____________________ 9. The internet is helping democratize the access to affordable learning.
____________________ 10. It played a key role in many socio-political campaigns and upheavals
during the 20th century.
Overview
This unit is designed to inform you about the increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of people and places around the globe in a time in which globalization
has yet to fully complete its process, religions must use the communication easily available
through advanced technology to focus more on the humane and pluralistic forms of their
teachings—values such as human dignity and human freedom—as means to manage
religious diversity and avoid violence.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
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Religion Idea of God Country with System of beliefs and
largest population practices
Buddhism
Christianity
Hinduism
Islam
Atheism
Lesson Proper
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
Undoubtedly, religion is not immune to these changes and their burgeoning effects
brought about by globalization. However, religions still have their respective homes in
specific territorial spaces where they originally appeared and where their respective
shrines exist. The inner nature of religions and the purpose to be embraced and practiced
by people all over the world prompts it to spread throughout all the world’s geographical
spaces. In order to emerge and spread, therefore, religions make good use of the
technologies of globalization. Having geographical boundaries and frontiers blurred and
dissolved, religions find it easy to spread and reach every part of the world.
What is Religion?
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According to Encyclopaedia Britannica (2020), Religion is a human beings’ relation
to that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of especial
reverence. It is commonly regarded as consisting of the way people deal with ultimate
concerns about their lives and their fate after death. In many traditions, this relation and
these concerns are expressed in terms of one’s relationship with or attitude toward gods or
spirits; in more humanistic or naturalistic forms of religion, they are expressed in terms of
one’s relationship with attitudes toward the broader human community or the natural
world.
To know more about the history of religion, let us watch this short video: “History
of Ideas – Religion” posted by the School of Life
https://youtu.be/ge071m9bGey
The picture says more than a thousand words, and that goes for this world map as
well. This map conveys not just the size but also the distribution of the world, at both a
global and national level. Strictly speaking, it‘s an infographic rather than a map, but you get
the idea. The circles represent countries, their varying sizes reflect population sizes, and the
slices in each circle indicate a religious affiliation.
The result of this map is both panoramic and detailed. In 2019, this map/infographic
was discovered online by Frank Jacobs Strange Maps fame, who stated that “This is the best,
simplest map of world religions ever.”
Image: The geographic distribution of the major religions in the world, as of 2019, is illustrated in a World Religions Map by
Carrie Osgood.
Christianity
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• Christians are monotheistic, i.e., they believe there’s only one God, and he created
the heavens and earth. This divine Godhead consists of three parts: the father (God
himself), the son (Jesus Christ), and the holy spirit. This photo is licensed for free use by Pexels.
• The Christian Bible is a collection of 66 books written in various authors. It’s divided
into two parts: The Old Testament and The New Testament.
Islam
• This is the top
religion in countries
located in northern Africa,
Middle East, and
Indonesia. Islam is the
second-largest religion in
the world after
Christianity.
This photo is licensed for free use by Pexels. • Muslims are
monotheistic and
worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as Allah.
• The Quran (or Koran) is the major holy text of Islam.
Hinduism
• Hinduism is the third-largest religion behind
Christianity and Islam. The majority of the population
in India is affiliated with this religion.
• Most forms of Hinduism are henotheistic, which means
they worship a single deity, known as “Brahman,” but
still recognize other gods and goddesses. Followers
believe there are multiple paths to reaching their god.
• This religion is about the search for liberation that can
be achieved through meditation, yoga, and prayer. This photo is licensed for free use by Pexels.
Buddhism
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Atheism and/or Agnosticism
• China is the country with the largest population of atheists and/or agnostics.
• The critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings.
• Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question
whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or
unanswerable.
Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current
considerable revival and the resurgence of religion. Today, most religions are not relegated
to the few countries where they began. Religions have, in fact, spread and scattered on a
global scale. Thanks to globalization, religions have found a fertile milieu to spread and
thrive. As Jan Aart Scholte makes clear:
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GLOBALIZATION, RELIGION, GLOBAL PEACE AND CONFLICT
On a lighter note, there are examples of common value system shared by different religions
that are adhered to in the process of globalization. One example is “The emerging global
ethic” which states the following:
To better understand the lesson and the impact of the globalization of religion, you
may watch the documentary film:
“The Rise of ISIS” by FRONTLINE
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/rise-of-isis/
References
BBC - Religion: Religions. (2014). Retrieved from
https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/
Carrie Osgood | creating connections that educate & inspire - Major World Religions.
(2010). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://carrieosgood.com/worldreligions
Golebiewski, D. (2014, July 17). Religion and Globalization: New Possibilities, Furthering
Challenges. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2014/07/16/religionand-
globalization-new-possibilities-furthering-challenges/
Religion | Definition, Types, & List of Religions. (2020, May 19). Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/religion
Assessing Learning
Activity 20
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
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1. Explain how globalization might affect (or is affecting) the religious practices and beliefs
in the Philippines?
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2. From your own observations and/or experiences, how does religion connect people?
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Activity 21
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Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Choose and write the letter of the best answer on the space provided. (1 point
each)
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UNIT X. THE GLOBAL CITY
Overview
This unit gives you an idea about the notion of ‘global city’ has a central place in
understanding contemporary spatial patterns of globalization and how a global city has
wealth, power and influence to other countries as well as hosts the largest capital markets.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Directions: Students will create a poster on how do they see the Philippines as Globalized
city in the future like Globalized City around the world.
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Lesson Proper
GLOBAL CITY
This photo was retrieved from Japan’s Institute for Urban Strategies: The Mori Memorial Foundation
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Nowadays globalization occurs in places where a mass of people work and live in cities.
However, for a city to achieve the title of being global, it must have values and ideas that will
have an impact on the rest of the world. The global city is a term that raises an
understanding for the cognoscenti” (Low, 2005: p218). Low (2005) further says that a
global city is a city that is well thought out to be an important node in the world’s economic
system.
A global city has wealth, power, and influence to other countries as well as hosts the largest
capital markets. Moreover, a city that has wealthy multinational companies, good
infrastructure, better economy, well-educated and diverse populations, and powerful
organizations, as well as a good political structure that are linked to the other parts of the
world like nowhere else, is considered to be global (Badcock, 2002: p31). A global city is
also the world’s most important and influential city that covers the dimensions of
globalization. These dimensions are cultural experience, business activity, human capital as
well as political engagement. London, New York, Paris, Rome, and Tokyo are one of the most
well-known global cities as it provides global competitiveness for its citizens and
companies.
In short, a global city refers to an open and diversified international city with high
popularity and influence, having an important position in areas such as economic and
cultural development around the world. Therefore, as a global city, it must have an
advanced economy, transportation systems, and technology to attract talents from different
countries to live in the city.
According to Social Characteristics of Global City, as Demonstrated by Hong Kong, they list
some of the general characteristics people tend to refer to when talking about global cities.
It cites a very lengthy list, but some of them are:
• A global city refers to a diversified and open society; It can exchange freely with
every corner of the world in the fields of business, tourism, food, entertainment, and
culture;
• It is a harmonious and tolerant society that shows respect to the other cultures;
• With a large flow of information, citizens may have access to all information across
the world.
Besides, there is no restriction on entry to and exit from the global city, so that you
can travel everywhere in person or greet any person from different countries who
visit the city.
Given the global competition between cities, Since 2008, the annual Global
Power City Index (GPCI) evaluates and ranks the major cities of the world according
to their “magnetism,” or their comprehensive power to attract people, capital, and
enterprises from around the world. The GPCI is able to grasp the strengths,
weaknesses, and challenges of global cities in a continuously changing world not
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only through a ranking but also through analyzing that ranking’s specific
components.
Economy
Research and Development
Cultural Interaction
Liveability
Environment
Accessibility
This photo was retrieved from Japan’s Institute for Urban Strategies: The Mori Memorial Foundation
This photo was retrieved from Japan’s Institute for Urban Strategies: The Mori Memorial Foundation
According to the Institute for Urban Strategies the Mori Memorial Foundation (2019), there
was no change in the top 10 rankings from last year’s GPCI. In comparison with the top 3
cities of London, New York, and Tokyo, Paris’s drop in score was minimal, narrowing the
gap once again between the French capital and Tokyo. Although Paris experienced a
downtrend in score following the repeated terror attacks of 2015, following the 2017
confirmation as host-city of the 2024 Olympic Games, an upward trend in the score is
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building. Among the 4 new cities added this year (Melbourne, Helsinki, Dublin, Tel Aviv),
Melbourne at #11 was the highest performer.
To learn more about the Global cities, let us watch the following video. Issues
Illustrated: Global Cities by Chicago Council on Global Affairs
https://youtu.be/2x8zmA9RYrM
References
Institute for Urban Strategies - The Mori Memorial Foundation. (2020, January 7).
Retrieved from http://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/wordpress/english/ius2
Lin, K. P. Y. (2008). Global City Review: Hong Kong as a Global City. SSRN Electronic Journal,
Core module 27, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1101011
Mori Memorial Foundation’s GPCI 2019 Report: London Loses Momentum, Tokyo Is
Sluggish and Paris Trends Upward. (2019, November 19). Retrieved from
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191118005309/en/Mori memorial-
Foundation%E2%80%99s-GPCI-2019-Report-London
Zubeda Issa Mohammed. (2014). GRIN - What makes a city “global”? Retrieved from
https://m.grin.com/document/279988
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Assessing Learning
Activity 22
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
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Activity 23
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
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Overview
This unit gives you an idea about how our world undergoes an unprecedented
demographic transition which started some decades ago and has now reached almost all
countries in both, the industrialized and the developing world.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Directions: Study the scrambled letters and arrange it to form a word. Write your answer on
the space provided.
T P U L N A O I P O
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1 . _____________________________________
R T B H I
2._________________________
P E M D H O G R A C I
3._____________________________________
Lesson Proper
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
In 1950, the world's population was just over 2 billion and today it stands at 6.5
billion. Today, the world is adding more than 76 million people a year (this is between 134
million births in 2005 and 58 million deaths in 2005). Although this development is slower,
intermediate figures indicate that by 2050 the planet will reach 9,1 billion people, with the
development of about 34 million per year.
Such past and predicted changes in the world's population is and will be distributed
worldwide more and more unevenly. In developing countries, there is now 95 percent
population growth. By the middle of this century, the population of the 50 least developed
countries in the world is predicted to increase, with some of its poorest countries tripling
over time. In contrast, the developed world's population in some wealthy countries is
forecast to remain steady with a population of about 1,2 trillion.
There is considerable heterogeneity in the life, death and migration processes, over
time, and through national population groups, races and ethnic groups, as well as between
developed and developing economies in the population growth gap in this region. The
disparity coincided with changes in the population age group. The machinery of global
population growth and change illuminates an overview of these factors.
The demographics in many countries have changed baby booms. As several regions
experience during the past century shows, an initial decline in mortality is causing a boom
because high survival rates lead to more young people than in previous generations.
Fertility rates eventually drop, as parents understand that, for their family's ideal size, they
do not have to produce as many children or decrease as the ideal family size. When fertility
falls and baby booms stop, the population aging structure shows the nonsynchronous death
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and fertility 'bulge.' When the baby-booming cohort is created. As this cohort operates
through the population's age structure, it accounts for a population greater than that
defined by the preceding or subsequent cohorts.
The rise in babies presents countries with unique problems and opportunities. This
is a major cohort to be educated in your youth. Jimenez and Murthi (2006) highlight the
importance of investing in young people's education and health and the need to ease entry
into this group's labor market in addressing the challenges facing the large cohort of young
people (12-24 years old). When they're older to get into the working population, the
generation of baby booms reflects an exceptionally large population (about 15-64 years)
with a "demographic dividend" outlook.
The two aspects of the demographic dividend are identified in Lee and Mason 's
report (2006) as decreasing fertility,
ing lead
to more per capita population and potentially
more money for development and family welfare and additional savings as people expect a
longer pension period. (See Bloom, Canning and Seville 2002
The ar tio
as well.)
of Working
-
age to Non
-working
-age Popu
lation. The projections of growth to less developed countries is
obviously shown to rise in number based on the data provided above,
growth
but the rate of
has declined further with time.
a. Mortality Decline
a. Factor first: reduction in air or water spreading contagious and
infectious diseases. Example: Preventive medicines such as vaccines
against smallpox, measures for public health, improvements in nutrition,
storage innovations and transport allowable.
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b. Second factor: high-income countries with the possible decrease
in mortality as a result of decreased infectious diseases and further
technological explorations that can extend their lives. For example,
chronic and degenerative disease, biomedical investigations, stem cells.
c. Third factor: countries with low-income history or cultural
practices that can rapidly gain in life expectancy. E.g. India and China
b. Fertility Transition/Decline
a. Economic theories: Couples want any surviving children rather than
births to invest more in the health and welfare of fewer kids because
the cost and benefit of childbearing are intensive and influenced by
economic changes.
b. Coitus Interruptus Contraceptive Device
POPULATION GROWTH
a. Families: Parents with fewer children will spend more on each child, reflecting the
exchange in quality and quantity, which is also one of the reasons why parents
decrease their fertility. The elderly are more ready for further activities.
b. Health: Health trends, vitality and disability are of enormous importance for the
economic and social consequences of aging and, indeed, more broadly for human
welfare.
The macroeconomic background has always played an important role in why people are
going from one place to another. In the wake of the growing number of national heads,
competition is tightened to provide scarce resources and social change and security must
never be taken into account. In hunting for financial stability and a better life, the global
concern makes everyone think that they will move from one place to another. Never let any
chance go and take any chances of development and welfare abroad.
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Common Reasons for Expatriation or People Mobility
Internationals.com (2017) claims that there are many explanations why people are
going from one location to another, as they represent an international network with
expatriation, prospects and common dilemmas. "Most ex-pats will only be going abroad to
refuse to spend several months or a couple of years abroad," it said. "For them, the only
justification is to improve their careers with the fulfillment of a foreign assignment.
Other people who decide to travel abroad simply pack their bags, board an airplane
and never look back. For them, it's just an unreal sight, a dream come true in the Tuscan
Village sun-drenched lanes or in the midst of the skyline of Asian boomtowns. Often, for a
long time, they do not move back to their home country.
Today, more and more young people aged between 20 and 39 consider living in a
foreign country as a serious option, rather than senior managers or well-to-do retirees. The
global economy, which is fluctuating volatility, is evolving its way of thinking beyond
Germany. It is clear that the common reasons are accentuated with their financial status,
their dreams, and their search for new adventures using different global competitiveness
either by means of work, study, or leisure.
References
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Assessing Learning
Activity 24
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
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Activity 25
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UNIT XII. GLOBAL MIGRATION
Overview
This unit is designed to inform you about the human population transition over the past
three (3) centuries, and the main physical and geographic playground of the globalizing
forces: in this space of population concentration and mixing, the global flows of people,
capital and ideas are woven into the daily lived experiences of its residents.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Refugee Immigrant
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1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
Lesson Proper
1. The earliest human migrations are estimated to have taken place around 1.8 million
years ago. This was when Homo Erectus began to migrate out of Africa and into Eurasia.
2. The largest migration in history was the so-called Great Atlantic Migration from Europe
to North America, the first major wave of which began in the 1840s with mass movements
from Ireland and Germany.
3. If one were to combine all remittances for every country, the total amount of money
would be a little over double the total amount of foreign aid received across the globe.
4. At least 1,000 French-born-people can be found in every country of the world, the
largest spread of migrants from a country. As of now, the numbers tally to around a total of
1,611,054.
5. 40% of Fortune 500 companies were founded by an immigrant or their children, as
found by a new report from the Partnership for a New American Economy.
MIGRATION
According to Our Migration Story: The Making of Britain, Defines ‘migration’ in the same
way as the first entry on the word in the Oxford English Dictionary:
migration, n.
a. The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence, etc., to
settle in another; an instance of this.
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Migration is, first and foremost, a normal human activity. Human beings have always
moved from ‘one country, locality, [and] place of residence to settle in another’. We tend to
migrate from the homes of our families or guardians into our own homes. We migrate
between regions, cities and towns. And we also migrate between countries.
Further, Erin Blakemore (2019) emphasized migration is defined as “movement from one
country, place or locality to another.” Ever since the earliest humans began to spread from
Africa, humans have been on the move. Even today, 3 percent of the world’s population—at
least 258 million people—live outside of their country of origin. Whether voluntary or
forced, migration has profoundly shaped our world.
Internal Migration
This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between states,
provinces, cities, or municipalities. An internal migrant is someone who moves to a different
administrative territory.
International
This refers to the movement of persons away from their place of usual residence and across
international boundaries. An international migrant is someone who moves to a different
country.
How are international migrants categorized?
• These are people with a professional qualification who move within the
internal labor markets of trans-national corporations and international
organizations.
• Those who seek employment through international labor markets for scarce
skills are also considered on this classification of migrants.
3. Irregular Migration
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• These are people who enter a country, usually in search of employment,
without the necessary documents and permits.
4. Forced Migration
• This includes not only refugees and asylum seekers but also people forced to
move due to external factors, such as environmental catastrophes or
development projects.
• This form of migration has similar characteristics to displacement.
5. Family Members
6. Return Migrants
These are people who return to their countries of origin after living in another
country for some time.
People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic,
social, political or environmental:
Some people choose to migrate, e.g. someone who moves to another country to enhance
their career opportunities. Some people are forced to migrate, e.g. someone who moves due
to war or famine.
To have an overview of why people migrate, let us watch the following video. Migration
- Why do people migrate? Posted by Geographer Online
https://youtu.be/54xM8VlgP7s
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References
Human migration | Definition, Overview, & Facts. (2020, May 19). Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-migration
Human migration sparked by wars, disasters, and now climate. (2019, February 28).
Retrieved from
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/migration/ jrank.org.
(2020). Migration - Types Of Migration. Retrieved
from https://family.jrank.org/pages/1169/Migration-Types-Migration.html
Migration, I.-U. (2018, April 10). 5 Facts About Migration - IOM - UN Migration. Retrieved
from https://medium.com/@UNmigration/5-facts-about-migration
bbd5495aa712
What is migration? (2016). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/about/what-is-migration.html
Why do people migrate? - Migration trends - GCSE Geography Revision. (2020). Retrieved
from https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8x6wxs/revision/2
Rubenstein, J. M. (2019). The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
(13th Edition) (13th ed.).Miami , US: Pearson
Assessing Learning
Activity 26
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
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Activity 27
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Choose and write the letter of the best answer on the space provided. (1 point
each)
_____1. These are people who enter a country, usually in search of employment, without the
necessary documents and permits.
a. Refugee b. Irregular migrants
c. Family member d. forced migrants
_____2. Jeff’s family moves from Tokyo to Shanghai to take care of their property there.
What does it show?
a. Immigration b. International migration
c. Internal migration d. External migration
_____3. Analyn is an entrepreneur from the Philippines who works abroad for almost 2 years.
Therefore, she belongs to?
a. Temporary labor migrant’s b. Asylum seeker
c. Irregular migrant’s d. Highly skilled and business migrants
_____4. Angel B. works in HK as a domestic helper even she failed to comply with the
requirements. Angel B. is an?
a. Asylum seeker b. Refugees
c. Irregular migrant’s d. Temporary labor migrants _____5.
Temporary labor migrant is also known as:
a. Guest speaker b. Guest artist c. Guest helper d. Guest worker
_____6. Teddy was a Filipino Teacher in Spain and sent back to the Philippines because of the
economic crisis. It means, Teddy is now:
a. Guest worker b. Returned immigrants c. Refugees d. Forced migrants
_____7. This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between
states, provinces, cities, or municipalities.
a. International migration b. internal migration
c. skill training opportunities d. entrepreneurial activity _____8.
If you want to work abroad, which one will you least consider?
a. Secure employment b. optimum income
c. skill training opportunities d. Handsome man to marry
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______9. What factor does induce Chichay to live in a place with a better quality of life or to be
closer to family or friends?
a. Political factor b. Cultural factor c. Social factor d. Economic factor
______10. These are the people who entered a country, usually in search for employment,
without the necessary documents and permits.
a. Temporary labor Migrant b. irregular Migrant
c. Forced Migrant d. Return Migrant
This unit will help you understand how sustainability and stability work in our
society and world today. This chapter also discussed the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals. This will help you understand what are the pressing issues in our
society today and what are the best solutions you can create to solve them.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
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_____________________3. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 8 is focus on
Good Health and Well – Being.
_____________________4. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 1 is focus on
No Poverty
______________________5. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 12 is focus on
Climate Action.
______________________6. Political Stability is defined as the constant growth and absence of
excessive fluctuations in the overall economy.
_____________________7. Social Stability is defined as having an environment where morality
thrives and where people can live in peace.
______________________8. 3-Legged Stool Model implies that if 3 legs operate independently and
have equal contribution.
______________________9. United Nations is composed of 293 different countries around the
world.
Lesson Proper
The word “risk society” was first coined by Beck (1986) asserting that the reason for
the current problems has been the inability of modern societies to produce enough stability
and sustainability. Clearly there is a distinction between the two that needs to be clarified.
Stability is defined as the idea that can be demonstrated by the practices of a conventional
commodity market, in which supply and demand interact to determine both price and
quantity traded.
ECONOMIC STABILITY
• Sustainability is defined as the process and the ways through which humankind
avoids the extinction of natural resources (which is organized by the way societies
are organized) to keep an ecological balance so that society’s quality of the life
doesn’t decrease.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The term sustainable development first came to known in the world conservation
strategy (WCS) in 1980. It achieved a new status with the publication of two significant
reports by Brundtland on North and South: a programmed for survival and common crisis
(1985). Our Common Future (1983) and has gained even greater attention since the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in
June 1992.
Let us defined what development is, generally development is the gradual growth of
a situation that becomes more advanced and strong than the previous one. Development is
intended to bring a positive change for human beings and their surroundings. Development
may take place by bringing about a change in policy, projects and legislation
PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY
Generally, there is a common thread across these definitions and that is the
presence of 3 pillars of Sustainability and these are the Environment, Society, and the
Economy.
Environmental Sustainability
It is being mindful that the world’s natural resources such are energy fuels, water, plants
and animals are limited. It is being conscious to use natural resources at a rate that don’t get
depleted, doesn’t get damaged, or get extinct.
Economic Sustainability
It means that countries and businesses must use their resources efficiently and responsibly.
If countries and companies will not use their resources efficiently and if they don’t act
responsibly, then they will not be able to sustain their own activities in the long term.
Social Sustainability
It is the ability of a society or any social system to persistently achieve a good social well -
being. This ensures that the social well - being of a country, an organization or community
can be maintained in the long term.
There are different views on how the 3 pillars are interlinked. This gave rise to the different
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Models of Sustainable Development:
1. 3 – Legged
Stool Model
Sustainable
Development
SUSTAINABILITY
ECONOMY
SOCIETY
ENVIRONMENT
This model acknowledges the intersection and interdependence of the 3 pillars. It is in the
area of intersection of the 3 pillars where sustainability lies. This also implies that there are
certain segments of each pillar that are independent of the others (parts of the circle that do
not overlap). The size of the circles can be adjusted if one pillar has greater influence over
the other 2 pillars.
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3. 3 – Nested Dependencies Model
ENVIRONMENT
SOCIETY
ECONOMY
In this model, the 3 pillars co-exist and are interdependent. This tackle the well -
being of the total system is achieved only if the well- being of each subsystem is achieved.
This implies the symbiotic relationship of the economy-society and social environment. This
also implies that society has to live within the carrying capacity of the environment.
In 2015, the 193 member countries of the United Nations accepted the challenge to
work together towards progress while protecting human rights and ensuring the proper use
of the world’s limited resources. They were able to formulate the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals. This goal is target to achieve by 2030.
First, and most importantly, these Goals apply to every nation and every sector.
Cities, businesses, schools, organizations, all are challenged to act. This is called
Universality.
And finally, it is widely recognized that achieving these Goals involves making very
big, fundamental changes in how we live on Earth. This is called Transformation.
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United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning.
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all.
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Reduce inequality within and among countries.
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources.
Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt
biodiversity loss.
References
Internet
United Nations (n.d) “17 Goals to Transform our World” Retrieved from:
https” //www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment (August 7, 2019)
Book
Aldama, P.K.R (2018). The Contemporary World (1st Ed.). Manila. Rex Book Store.
Ferrer, M.C, et. Al (2018). The Contemporary World. Malabon City. Mutya Publishing
House Inc.
109
Assessing Learning
Activity 28
Directions: Create a Venn diagram that states the similarities and differences of the term
Sustainability and Stability.
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Activity 29
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Based on the Venn Diagram that you create. Make your own definition of the
word Sustainability and Stability.
Sustainability -
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Problem 1:
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Activity 31
1. 9.
2. 10.
3. 11.
4. 12.
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5. 13.
6. 14.
7. 15.
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8. 16.
This unit will help you understand global food security. How food important to
every society, and how the world respond to scarcity of food.
Learning Objectives
1. understand the meaning of global food security and the existing models that
could help students better understand its importance; and
2. realize the vital importance of global food security that should not be a
concern only of the nations but also of the communities and individuals.
Setting Up
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2. Are there conditions that could serve as warning signs?
4. Did you already experience hunger? How did you overcome it?
5. In your own words, how will you give solution to the problem of food security in the
Philippines?
Lesson Proper
FOOD SECURITY
Food security is anchored on the premise “that people at all times have access
(including physical, social and economic) to adequate, safe and nutritious food necessary to
lead active and healthy lives” (FAO 2009). Essentially, humans should not have to rely on
stealing, scavenging, or obtaining emergency supplies for food. When populations face food
insecurity they are living with the absence of food security.
The region in the world to experience the greatest threat of food security is
SubSaharan Africa. However, food security is something that every country and region in
the world must contend with.
Closely tied to food security is the concept of malnutrition. Rebekah Paci-Green and
Gigi Berardi remind us that food security “can be considered as access to a daily minimum
amount of culturally appropriate calories” (2015, pg. 686). Most people associate
malnutrition solely with chronic hunger (also known as energy deficiency), which afflicts
more than a billion people on the planet (McDonald 2010). There are, however, still two
other types of malnutrition: nutrient deficiencies and excessive energy intake. Nutrient
deficiencies, associated with deficiencies in key vitamins, lead to higher maternal death
rates, blindness, birth defects, and greater susceptibility to diseases. Excessive net energy
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intake is when people take in energy rich foods that are nutrient poor. Combining these
foods with very little exercise often leads to obesity and chronic diseases such as Type 2
Diabetes (Sage 2010).
1. Availability
It is the sum total of the physical existence of food. It is also the sum total of domestic
production, commercial food imports and exports, food aids and domestic food stocks.
2. Access
This means that every household must have enough resources to obtain food in sufficient
quantity, quality, and diversity for nutritious diet. This depends on the household’s
resources on prices, which a nutritious changes on the households’ physical, social, policy
that can affect access.
4. Stability
It is a state where the household has a constant supply of food throughout the year and in
the long – term. This also means that the household has a steady income and constant food
supply. However, this also very dependent on external factors and risks, such as natural
disasters, climate change, war and market place changeableness.
1. Social Disorder
Food shortage or inflationary food prices are causes of social unrest in most countries.
Social unrest can be disruptive to the country’s economic and political stability.
2. Health Issues
Malnutrition is associated with a triple burden on families. On hand are malnourished and
stunted children, but with obese parents. Poor dietary quality among adult leads to serious
diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Hunger can also cause psycho-emotional
distress.
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Models for Sustainable Global Food Systems
The transformation of the Global Food Systems should realize all 4 aspirations and should
drive progress across United Nations multiple Sustainable Development Goals. Are these
goals achieved together, these 4 aspirations can make the Global Food Systems resilient to
inevitable shocks and stressors. These include the following:
1. Inclusive
This shows that all actors in the Global Food Systems, including the smallholder farmers,
women, youth and consumers, most specially those who are most vulnerable due to the
transformations, should be consulted on the issues and be part of the formation of solutions
and policies.
2. Sustainable
This means that solutions and policies must address the short and long term issues while
minimizing the negative environmental impact, conserving the scarce natural resources,
and strengthening the resilience against future shocks and stresses.
3. Efficient
It discusses that the whole food value chain (sourcing of raw materials, production,
distribution, retailing, etc.) should provide adequate quantities of food for global needs
while minimizing loss and waste.
There are different ways on how the global communities and societies respond to the threat
of food scarcity. To be able to address these, here are some recommendations;
1. Global and state level must renew their commitment to reducing poverty by
dedicating sufficient resources for job creation, skill formation, social safety nets
and ensuring good governance.
2. All countries must allocate more resources for agricultural Research and
Development and to share the findings of research at the institutional and private
level.
3. Global collaboration to carry out healthcare reforms to improve absorption.
4. Early agreement on global warming, environmental sustainability and climate
change.
5. Universal Policy Framework for corporate farming to restrain land grabbing
6. Ban on the cultivation of crops for biofuels on lands already used for food
production.
References
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Internet
globalfoodsecurity-challengesandresponses-150510145135-Iva1-app6892.pdf.
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55808440e4b05e2c40bdb1d0/t/56254
eebe4b0808b4bac2db4/1445285611406/Hunger_and_Food_Security
Lesson.pdf
Unit 1: Introduction to Global Food Security. (2020). The Wicked Problem of Global Food
Security.https://serc.carleton.edu/integrate/teaching_materials/food_secur ity/
unit1.html
Book
Aldama, P.K.R (2018). The Contemporary World (1st Ed.). Manila. Rex Book Store.
Ferrer, M.C, et. Al (2018). The Contemporary World. Malabon City. Mutya Publishing House
Inc.
Assessing Learning
Activity 32
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Watch the movie “The Price of Sugar” by Bill Haney. After watching the movie
write your reflection on the space provided.
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Activity 33
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Create a law or ordinance on how we can have Food Security.
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Activity 34
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Write your own COMMITMENT or ACTION to support Global Food Security on
the space provided below. Be as specific as possible (What is the action, timing, or when it
will start, and how often the commitment will be practiced).
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Activity 35
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Enumerate the following and give its definition.
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1. _____________________________________________________________________ 2.
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This unit will help you understand how to participate and how to be an effective
global citizen.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
When it comes to people, global mobility, multi – racial families, multi – cultural
work force is now becoming the norm rather than the exception. There are many people
who were born and raised in one country but are now residing and have adopted the
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culture of another country. As a result, we are experiencing new and different kind’s
challenges, conflicts and crisis that are also global in nature and in scope such as;
• Gender Inequality
• Religious Intolerance
• Bullying
• Sexual Harassment
• Political Conflict
• Global Warming
• Racism
Now, more than ever calls for a global collective effort to help solve the challenges of
the contemporary times. This means that global challenges need global solutions
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
Global Citizen
A Global Citizen is someone who
1. is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen
2. respects and values diversity
3. has an understanding of how the world works
4. is outraged by social injustice
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5. participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the global 6. is
willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
7. takes responsibility for their actions.
A global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world
community and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and practices.
Such a definition of global citizenship is based on two assumptions which is such a thing as
an emerging world community to which people can identify and that such a community has
an ascent set of values and practices. To be effective Global Citizens, young people need to
be flexible, creative and proactive. They need to be able to solve problems, make decisions,
think critically, communicate ideas effectively and work well within teams and groups.
These skills and attributes are increasingly recognized as being essential to succeed in other
areas of 21st century life too, including many workplaces. These skills and qualities cannot
be developed without the use of active learning methods through which pupils learn by
doing and by collaborating with others.
According to Ban Ki – moon, the Secretary –General of the United Nations, we must
foster global citizenship. Education is about more than literacy and numeracy. It is also
about the citizenry. Education must fully assume its essential role in helping people to forge
more just, peaceful and tolerant societies. This means that education plays a significant role
in teaching and making every student a global citizen.
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• Able to communicate and engage constructively even in multi – cultural
settings
• Ability to speak and act with tolerance, respect and responsibility amidst
diversity.
References
Aldama, P.K.R (2018). The Contemporary World (1st Ed.). Manila. Rex Book Store.
Ferrer, M.C, et. Al (2018). The Contemporary World. Malabon City. Mutya Publishing House
Inc.
IDEAS for Global Citizenship - What is Global Citizenship? (2019). Retrieved from
http://www.ideas-forum.org.uk/about-us/globalcitizenship#:%7E:text=It
%20encourages%20individuals%20to%20think,and%20i mpact%20of%20their
%20decisions.
Inside Higher Ed. (2012). Global Citizenship – What Are We Talking About and Why Does It
Matter? Retrieved July 19, 2020, from
https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/globalhighered/global-citizenship-
%E2%80%93-what-are-we-talking-about-and-why-does-it-matter
What does it mean to be a global citizen? (2013). Retrieved July 19, 2020, from
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/what-does-itmean-to-be-
global-citizen/
Assessing Learning
Activity 36
Directions: Reflect on what does it mean to be a GLOBAL CITIZEN. In your own words, write
your definition of Global Citizenship. (not less than 150 words)
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Activity 37
Directions: Watch the video “The Death of Fear” by Rageh Oamaar. After watching the video,
relate it to the lessons discussed in this chapter.
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