UNIT I.

INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
Overview
This unit is designed to inform you about the increasing awareness of people's
interconnectedness and places around the globe, which was the result of economic and
socio- political integration among different countries, and advances in technology and other
facets that have allowed people to experience living in a borderless world. As such, this unit
examines the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization thru the lenses of various
disciplines.
Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization;
2. identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of
globalization; and
3. agree on a working definition of globalization for the course.

Setting Up

Name:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Make a concept map of your current knowledge about Globalization. Include all
your ideas and information that is relevant to the globalization.

1
Lesson Proper

Defining Globalization

In this world, advances in technology are vividly experienced by everyone. For

example, the currently used method in learning for the 21st century involves gadgets, the
Internet, and cellular devices. Different issues and events across the world can be easily
accessed through the help of information technology. People of this era have general
information about the ideas, culture, and practices of other nations as if the world is a global
mall in which opinions are available everywhere. As such, these experiences lead us to the
notion that we live in a seemingly borderless world. All of these things are the result of the
so-called Globalization.

According to Al-Rodhan (2006), Globalization is not a single concept that can be

defined and encompassed within a set time frame, nor is it a process that can be defined
clearly with a beginning and an end. It is because Globalization involves economic and
political integration; global policies; knowledge transmission, cultural stability; the
reproduction, relations, and discourses of power; it is a universal process, a concept, a
revolution, and "an establishment of the worldwide market free from sociopolitical control.
The study says that some people believe that Globalization brought progress, development,
and stability. According to Larsson (2001), Globalization is the process of world shrinkage,
distances getting shorter, and things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with
which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on
the other side of the world. However, others believe that Globalization brought regression,
colonialism, and destabilization. These beliefs are actually supported by Martin Khor, the
president of the third world network in Malaysia, who stated that Globalization is a form of
colonization. Hence, Globalization can be defined as narrow and exclusive, or broad and
inclusive.

Defining Globalization as Broad and Inclusive

According to Ohmae (1992), Globalization means the onset of the borderless world.
This definition proposes that barriers are no longer considered a hindrance because there
are so many ways by which we can access information and goods from other countries as if
we are living in one place without any boarders. From the viewpoint of Ray Kiely and Phil
Marfleet (1998), Globalization is a situation wherein societies, cultures, politics, and
economics have, in some sense, come closer together. This claim supports the idea of Ohmae
by which, as we live in this world, we experience oneness in terms of culture, policies, and
technology. Besides, Jan Aart Scholte (1999) states that "Globalization refers to processes
whereby social relations acquire relatively distance less and borderless qualities so that
human lives are increasingly played out in the world as a single place." Likewise,
Globalization can be viewed as the compression of time and space (Harvey, 1998). These
definitions are inclined with the view of Globalization as broad and inclusive. It can be seen
that there are common themes from these definitions, such as the elimination of borders
among different countries and that the definition is somehow vague and does not clearly
define the implication of Globalization in a particular area.
Defining Globalization as Narrow and Exclusive
According to Robert Cox (1999), Globalization is characterized by the
internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, migration from
south and north, and a competitive environment, which increases processes such as
manufacturing of goods and commodities. This definition presents us an idea that specific
activities are happening under Globalization such as the acquisition of products of a
particular country to other parts of the world, the categorization of states when it comes to
the division of labor as presented in the world system theory, the migration of people to
other wealthy nations, and the existence of a free market that allows competition in an open
economy. From the viewpoint of Bairoch & Kozul-Wright (1996), Globalization is a process
in which the production and financial structures of countries are becoming interlinked by
an increasing number of cross-border transactions to create an international division of
labor in which national wealth creation comes, increasingly, to depend on economic agents
in other countries. In this sense, countries from different parts of the world are actively
engaging in transactions with others about the products, labor, investment, and policies
that are beneficial to each state. On the other hand, Langhone (2001) explains that
Globalization is the latest stage in a long accumulation of technological advance, which has
given human beings the ability to conduct their affairs across the world without reference
to nationality, government authority, time of day or physical environment. All of these
definitions provide a specific description of Globalization by which it tackles particular
areas of human activity. However, this kind of meaning can be limiting in terms of
application. Thus, defining Globalization through exclusive and narrow can only be applied
with a particular scope of activity.

METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Solid- it refers to the barriers that may prevent free movement and it can be natural
or man-made. It may also refer to people, things, information, and places “harden
“over time and therefore have limited mobility.
2. Liquidity- It refers to increasing ease of movement of people, things, information,
and places in the global age.
Characteristics:
I. Liquid is forever ready to change whatever shape it might take on
momentarily and it is in continuous flux. This scenario can be seen in global
finance by which an economy has never been stable at it changes from time
to time
II. Liquid is difficult to stop once it is on the move such as the advances in
technology.
III. Liquid tends to melt whatever stands in its path such as the political and
economic barriers.
3. Flows- It refers to the movement of people, things, ideas, and culture across the
globe due to the advances in technology, economic and political integration, and
establishment of global policies that lessens and eliminates the existing borders.
ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

THE FIVE PERSPECTIVES ON THE ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Hardwired proposes that globalization originated from the basic motivation of
human beings to seek a better life (Chanda, 2007). History shows that our ancestors
travel from Africa to other places in search of food and security.
2. Cycles: it explains that there is no single point of origin in globalization but it is a
long- term cyclical process wherein the current global age today is only a
modification of the global age in the past. Thus, it should be noted that the global age
today will be replaced by a new cycle of globalization in the future.
3. Epochs: if cycles explain a continuous long-term cyclical process, the epochs explain
that there are waves of globalization that took place in the past and each of them has
its own origin. Epoch is different from the perspective of the cycle as it argues that
the previous epochs are not returning in the future. The following are the great
epoch according to Therborn (2000).
I. The fourth to the seventh centuries which witnessed the globalization of
religions (e.g. Christianity, Islam).
II. The late fifteenth-century highlighted by European colonial conquests.
III. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries during which various Intra
- European wars led to globalization.
IV. The mid-nineteenth century to 1918; the heyday of European imperialism.
V. The post - World War II period. 6. The post - Cold War period.
4. Events: this perspective is different from cycles and epochs as it specifies the event
that is somehow responsible for the origin of globalization. Some are examples of
the point of origin from the perspective of Events:
I. The spread of Christianity after the fall of the Roman Empire.
II. The Other important Voyages such as the discovery of America by
Christopher’s Columbus in 1942, Vasco Da Gama rounding the Cape of Good
Hope in 1498, and the circumnavigation of the globe completed in 1522 by
one of Ferdinand Magellan’ s ships (Rosenthal, 2007)
III. European Colonialism
IV. The founding of the modern Internet-based on Arpanet (which was created
in 1969).
5. Broader, more recent Changes: this perspective views that the origin of globalization
has taken place during the recent changes that happened in the 2 nd half of the 20th
century. Scholars have identified three significant changes that shape the course of
humanity towards globalization.
I. The emergence of the United States as the global power in the years
following WW II
II. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs).
III. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

Criticism on the Existing Evidences of Globalization

GLOBALIZATION AS GLOBALONEY
1. Rejectionist: People who are against the utility of globalization as an incorrect
analytical concept.
 2. Sceptics: it emphasizes the limited nature of the globalizing process and that the
world is not as integrated as it is.
3. Modifiers: It disputes the novelty of the process, implying that the label
‘globalization’ has often been applied in a historically imprecise manner.

THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. World System Theory: this theory believes that capitalism has spread around the world
for the last five centuries from 1500 to the present. In world Capitalism, the key
structure is the three major division of labor of each country that has created hierarchy.
a. Core: powerful, wealthy, and industrialized countries that usually control and
benefit from the global market. Countries that are not as rich as the core
countries usually depend on these core countries. These countries own most of
the world’s capital and technology and have great control over world trade and
economic agreements.
b. Peripheral: countries that are dependent on core countries for capital and have
an underdeveloped industry. They generally provide labor and materials to core
countries.
c. Semi-Peripheral: Countries that share characteristics of both core and periphery
countries. However, they also exploit peripheral countries just as core exploits
the natural resources of peripheral countries.
2. World Polity Theory: It was developed as an analytical frame for interpreting global
relations, structures, and practices. Invoking an image of the world as a system of
interrelated interdependent units. It views the world system as a social system with a
cultural framework called world polity, which encompasses and influences the actors,
such as nations, international organizations, and individuals under it.
3. World Culture Theory: It is a label for a particular interpretation of globalization that
focuses on the way in which participants in the process become conscious of and give
meaning to living in the world as a single place.

Impact of Globalization

1. HOMOGEINITY- It means an increasing sameness as information and ideas flow across

boundaries.
a. Cultural Imperialism: it is the growing international influence of a particular
culture
I. Cultural: the role played by the American culture or the Americanization,
the spread of Christianity
II. Economic: Spread of the market economy throughout the world
III. Political: Worldwide spread of models of the nation-state or the single
model of governance around the world. Often times, this is called as
Mcworld.
b. Media Imperialism: It is a subcategory under the broader umbrella of cultural
imperialism. From the traditional point of view, the western media and its
technologies dominate countries belonging to less developed nations.
 c. Mcdonaldization: It is the process wherein the principle of one of the dominant
fast-food restaurants in the United States of America is employed and used in
almost different societies across the world. Its principle usually revolves around
Efficiency, Predictability, and technological advancement in production and
marketing.
d. Globalization: It is the desires and ambitions of different entities such as
organizations, corporations, and other nations to influence others and impose
their power throughout the world. Their major goals include expanding their
power and seeing that their profits grow across different parts of the world.
2. HETEROGENEITY: It is associated with the creation of local inputs leading to a
variety of cultural hybrids. In other words, the predominance of locals would make
a difference on a global scale. Thus, local is associated with heterogeneity and the
dominance of global is related to homogenous.
a. Globalization: it is the integration of global and local cultural inputs to create
a blend resulting in a variety of cultural hybrids. It emphasizes diversity,
hybridity, and independence.

DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURE

THREE PERSPECTIVES IN GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOW
1. Cultural Differentialism: It states that cultural differences are immutable and there
is a likelihood that other culture which is significantly different from one culture
may clash if they get to interact.
2. Cultural Hybridization: It refers to a politics of integration without the need to give
up cultural identity” (Pieterse, 2003, p. 56).
3. Cultural Convergence: it supports the idea of global cultural homogeneity. It is the
process of increasing sameness by adopting global culture, ideas, and practices.

References
Al-Rodhan, N. R. (2006). Program on the geopolitical implications of globalization and
transnational security. Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a
Proposed Definition.
Bairoch, P., & Kozul-Wright, R. (1998). Globalization myths: some historical reflections on
integration, industrialization and growth in the world economy. In Transnational
corporations and the global economy (pp. 37-68). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Baylis, J. (1999). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations.
Oxford university press, USA.
Chanda , Nayan. (2007) . Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and
Warriors Shaped Globalization. New Haven : Yale University Press
Cox, R. (1994, May). Multilateralism and the democratization of world order. In paper for
International Symposium on Sources of Innovation in Multilateralism, Lausanne, May
(pp. 26-28)
Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kiely, R., & Marfleet, P. (Eds.). (2004). Globalisation and the third world. Routledge.
Langhorne, R. (2001). The coming of globalization: Its evolution and contemporary
consequences. Springer
Larsson, T. (2001). The race to the top: The real story of globalization. Cato Institute.
Lechner, F. (2001). Globalization theories: world-system theory. Department of Sociology,
Emory University.
McNeely, C. L. (2012). World polity theory. The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization.
Ohmae, K. (1992). The borderless world: Power and strategy in the global marketplace.
HarperCollins.
Pieterse, J. N. (2003). Globalization and culture: Three paradigms. In: J. N. Pieters
(Ed.), Globalization and Culture: Global Mélange. (pp.41-58). Lanham, Maryland:
Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc..
Ritzer, G. (2011) Globalization: The Essentials. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Ritzer, G. (2007). The globalization of nothing 2. Sage.
Steger, M., Battersby, P., & Siracusa, J. (Eds.). (2014). The Sage handbook of globalization. Sage.
Therborn, G. (2000). Globalizations: dimensions, historical waves, regional effects, normative
governance. International sociology, 15(2), 151-179.

Assessing Learning
Activity 1 Course/Year/Section:
Name:
 Score:
Date:
Directions: This is an individual activity by which each student will find and read three
editorials (local or international) discussing globalization. Write 50-word summaries of
each opinion editorial, identifying the underlying definition of globalization.
1.Title/Topic: ____________________
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Activity 2
Name: REFLECTION:
Course/Year/Section:
Score: Date:

1. Among the five perspectives on the history of globalization, which of themis

most likely the reason behind the origin of globalization? Explain your answer
and make it brief and concise.

2. In defining globalization, which of them is the most likely accepted definition

for you? Explain your answer and make it brief and concise.

Activity 3
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Write the word True if the Statement is correct and write False if the statement is
wrong. Write your answer on the space provided before the item.

1. According to Ohmae (1992), Globalization means the onset of a world

without borders.

2. Klely and Marfleet (1998) defines globalization as a world by which

societies, economies, and politics becomes distinct of one another.

3. One of the criticisms against the broad and inclusive definition of

Globalization is the vagueness of definition and did not explain the
implication of it in the world.

4. According to Cox (2000), the globalization has changed the role of the
nation- states by which nations become agencies of globalizing the world.

5. Bairoch & Kozul-Wright (1996), Globalization creates an international

division of labor as cross-border transaction increases among countries.

6. One of the criticisms against the narrow and exclusive definition of

globalization is that it is too broad and the scope is very vague

7. Solidity refers to the barriers that may prevent free movement and it can be
natural or man-made

8. According to Cultural Hybridization, Cultural Hybridization: It refers to a

politics of integration without the need to give up cultural identity.

9. Cultural Convergence explains that through globalization values and

cultures become the same over time.

10.There are two opposing views on the impact of Globalization, Sameness and
Heterogeneity.
UNIT II. THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Overview
This unit will provide you a deeper understanding of how economic globalization
takes place in our society. Nonetheless, this unit will enlighten you of the possible realities
when it comes to the role of each and every institution in our economic system. the different
forms of economic integration will also be included in this unit to help you decide on the
advantages and disadvantages of a specific economic integration.
Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. define economic globalization;
2. identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization;
3. define the modern world-system; and
4. articulate a stance on global economic integration.

Setting Up

Name:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: According to Immanuel Wallerstein the modern world system is composed of

nations under the category of Core, Semi-Periphery, and periphery. In this regard,
identify the 5 nations for each category: Periphery, Semi-Periphery, and Core.
Lesson Proper

GLOBAL ECONOMY

Local products of the Philippines such as Marikina Shoes, Datu Puti Vinegar,
Philippine Dried Fish, and other products are usually available not only here in the
Philippines but also in other countries such as in America and Canada. However, the
question arises as to how is this possible? If one wonders how it happens, you should also
be curious about how your countrymen can wear branded shoes and other garments such
as Nike, Louis Vuitton, and Uniqlo. The accumulation, importation, and exportation of goods
and commodities from one country to other countries and vice-versa is best explained by
the economic globalization.
Economic Globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world
economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and
services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies
(Shangquan, 2000). The given example above was only a part of economic globalization as
the scope of economic globalization is not only limited in goods as it also involves, capital,
labor, migration and anything that is related to goods and services.
From the viewpoint of the International Monetary Fund, Economic Globalization is a
historical process that was the outcome of human evolution from traditional and primitive
technology to the present technological advancement. It refers to the increasing integration
of economies around the world, mainly through the movement of goods, services, and
capital across borders. The term sometimes also applies to the change of people (labor) and
knowledge (technology) across international borders (Staff, I. M. F., 2008). From these
explanations, it makes sense that advancements in technology allow foreign transactions to
make the acquisition of imported goods possible.
Interconnected Dimensions of Economic Globalization
 1. Goods and Services: Goods are tangible objects that satisfy people's
wants. Services are actions, such as haircuts and car repair, which also satisfy
people's wants.
2. Capital: It is the total assets a company needs to stay solvent. A company’s capital
assets are significant because organizations use capital assets to create wealth
3. Communication and Technology: Advances in Communication and technology has
allowed the integration of economies worldwide through increases in trade,
investment flows, and technology transfer.
4. Market Exchange: it is an economic system in which goods and services are
produced, distributed, and exchanged by the forces of price, supply, and demand.

ECONOMIES ASSOCIATED WITH ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

PROTECTIONISM: Protectionism refers to government policies that restrict international

trade by imposing tariffs, quotas, product standards, and subsidies.
Reason for the implementation of strict policies
a. Its goal is to improve the domestic economy by forcing its citizen either direct or
indirect to purchase local products instead of imported products.
b. For safety and quality concerns of both imported and exported products

Primary policy tools

a. Tariffs: These are charges to importing countries in the form of either money or
goods that will serve as a payment for allowing its international products to be sold
in the local market. It is usually documented in the custom of a particular
government. These Import tariffs are the reasons for the increase of international
product prices. It also raises revenues of the government and protects domestic
products from foreign competition due to the price hike of imported goods.
b. Import Quotas: This is a kind of tariffs that lessen the number of products that can
be imported for a certain period of time. The implementation of import quotas helps
the government protects its domestic businesses by allowing its local businesses to
cover the shortfall of certain products. Thus, it helps the local market to increase its
production that will lead to the increase of numbers of goods that can be sold in the
market
c. Product Standards: This is a kind of barrier that imposes strict standards in
imported products which may make it difficult for different importing countries to
bring their goods in the local market. Thus, the restriction of a particular product
can lead to a higher volume of product production domestically.
d. Government Subsidies: This is a strategy of the national government by which
incentives and cash payments are distributed to domestic businesses to encourage
them to expand their market globally by increasing international export. Thus, the
government may strengthen its local market.
Advantages of Protectionism:
a. Taxes imposed on exporter countries may increase government revenues.
 b. Strict and rigid policies may protect domestic product
c. Encourages the exportation of national products which may expand their products
globally.
Disadvantages of protectionism:
a. Protectionism policies often time support other countries to make their own
protection policy as well. Hence, it inhibits the exportation of each other products
that may result in less profit

TRADE LIBERALIZATION: It is the process of removing or reducing the barriers or

restrictions in the exchange for goods between and among nations. With the reduction of
barriers such as tariffs and import quotas in the process of exchanging goods and services, it
significantly reduces the cost of goods sold by the importing countries Thereby, allowing an
increase of exchange between and among countries. Thus, the proponents of trade
liberalization believe that reduction of barriers ultimately lessen consumer costs while
increasing efficiency, and fostering the growth of the economy.
Advantages of Trade Liberalization
a. As it promotes free trade between and among countries, the cost of importing
nations in bringing their goods to other countries is most likely to be lessened. This
event may likely result in lower consumer prices due to lower fees of importing
nation and an increase in competition among local and international businesses.
b. Promotes efficient use and allocation of world resources
c. Increases Capital Flow
d. Allows developing countries access to the heavily protected markets of the
developed world thus helping promote development
e. It encourages specialization among countries by maximizing their capabilities
whether to manufacture goods or provide services. This scenario is related to the
concept of comparative advantage wherein one specializes in which they can gain
the most profitable.
f. It can lead to a higher efficiency of producers.
g. It can attract foreign investment
Disadvantages of Trade Liberalization
a. It can affect local businesses and their domestic product.
b. The possible risk may be experienced if the products or raw materials coming from
other countries have a lower environmental standard.
c. Developing nations may be threatened to back out in the global market as they are
forced to compete in the same market with other nations possessing stronger
economies.
d. Countries with lower educational standards may struggle to adapt to a changing
economic environment.
e. It can exploit the natural resources due to the competition and shallow
environmental policies in a country.
 f. It can lead to structured unemployment whereby countries and companies who
cannot compete with others may lose gain and have less profit that may result in
layoff.

The effect of Trade Liberalization to its stakeholder as explained in the table:

Consumer, Worker, Companies and Consumer, Worker, Companies and

Countries who have benefited from the
Trade Liberalization
1. Consumer: they get products at lowest
and cheapest price
2. Worker: Low wage worker earned more
3. Countries: they are able to gain out of the
trade for the cheaper price and sell it to a
higher price
4. Corporation who earned more profit
either due to increase in sale and low labor
cost for manufacturing its good
Countries who did not benefit from the
Trade Liberalization
1. Consumer: they get products that are
cheap yet have the least and lowest quality
2. Worker: Low wage workers work in
hazardous environment
3. Countries: they did not gain as much as
the countries who have bought their raw
materials for a cheaper price.
4. Corporation who lose out to foreign
competition.

Main Actors of Economic Globalization

WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

For Wallerstein, "a world-system is a social system that has boundaries, structures,
member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting
forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to
remold it to its advantage. A world-system is what Wallerstein terms a "world economy",
integrated through the market rather than a political center, in which two or more regions
are interdependent concerning necessities like food, fuel, and protection, and two or more
polities compete for domination without the emergence of one single center forever. World-
system theory is, in many ways, an adaptation of the dependency theory. Wallerstein draws
heavily from the dependency theory, a neo-Marxist explanation of development processes,
famous in the developing world. Dependency theory focuses on understanding the
"periphery" by looking at core-periphery relations, and it has flourished in peripheral
regions like Latin America.
Wallerstein proposes different categories, core, semi-periphery, and periphery into
which all regions of the world can be placed. Of the three, two are of the uttermost
importance: core and periphery. These are geographically and culturally different, focusing
on labor-intensive (Periphery), and the other on capital-intensive production(core). The
core-periphery relationship is structural. Semi-peripheral states act as a buffer zone
between core and periphery and have a mix of the kinds of activities and institutions that
exist on them
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

El-Agraa (1998) defines the term economic integration as the discriminatory

removal of all trade impediments between at least two participating countries and the
establishment of certain elements of coordination and cooperation between them. In other
words, Economic integration is an arrangement among nations that typically includes the
reduction or elimination of trade barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal
policies. Economic integration aims to reduce costs for both consumers and producers and
to increase trade between the countries involved in the agreement.
Levels of Economic Integration

 Preferential trading area. Allow member countries to have access to some of their
products. Tariffs are not eliminated but it is lessened as compared to non-
participating countries
 Free trade. It aimed to reduce the tariff significantly between or among partnered
countries. In regards to external countries which are not part of their agreement,
each of them has its own decision making in regards to the tariff they will impose on
those external countries. The general goal of free trade agreements is to develop
economies of scale and comparative advantages, which promotes economic
efficiency.
 Custom union. It almost the same with free trade agreement as it aims to reduce and
abolish the tariff but it differs from free trade as the member country has common
external tariffs among member countries, implying that the same tariffs are applied
to third countries; a common trade regime is achieved.
 Common market. It is an integration by which member countries are able to move
their capital and services within their organization. This leads to the expansion of
scale economies and the maximization of comparative advantages. However, each
national market has its own regulations such as product standards.
 Economic union: This kind of economic integration is usually called as a single
market for several reasons. First and foremost, tariffs are eliminated within the
member countries by which they are able to exercise free trade between and among
countries. Likewise, workers from a member country of this organization can
migrate and work to another member country. At this level, some policies related to
economic and political aspects are also integrated such as the existence of a
common currency to be used by each member country like the Euro of European
Union.
 Political union. It is a form of integration wherein member countries abide by the
rules presented by a common government in which the member country’s
sovereignty is reduced significantly. This integration can be found within the nation-
state, such as federations where there are a central government and regions
(provinces, states, etc.) having a level of autonomy.

References
Banton, C. (2019). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trade-liberalization.asp
El-Agraa, A.M. (ed) (1998), The European Union; History, Institutions, Economics and
Policies. 5th edition, Prentice Hall Europe

Goods and Services. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from

https://www.kidseconposters.com/goods-and-services-poster

Market Exchange. (2014). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from

https://sociologydictionary.org/market-exchange/

Nye, J. (2002). Globalism Versus Globalization. Retrieved July 18, 2020, from
https://www.theglobalist.com/globalism-versus- globalization/#:~:text=Economic
%20globalism%20involves%20long%2Ddistance,o ther%20processes%20linked
%20to%20them.&text=Economic%20flows%2C%20m arkets%20and
%20organization,multinational%20firms%20%E2%80%94%20all% 20go
%20together.

Rodrigue J.P. (2020). Retrieved July 18, 2020,

fromhttps://transportgeography.org/?page_id=4082

Shangquan, G. (2000). Economic globalization: trends, risks and risk prevention. Economic &
Sorinel, C. (2010). Immanuel Wallerstein’s World System Theory. Annals of Faculty of
Economics, 1(2), 220-224.
Social Affairs, CDP Backround Paper, 1.

Staff, I. M. F. (2008). Globalization: A brief overview. International Monetary Fund, (02/08).

What is Capital in Economics. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from http://ncsp.org/what-is-
capital-in-economics/

Assessing Learning
Activity 4 Course/Year/Section:
Name:
 Score:
Date:

Directions: Read the article, “The Philippine Rice Tariffication Law: Implications and issues”
By Annette M. Tobias. Afterwards, Answer the following critical questions regarding the
article. Reference: http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=960&print=1
1. What is Rice Tariffication law?

2. Cite the (2) two most important provision under the rice Tariffication Law.

3. Identify (3) three advantages and (3) three disadvantages of Rice Tariffication Law in
the Philippines Economy.
 Advantages Disadvantages

1.

2.

3.

Activity 5
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of your answer and write it on the provided space
before the item.
1. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world particularly
through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders.
a. Trade Liberalization c. Economic Integration
b. Economic Globalization d. Modern world System.
2. Which of the following is not included in interconnected dimensions of
Economic Globalization?
a. Production c. Capital Markets
b. Technology d. Non-governmental Organizations
3. Which of the following statements describe Protectionism?
a. It refers to government policies that allows free flow of trade
b. It protects domestic products through implementation of tariff.
c. It refers to the removal of trade barriers between countries
d. Both A & B
4. Which of the following statements is true about the tariff?
a. It protects domestic products c. It is viewed as a barrier to free trade
b. It raises revenue for the Governments d. All of the above
5. All of the following statements are advantages of Trade Liberalization, except one.
a. Encourages Countries to specialize
b. Can attract foreign investment
c. Can lead to lower prices for the consumers
d. Can result in exploitation of the environment
6. According to Wallerstein, countries under this category specialize in exporting
raw materials.
a. Periphery c. Core
b. Semi-periphery d. Both a & b
7. According to Wallerstein, Countries under this category are technological
advanced.
a. Periphery c. Core
b. Semi-periphery d. Both b & c
8. It refers to an agreement among countries in a geographic region to reduce and
remove tariff barriers.
a. Trade Liberalization c. Economic Integration
b. Economic Globalization d. Modern world System.
9. A level of Economic integration wherein countries freely exchange all goods,
services, labor and capital.
a. Free Trade Area c. Common Market
b. Custom union d. Economic Union
10. A level of Economic integration wherein country members share one trade
policy with non-members.
a. Free Trade Area c. Common Market
b. Custom union d. Economic Union

UNIT III. MARKET INTEGRATION

Overview
 This unit will provide a brief history of Global Market Integration that will lead to
the understanding of market integration and its effect in our current situation. The Different
Financial institutions, international Organization and Global Corporation will also be
discussed to identify the significant influence of these Institutions to economic globalization
and market Integration. Types and levels of market integration will be tackled to determine
the possible effects of each level of integration in our economy.
Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. explain the role of international financial institutions in the creation of a
global economy;
2. narrate a short history of global market integration in the twentieth century;
and
3. identify the attributes of global corporations.
Setting Up

Name:
Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: This is an individual activity wherein each student will stimulate a corporate social
responsibility project of a multinational corporation using the GRASP methodology.
GOAL
To develop a Basic Hygiene Campaign that is relevant to the current situation of the
Philippines which is about a fight against the pandemic (COVID19).

ROLE
You are a member of the corporate social responsibility committee of a certain
Multinational Company.

SITUATION
There is a pandemic that is currently being experienced by every other nation,
particularly by the Philippines. The World Health Organization determined that the
transmission of this virus can be prevented by avoiding crowded places, staying at
home, maintaining social distance, and by practicing proper hygiene. The World Health
Organization approached your company to help because of your company manufacture
and sells personal cleansing products globally.

PERFORMANCE
Develop a single campaign that will teach and encourage Filipinos to practice proper
hygiene. The campaign material should be culturally appropriate and applicable to the
Filipino Community. Likewise, the campaign material that you will develop should only
be in the form of comic-brochure.

Lesson Proper

HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION

Roman Period and Early Voyages
The history of economic globalization can be traced back to the early years of the
Roman Empire, as evidenced by their extensive transportation network and the existence of
everyday language, the legal system, and currency. Years went by, and during the early 15th
century, the different voyages of Vasco Da Gama, Columbus, Magellan, and others have
proved that technological advances have made it possible to sail over the other continents
and to facilitate intercontinental trade. Different global powers that exist during those
times, such as Spain, Portugal, Britain, and Italy, have controlled international trade, which
further their territory and sovereignty. Thus, from this point onwards, the Expansion of
international trade was evident, and the growth of economic globalization was vividly
experienced by different countries.
Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the Beginning of World War 1
During this time, the international trade expanded significantly as did cross-border
flows of financial capital and labor.
Technological advancement in this year can be seen from the replacement of the sail
and railroads by the steam power. The opening of the Suez Canal has helped to reduce
travel times between Europe and Asia.
Trade expanded the variety of available goods, both in Europe and elsewhere. As the
trade monopolies of earlier times were replaced by intense competition, prices converged
globally for a wide range of commodities, including spices, wheat, cotton, pig iron, and jute
(Findlay and O'Rourke, 2002). In general, the Government's policies were favorable to the
openness of trade, capital mobility, and migration.
During this time, Economic structure followed the core-periphery pattern by which
the core countries were the center of trading, while periphery countries with abundant
natural resources provide the raw materials and labor for the core countries.
Two world wars (I & II) and the Great Depression; Post World Wars and Post Great
depression
The heightened economic integration achieved during the early 19 th century was
ruined by the two world wars and the great depression.
The major powers of those times, the United States, Western Europe, and Japan,
have undertaken the task of rebuilding the economic system, including Infrastructure,
International Trade, and Monetary policies.
The Bretton Wood System
This agreement was enacted during the post-world wars. It is the United States of
America who was at that time owned the two-third of world’s Gold had led this conference
in July 1944 with delegates from 44 countries at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Hence,
the name Bretton Woods Agreement.
The goal of this agreement was to create an efficient foreign exchange system,
prevent competitive devaluations of currencies, and promote international economic
growth.
As mentioned earlier, the scenario has led the delegates of this conference to
establish the fixed exchange rate with the U.S. dollar to be pegged to the value of Gold.
Moreover, all
other currencies in the system were then pegged to the U.S. dollar's value. During those
times, the exchange rate applied at the time set the price of Gold at $35 an ounce.
As mentioned earlier, the scenario has led the delegates of this conference to
establish the fixed exchange rate with the U.S. dollar to be pegged to the value of Gold.
Moreover, all other currencies in the system were then pegged to the U.S. dollar's value.
During those times, the exchange rate applied at the time set the price of Gold at $35 an
ounce.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank
These two institutions were established as part of the Bretton woods agreement in
1945. Both of these two institutions were created to address specific concerns in regard to
the economic crisis that the world has experienced.
International Monetary Fund (IMF): this Institution was created to oversee the world’s
monetary system’s stability. The IMF was compromised of 189 member countries that
cooperate and collaborate towards the goal of fostering global monetary cooperation,
establishing financial stability, maintaining international trade, and promoting growth in
the economy.
World Bank: this Institution was established to provide financial assistance and strategic
advice to nations profoundly affected by the previous world wars. The two main goals of the
world bank are to end extreme poverty and increase overall prosperity. It supplies
qualifying governments with low-interest loans, zero-interest credits, and grants to support
the development of individual economies. In reality, the World Bank has four other
branches/organizations that have specific goals to which realization of that particular Goal
may help the world bank attain its main goal.
a. International Bank for reconstruction and development that provides debt
financing to government that is considered middle income.
b. International Development Association (IDA) which gives interest-free loans
to the government of low-income countries.
c. International Finance Corporations focuses on private sectors and
developing countries with investment financing and financial advisory
services.
d. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency that promotes investment in
developing countries
e. International Centre for Settlement of Investment disputes is an institution
that provides arbitration on international investment disputes.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
The agreement was signed into law on January 1, 1948 with 23 countries after the
world war to monitor world trade that may lead to economic recovery. Its main objective
was to eliminate barriers in international trade by either reducing or removing tariffs and
quotas. As time passed by, the agreement was replaced by the world trade organization in
1995.
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization is a global organization made up of 164
member countries that deals with the rules of trade between nations. It was born out of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was established in 1947. Most of the
time, the WTO resolve trade disputes between and among its member countries. Its goal is
to ensure that trade flows as smoothly and predictably as possible.
MARKET INTEGRATION

Market integration is a term used to identify a phenomenon in which markets of

goods and services that are related to one another is experiencing similar patterns of
increase or decrease in terms of the prices of those products. The term can also refer to
circumstances in which the prices of related goods and services sold in a defined
geographical location also begin to move in some sort of similar pattern to one another.
Types of Market Integration
Negative integration: this implies eliminating barriers that restrict the movement of
goods, services, and factors of production. Also, the Government plays a minor role in
policymaking regarding manufacturing, distribution, and flow of goods
Positive Integration: The Government may adjust domestic policies and institutions
through the creation of supranational arrangements. Likewise, It is often identified with
positive values like social protection and the correction of market failures
Degree of Economic Integration (Levels of Economic integration)
a. Preferential Agreement is considered to be the first stage to which it lessens tariffs
and quotas between member countries who have signed the agreement. It allows
member countries to have access to some of their products. Tariffs are not
eliminated but it is lessened as compared to non-participating countries
b. Free Trade Area is considered to be the second stage of economic integration for
which it reduces barriers to trade among member countries to zero, but each
member country has its own decision when it comes to the external rate of tariff to
non- member countries
c. Custom Union is almost similar to the free trade area but it differs from the former
economic integration as Custom Union has a common external rate of tariff to non-
member countries.
d. Common Market is second to the highest degree of economic integration by which
labor and capital are included in the trade. It is to integrate both product and factor
markets of member countries.
e. Economic Union is considered to be the final step in complete integration by which
the member countries have common policies that involve common currency among
member nations, fiscal and political policies.
International Financial Institution
International Financial Institutions were founded by groups of countries to promote
public and private investment to foster economic and social development in developing and
transitioning countries. These Institution are the World Bank, International Monetary
Fund, World Trade Organization. As mentioned beforehand, these institutions are
established to alleviate and help the economy of each member country. These institutions
can help the economy of the country to obtain stability by supporting economic
development through financial assistance and advisory assistance in the implementation of
large-scale infrastructure projects in emerging markets.
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL ORGANIZATION AND ALLIANCES

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

 (OECD) is an international organization that works to build better policies for better
lives. Their goal is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-
being for all. Together with governments, policymakers and citizens, they work on
establishing evidence-based international standards and finding solutions to a range of
social, economic and environmental challenges. From improving economic performance
and creating jobs to fostering strong education and fighting international tax evasion, they
provide a unique forum and knowledge hub for data and analysis, exchange of experiences,
best-practice sharing, and advice on public policies and international standard-setting

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent,

intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14,
1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. It was established to monitor and
stabilize the price of OIL that is both beneficial and fair with the stakeholders such as the
producer and consumer.

Association of South East Nations (ASEAN)

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed in 1967 by

Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand to promote political and
economic cooperation and regional stability. The Economic, Political-Security, and Socio-
Cultural Community are the three pillars of ASEAN Community. The annual meeting is
usually held to promote the economic, social and cultural development of the region to
protect the stability of its politics and economy against rivalry with enormous power. For
some reason, it is also held to serve as a forum for the resolution of intra-regional
differences.

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989. Currently,
the APEC has a twenty-one member over the four continents. APEC Member Economies
works together to sustain economic growth through a commitment to open trade,
investment and economic reform. The economic growth is usually accomplished through
the reduction of barriers such as tariffs and import quotas. Its Goal is to ensure the
sustainability of growth and development of the region for the good of its people. Likewise,
the reduction of barriers among member economies is in consistent with the principles of
GATT, where applicable, and without detrimental effect to its member country.
European Union

The European Union adheres to the economic and political union where its member
countries have a single currency, Euro. Through its harmonization of its political and
economic policy, the European Union was able to deliver peace, prosperity, and stability for
more than fifty years by which it increases the standards of living of its people. The EU
remains focused on making its governing institutions more transparent and democratic.
Decisions are taken as openly as possible and as close as possible to the citizen. The
European Union is the largest trade block in the world. The European Union is one of the
largest exporters of goods and services and considered to be the biggest import market for
over a hundred countries.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

This organization was formed in 1994 by the Canada, Mexico and America for the
reason of elimination of barriers when it comes to trade and investment. The agricultural
sector, production and manufacturing sector, investment, and other services are some of the
economic sectors wherein tariffs are eliminated. This organization has also given
importance to the protection of intellectual property rights, environments, and rights of
workers or laborers. Small businesses were among those that were expected to benefit the
most from the lowering of trade barriers since it would make doing business in Mexico and
Canada less expensive and would reduce the red tape needed to import or export goods.
GLOBAL CORPORATIONS

A global corporation, also known as a global company, is coined from the base term
‘global’, which means all around the world. It is a company that operates beyond its local
boundary. Thus, most of the global companies works in more than one country and has
some foreign investment. Global corporations are deemed to be one of the major players in
economic integration as their goods and commodities allow other countries to engage in
foreign trading and exchange. Their existence has significant influenced to the consumer
behavior such as changes of lifestyles, spending pattern, practices and traditions.
The nature of Global Corporations usually varies depending on the classification to
where it can be categorized. However, most of the global corporations as stated above has
foreign investment and operating beyond the borders. They conduct activities outside their
origin countries such as manufacturing, distribution, research and development,
marketing, and selling of products. In some ways, the Global Corporation can influence local
and global laws in regard with trade and exchange. Lastly, most well-known global
corporations have strong brand recognition.
Types of Global Corporations
International Companies: this company operates primarily in a single country but has
some exposure to foreign markets. These are basically importers and exporters. The most
common type of American international business is one that purchases products or raw
materials from international markets. Best Buy is an example of this type of business. The
company operates in the United States and employs mostly American citizens, but it sells a
large amount of imported goods yet they don’t have foreign investments.
Multinational Companies: this Company operates in more than one country and receive
substantial income from these foreign operations qualify as multinational in nature.
Multinational companies, while usually controlled by management based in a single
country, cater to markets in individual countries. It invests directly in foreign nations, but
this is usually limited to a few areas. Products are customized to local preferences, rather
than homogenized, limiting the ability to create economies of scale.

Transnational Companies: transnational companies are the very largest multinational

businesses with separate divisions that operate with a significant independence in their
assigned markets. A transnational company invests directly in dozens of countries and has
a global headquarters that distributes decision-making capabilities to its various local
operations.
Global Companies: This kind of company would usually operate on a worldwide scale, but
it would not be tied legally to any nation. They have an investment in many countries but
maintain a strong headquarters in one country. They typically market their products and
services to each individual global market.

References
ADB, EU, ASEAN, SAARC, AU, NATO, NAM, OPEC, G-8, IAEA, etc. (N.D.) retrieved from
https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/international-relations/adbeu-asean-saarc-au-nato-
nam-opec-g-8-iaea-etc/
Berman, C. (2019). Characteristics of Global Corporation. Retrieved from
https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-global-corporation.html
Bernanke, B. S. (2006). A Short History of Global Economic Integration. Global Economic
Integration: What's New and What's Not.
Boykin, G. (2019). The differences in International Trade & Transnational Businesses.
Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-global-
corporation.html
Chen, J. (2020). Bretton Woods Agreement and System. Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brettonwoodsagreement.asp
Heakal, R. (2019). What is the World Trade Organization?. Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/investing/what-is-the-world-trade-organization/
INC. EDITORIAL, INC. STAFF. (N.D.) Retrieved from
https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/north-american-free-trade-agreement-
nafta.html#:~:text=The%20North%20American%20Free%20Trade,%3B%20NAFTA
%20broadened%20that%20arrangement.)
International Financial Institutions- An Overview. (2020). Retrieved From
https://www.cinfo.ch/en/un-ifi-careers/working-international-financial-
institutions/international-financial-institutions
Kenton, W. (2020). International Monetary Fund (IMF). Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/imf.asp
Kenton, W. (2019). World Bank. Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/worldbank.asp
Koester, U. (2000). Market integration: how it works. Agricultural policy and enlargement of
the European Union, 21-34.
Lamarco, N. (2018). What is a Global Corporation. Retrieved from
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/global-corporation-63267.html
Majaski, C. (2019). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Investopedia. Retrieved
from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gatt.asp.
Majone, G. (2005). Positive and Negative Integration. Retrieved From
https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199274304.001.0001/acprof-
9780199274307-chapter-7
Stat4all (2014). OBJECTIVE, ACTIVITIES & CONTRIBUTION OF- ASEAN, SARRC, NAFTA,
APEC, OPEC, WB, IMF, FAO, WTO, EU, AU, BIMSTEC. Retrieved from
https://statistics2learn.wordpress.com/2014/04/21/objective-activities-
contribution-of-asean-sarrc-nafta-apec-opec-wb-imf-fao-wto-eu-au-bimstec/
Walker, J. (2017). How to Describe the Four Basic Levels of International Business Activities.
Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-global-
corporation.html
Wolfe, M. (2017). What does it mean to be a Global Company?. Retrieved from
https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-global-corporation.html

Assessing Learning

Activity 6
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: The students are tasked to find the (2) two similarities and (2) differences
between Multinational Company and Transnational Company using the Venn diagram.
 Activity 7
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

IDENTIFICATION: Read and analyze each item, identify the word being asked for every
item. Choose your answer from the given choices and write the letter of your answer on the
space provided before each number.
a. Common Market b. Custom Union c. Global Corporations
 d. Transnational e. Bretton Wood f. Global Companies
Corporations System

g. IMF h. World Bank i . GATT

j.OPEC

1. It provides financial assistance to countries on economic crisis or with

threatened currencies.
2. It provides financing to developing countries to help reduce poverty and
support economic growth.
3. It is a monetary system by which currencies has a fixed exchange rate with
the U.S. dollar.
4. Its main objective is to remove barrier blocking international trade by
reducing tariffs, quotas and subsidies which was established in 1948.
5. A stage of economic integration by which tariffs and barriers are eliminated
and by which member nations abide by a common external policy in dealing
with non- member nations.
6. In this economic integration, it has not only eliminated barriers and abides
by a common external policy but it also includes all economic resources such
as labor and capital.
7. This international financial institution was established to regulate the price
of oil in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers
8. They are key players in global economic integration by influencing
consumer behavior like spending patterns, lifestyle, work and culture among
others.
9. This corporations usually market their products and services to each global
market.
10. A company that has investment in many countries and distributes the
decision- making powers and research development to each headquarter.

Activity 8
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

TRUE OR FALSE: Write the word True if the statement is correct otherwise, write the word
False.

1. Multinational Company usually exports it’s materials or products to other

countries which their other branches are located.
 2. A Multinational Company usually pay tariffs for their products as compared a
transnational company.
3. The shareholders of the transnational companies are usually owned by foreign
countries.
4. International Financial institution are usually owned and governed by one country.
5. One of the focuses of the International Financial Institution is to provide economic
and financial support to developing countries.
6. The Philippine was one of the founding fathers of the ASEAN.
7. Producing and manufacturing goods for the local community only is one of the
natures of Global corporations.
8. International Companies activities are limited to importing and exporting products.
9. The two world wars destroyed the flourishing economic activities of the 19th
century.
10. The History of the global market can be traced back to early Greek civilization.

UNIT IV. THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

Overview
This unit will examine the effects of Globalization on Governments, the challenges
that globalization has brought on Governments, and the institutions that govern
International Relations. As such, Internationalism and Globalism will be expounded to give
us an idea of how the states interact with other nations to achieve a common goal. Thus,
identifying the effects of this international relations between and among states to the
growth of Globalization.
Learning Objectives
 At the end of the unit, I am able to:
1. explain the effects of globalization on governments;
2. identify the institutions that govern international relations; and
3. differentiate internationalism from globalism.
Setting Up

Name:
Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Read the article entitled “Assessing Philippine Foreign Policy under Duterte:
Current Realities and Future Outlook” by Prashanth Parameswaran. Answer the following
questions in regards with the article. https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/assessing-
philippine-foreign-policy-under-duterte-current-realities-and-future-outlook/
1. Do you agree or disagree with the claims of the author? Explain your answer.
2. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of Duterte’s Independent Foreign Policy
3.What are the risks possessed by the Independent Foreign policy in the Philippine’s
growth and development?
4. Should Duterte’s administration continue to employ independent foreign policy? Explain
your answer
Lesson Proper

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GOVERNMENT

As globalization became the most heated topic among scholars, some would suggest
that the state was being displaced as the Primary Vehicle through which political
communities would organize themselves in the century to come. Although, the early years
of the 21st century have shown us that globalization has not displaced the state due to
recognized sovereignty of the state to set economic policies for a country that is honored
across the world. The treaty of Westphalia of 1648 established the notion of the nation-state
and the idea of state sovereignty which creates an atmosphere that states have sovereignty
and government control over its own affairs. However, Globalization has dispersed political
and economic power beyond the state. Global Norms, Economic Policies, and competitive
benefits have forced each state to participate in International relations with the purpose of
establishing legitimacy, respectability, economic growth, and peace and order (Schattle,
2014).
Besides, the increasing power of other actors other than the nation-states such as
Multinational companies, Non-Governmental Agencies, and regional organizations and
alliances have posed challenges on the Government of a state.

There have been several challenges to the government particularly with state
autonomy. These challenges can be divided into four. Traditional challenges, challenges
from national or identity movements, global economics, and global social movements.
Traditional Challenges
 External Intervention by other countries: this is a case wherein Powerful Nations
intervene with the issues and affairs of other nations. An example of this event is
the intervention of Russia in the affairs of people in Crimea who want to be part of
Russia even if they are part of Ukraine.
 Internal Political challenges: Challenges that come from the state’s own internal
nonconformists.
 Regional Organization challenging state autonomy: Challenges coming from
different International Organizations such as the EU’s response to the Issue of
Extra- Judicial Killing in the Philippines war on drug.
Challenges from National/Identity Movements
 Different people with different identities and beliefs who live in different states may
challenge the government to recognize their unique Ideologies and Identity all over
that state. Thus, a nation’s cultural identity and a state’s definite identity is being
challenged by these movements.
o Example: Al-Qaeda and ISIS movement were based on the
fundamentalist version of Islam.

Global Economics

 Due to the worldwide economy's increasing importance to the local economy, it

demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism. This scenario
was called by Journalist Thomas Friedman as "Golden StraightJacket," wherein
States are forced into policies that suit the preferences of investment houses and
corporate executives who transfer Capital and resources into countries favored as
adaptable to the demands of international business. However, all of these resources
and Capital will be withdrawn even more rapidly from countries deemed
uncompetitive or don't conform to the established economic policies.
 o Example: Governments have to comply with Global or regional
agreements (e.g. WTFO, NAFTA, EU, and ASEAN
o Economic Crises can force the government to subscribe to the terms of
the global financial market in order to recover economic stability.
Global Social Movements
 Ø These are movements of people that are spontaneous or that emerge through
large grassroots organizations. They usually operate across the world and can be
seen in different nations. Thus, the states cannot have absolute control over them.
o Example: Human Rights movement, Environmental Movement, Women
rights movement, International organization, non-governmental
organizations, and even the global media.
In
General:
 Globalization triggers competition or conflict among countries on matters
such as economic, policy, political systems, and etc.
 Governments are now dealing with many stakeholders such as civil society,
markets, international organization, and sub national political authorities.
 Citizen, Civil Society organization, and corporations are now seeking
opportunities beyond the borders of their home country.
In conclusion, the effects of Globalization on government cannot be precisely
stated as beneficial or disadvantageous due to its varying effect.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International relations can be defined as political activities and other kinds and
aspects of interactions among states, inter-governmental organization, non-government
organizations, and Multinational corporations.
Institutions that Govern International Relations

Peace Treaties and Military Alliances

 United Nations (UN): it was founded in 1995, and it has 193 member states
with the republic of South Sudan as its newest member. The UN has four
functions, which include military, economic, environmental issues, and human
protection. However, the ultimate goal of the UN is to maintain peace and order.
The UN usually provides a forum wherein countries gather to discuss different
issues and concerns. Likewise, the UN promotes and protects human rights
through various organizations and mechanisms.

 North Atlantic Treaty Organizations (NATO): is a defensive treaty or a

military alliance among the United States, Canada, and other European
Countries. This treaty was signed in 1949, and it is based on the idea of
collective security. This treaty adheres to collective self-defense. The member
countries have agreed to combine their military power against the other nation
who would be raising their arms against anyone of its members.
 1. Social and Economic Growth
 Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim Countries): They are organized in 1863 to
help those wounded by wars. They are an independent and neutral organization
that would be sent to areas affected by war, conflict, and disasters.
 Doctors without Borders: they are an independent, global movement
providing medical aid where it’s needed most and was founded in 1971.
 Oxford Committee for famine relief (Oxfam): it is a global movement of people
who are fighting inequality to beat poverty. It was formed in 1942 by a group of
independent non-governmental organizations. They are also concerned with
social inequalities that make and keep people.
 Save the Children: It is an organization that helps children across the world. It
gives children a healthy start of life, the opportunity to learn, and protection
from harm. It was founded in 1919 by Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy
Buxton to alleviate hunger and starvation of children in Germany during World
War 1.
 Amnesty International: Amnesty International was founded in 1961 by Peter
Benenson and it is a global movement that campaigns for the human rights of
everyone. The original intention of this movement was to appeal in Britain with
aim of acquiring amnesty for prisoners of conscience all over the world who
have been arrested for their convictions, ethnic group, or of their religious belief
but provided that they haven’t used force or resort to violence.
Global Economy
 World Trade Organization (WTO): As discussed in the previous lessons, its
primary goal is to foster free trade wherein taxes and tariffs on foreign goods
and commodities are eliminated or reduced. They provide a forum for
governments to negotiate trade agreements and to settle trade disputes.
 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): It is an economic treaty
between the US. Canada, and Mexico. It was signed to eliminate barriers to trade,
lessen trading cost, increase business investment, and to help North America to
be globally competitive.
How Can We Contribute to the International Relations?

 Awareness of Current Events

 Practicing our rights to suffrage
 Supporting Humanitarian Causes
 Being a responsible citizen who knows their duties and responsibilities in society

How can International Relations Contribute to us?

 It helps us by addressing different issues related to making our lives better:

o Human Rights
o Environment protection
o Reduction of poverty
o Health care
o Peace and Security
INTERNATIONALISM AND GLOBALISM

Internationalism
Internationalism can be defined as the principle of cooperation among nations, for
the promotion of their common good (Dictionary.com, 2020). Moreover, Internationalism
can be defined as the idea that cooperation among countries is beneficial for everyone. In
most cases, nations adhere to this doctrine to cooperate economically and avoid conflict.
According to Halliday (1998), Internationalism is the idea that we both are and should be
part of a broader community than that of the nation or the state. This means that we should
be part of a larger community that helps to build each other economy and maintain peace
and order. According to Fred Halliday, there are three concepts of Internationalism:
hegemonic, revolutionary and liberal.
 Hegemonic internationalism: The belief that the world is being integrated is based
on unequal terms with the dominance of one nation or nation-state over others. This
means that a particular country has exerted a dominating influence over other
groups or societies. This case can be seen through the colonization of Britain over
the other 70 nation-states for 200 years.
 Revolutionary Internationalism: It is the belief that conflicts within societies
ascend due to international factors and alliances. This scenario can be seen when
 Liberal Internationalism: It is the belief that certain goals such as peace and
prosperity can be attained through cooperation and collaboration between and
among countries. For example, the Humanitarian efforts by nation-states and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) to improve the welfare of people in poorer
countries.
Globalism
Globalism is a national policy of treating the whole world as a proper sphere for
political influence (Merriam-Webster, 2020). This is almost similar to the definition given
by the Cambridge dictionary wherein Globalism is the idea that events in one nation cannot
be separated from those in another and that economic and foreign policy should be planned
in an international way. Likewise, others would define globalism as a broad ideological
commitment in favor of the process of globalization that embraces a variety of interlinked
economic, communicational, environmental, and political phenomena (Encyclopedia.com,
2020). In the view of Nye (2002), Globalism seeks to describe and explain nothing more
than a world which is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental
distances. It attempts to understand all the interconnections of the modern world — and to
highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them. American Political Scientist, Joseph Nye,
has identified four dimensions of Globalism: Economic, Military, Environmental, Social and
Cultural.
 Economic Globalism: It involves long-distance flows of goods, services and capital
and the information and perceptions that accompany market exchange.
 Environmental globalism: It refers to the long-distance transport of materials in
the atmosphere or oceans or of biological substances such as pathogens or genetic
materials that affect human health and well-being
  Military Globalism: It refers to long-distance networks in which force, and the
threat or promise of force, are deployed
 Social and Cultural globalism: It involves movements of ideas, information, images
and people, who of course carry ideas and information with them.

References
Aldama, P. K. (2018). The Contemporary World. Rex Book Store, Inc.
Amadeo, K. (2020). NAFTA’s Purpose and Its History. Retrieved from
https://www.thebalance.com/history-of-nafta-3306272
Globalism and Globalization. (n.d.). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved July 18, 2020, from
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-
maps/globalism-and-globalization.
Halliday, F. (1988). Three concepts of internationalism. International Affairs (Royal Institute
of International Affairs 1944-), 64(2), 187-198.
Internationalism. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/internationalism
Internationalism. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/internationalism
internationalism. (n.d.). Definitions.net. Retrieved July 19, 2020,
from https://www.definitions.net/definition/internationalism.
International Relations. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research-
guides/international-organisations-and-relations/international-relations/
Martin, C. (2007). Collective self-defense and collective security: what the differences mean
for Japan. Retrieved from
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2007/08/30/commentary/world-
commentary/collective-self-defense-and-collective-security-what-the-differences-
mean-for- japan/#:~:text=Collective%20self%2Ddefense%20is%20authorized,of
%20the%20 United%20Nations%20Charter.&text=In%20contrast%2C
%20collective%20securit y%20involves,as%20authorized%20by%20the%20U.N.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Globalism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 18,
2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/globalism
Nobel Lectures (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1977/amnesty/history/
Nye, J. (2002). Globalism versus globalization. the Globalist, 15.
Our History. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.oxfam.org/en/our-history
Schattle, H. (2014). Governments and Citizens in a Globally Interconnected World. The SAGE
handbook of globalization, 105.
Watson, N. (2007). Save the Children. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Save-the-Children.
What we do. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do
Who we are. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/

Assessing Learning

Activity 9
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Identify (3) three challenges that was experienced by the Philippine Government
in the given category for both traditional challenges and national identity/movements.

(3) THREE CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED BY THE PHILIPPINES

External
Intervention by
other countries

Internal
Political
challenges

Regional
organization
challenging
state autonomy
National/
identity
movements

Activity 10

Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

IDENTIFICATION: Identify the correct answer for each item. Write your answer on the
space provided before each number.
1. Challenges that arise from their own internaldissenters.
2. An example of this challenge to government is the European
Union’s remarks against Duterte’s war on drugs.
3. It demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market
capitalism.
 4. These are groups that emerge through grassroots
organizations.
5. This organization was founded in 1945 and it has currently
189 member states
6. An nternational organization that settle internationaldisputes
regarding trade and exchange
7. It is a principle used by this organization that attack to the
one-member nation means an attack to all member nations
8. An independent and neutral organization organized in 1863
to help those who were wounded by wars.
9. A belief and/or a movement which promotes better
cooperation among nations in economic, political, and social
10. It seeks to describe and explain nothing more than a
world which is characterized by networks of connections that
span multi- continental distances.

Activity 11

Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

TRUE OR FALSE: Write the word True if the statement is correct and False if it is incorrect.
Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
1. Internationalism stresses solidarity and cooperation among the
nation to benefit the interest of one nation over another.
2. Globalism is the idea that events in one nation cannot be separated
among any other nations.
3. Economic Globalism involves purchases of oil and other military
 equipment.
4. In Social and cultural globalism, Culture and other traditional
customs can move beyond its own national borders.
5. Revolutionary internationalism is a belief that the world is being
integrated due to the conflicts that arise within society.
6. Liberalism Internationalism promotes the achievement of a
common goal among nations.
7. The international relation can contribute to the human wellbeing
by addressing human rights and health care system.
8. In Globalization, the Government of any state is not affected by the
different challenges as they have its own sovereignty which they
can always impose in their national borders.
9. One of the advantages of Globalization in government is that it
allows a nation to extend its economic growth by moving beyond
its borders.
10. A red cross cannot be considered as a key player in international
relations.

UNIT V. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Overview
This unit presents the roles and functions of United Nations as the central authority
in global governance and the challenges of it in the 21st century.
Learning Objective

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. explain global governance;

2. identify the roles and functions of the United Nations;
3. identify the challenges of global governance in the 21st century; and
4. explain the relevance of the state amid globalization.
Setting Up Name:
Course/Year/Section:

Date:
Directions: The following grid contains ten (10) terms/names associated with Global
Governance. Find and encircle them. Look for them in all directions possible.
G C D G J N X C Q S Z L J E
G O E T U A U T H O R I T Y
I K V A P T A S D F G M H F
L T I E O I M E W P E A C E
O P P E R O T E R O L I O S
R U R C B N A E D U C Y U N
E I O W T O M B B S I K N P
W E B C O C B E V T G A T G
O B L A W L M B N A M M R N
P R E J L E C W Q T T F I S
H A M A B C D E F E G E E E
A E I O U Z Y X W V U E S C
N T N E M P O L E V E D Z A

Lesson Proper

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Various emerging trends brought by

globalization need governance to
maintain world order.

What is global governance and what it does?

Global governance is a continuous process of balancing different interests and

initiating cooperative action between different countries. Governments in countries need
cooperation and integration to have a just system for conflict resolution. However, there is
no such thing as a “world government”.

Set of norms, policies, laws, or regulations are needed to facilitate relations within
countries and amongst countries, organizations and market. This is an example of global
governance. Global Governance is needed when a state or a country do not have the
capacity to solve problems on their own. There are cases whereby groups of countries have
problems with each other. These countries cannot solve the problem by themselves. Global
Governance is also needed.
Factors behind the Emergence of Global Governance

With the increasing economic prowess in key areas such as energy, food, transport, and
healthcare, global corporations are becoming more powerful. They yield a strong influence
on many global policies. Global civil society organizations also have a strong voice and
influence on global matters as they have established historical credibility, relevance, and
effectiveness in resolving problems in times of conflict or disaster.
1. Permeability of nation-states to vast flows of things

Fake news, cyberbullying, invasion of privacy and other digital fraudulent activities are
the results of easy, fast, and difficult-to-control flow of digital information through social
media. This calls for global governance because a single nation-state cannot tackle these
issues on their own.
2. Mass migration of people and the flow of criminal elements
The migration of people may result in some forms of unlawful activities such as sex
trafficking and the pushing of illegal drugs. This calls for global governance as it needs
strong regulatory policies, international cooperation, and effective implementation of the
law for the protection of the citizens.

3. Internal events or problems which nation-states either instigate or are

unable to control on their own
One great example of this is the extrajudicial killings in the Philippines. The drug policy
of the Philippine government or also known as the “war on drugs” has led to mass protests
and violence. This calls for intervention from international organizations, however, the
Philippine government has resisted.
4. Global problems that a single nation-state is unable to tackle on their
own

The global financial crisis is an example of a problem wherein states do not have the
capacity to solve on their own. This calls for global governance. Another example: The
COVID-19 Pandemic
 States, as well as non-state actors, work together to come up with mutually beneficial
Global Governance
ROLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE (un.org)

There is no “Central Authority” in Global Governance but the United Nations comes close to
being a “Central Authority” to raise and resolve global issues as they have the capability to
involve many non-state actors (governmental and non-governmental organizations, etc).
What is the United Nations? (un.org)
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after World War II. It is
currently made up of 193 Member States. It fosters cooperation among nation-states to
address global problems.
Main Bodies of the United Nations
General Assembly
General Assembly is the main deliberative,

Policy - making, and representative body of the United

Nations. It is where all member-states come together
to discuss and resolve various global issues.
Security Council
The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international
peace and security. It is composed of 15 members: the United States of America, Britain,
Russia, China, and France as permanent members and ten other non-permanent members
on a two-year term.
Economic and Social Council

The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy
review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social, environmental, and
other related concerns along with specialized agencies and organizations such as IMF,
UNESCO, WHO and etc. It is the United Nations’ central platform for reflection, debate, and
innovative thinking on sustainable development.
Trusteeship Council
 The Trusteeship Council provides international supervision for eleven Trust
Territories to ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-
government and interdependence. But it suspended its operations after the last of the trust
territories attained independence in 1994.

International Court of Justice

International Court of Justice or also referred to as the World Court, is the principal
judicial body of the United Nations. It is the only one of the main bodies of the United
Nations not located in New York, USA. The Peace Palace in Hague, Netherlands provides the
venue for countries to settle disputes inside a court of law.
Secretariat
Secretariat assists the other bodies and committees while performing varied tasks.
It comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members
who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly. The
Secretary-General is chief administrative officer of the Organization, appointed by the
General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.
Roles and Functions of the United Nations (un.org)

1. Maintain International Peace and Security

The United Nations came into being in 1945, following the devastation of the Second World
War, with one central mission: the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN
does this by working to prevent conflict; helping parties in conflict make peace;
peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish. These
activities often overlap and should reinforce one another, to be effective.
2. Protection of Human Rights
The promotion and protection of human rights is a key purpose and guiding principle of the
Organization. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights brought human rights
into the realm of international law. Since then, the Organization has diligently protected
human rights through legal instruments and on-the-ground activities.
1. Deliver Humanitarian Aid
One of the purposes of the United Nations is to achieve international co-operation in solving
international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character. The
organization relied upon by the international community to coordinate humanitarian relief
operations due to natural and man-made disasters in areas beyond the relief capacity of
national authorities alone.
2. Promote Sustainable Development

From the start in 1945, one of the main priorities of the United Nations was to achieve
international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural,
or humanitarian character. Improving people’s well-being continues to be one of the main
focuses of the UN. Sustainable development promotes prosperity and economic
opportunity,
greater social well-being, and protection of the environment. The organization offers this
best path forward for improving the lives of people everywhere.

3. Uphold International Law

The UN Charter, in its Preamble, set an objective: "to establish conditions under which
justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of
international law can be maintained". Ever since, the development of, and respect for
international law has been a key part of the work of the Organization. This work is carried
out in many ways — by courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties - and by the Security Council,
which can approve peacekeeping missions, impose sanctions, or authorize the use of force
when there is a threat to international peace and security.
Since 1945, the United Nations has been a champion of the following global concerns:

 Preventing and managing conflicts  Empowering women

 Regulating armaments  Educating children
 Championing human rights and  Feeding the hungry
international humanitarian law  Housing the refugees
 Liberating the colonized  Coordinating disaster relief and
 Providing economic and technical assistance
aid in newly liberated countries

CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

 Indistinct and diffused authority

 Vast disparities in power and influence among state and non-state actors
 Lack of resources of the UN and other actors
 Incoherent policies of global governance actors
 Decentralized and informal self-regulatory groups

Some Key Challenges

1. Nationalistic Interests
The challenging part of getting countries’ cooperation for the sake of global interest
is their differences in terms of national agenda or preferences. Country leaders always have
to choose between balancing acts or to give-in unpopular decisions to go against
international norms.

Example: Territorial disputes between China and the Philippines

2. Lack of Consensus or General Agreement

It is difficult to come up with a common vision and agreed action plan if major
powers are often hesitant to engage less prominent stakeholders on issues.
Example: Nuclear Energy policies
3. Indistinct and diffused authority

States can evade international laws with no major consequences. They assert their
sovereignty when dealing with international disputes.
4. Incoherent policies on emerging trends

Global Governance is too slow to catch up with global issues or dilemmas brought by
the speed of technological changes. In today’s digital world, the challenge is how to mainline
the free flow of information while having appropriate policies to control cyber aggression.
GLOBALIZATION AND THE STATE
The Relevance of the State amid Globalization

Others argue that State is now irrelevant because it cannot keep up with
globalization. On the other hand, the State is more relevant today because it can influence
the direction of globalization. But both arguments miss the point. States’ legitimacy is not
based on how it can handle globalization. It is based on how effective it can utilize its public
goods rather than the other actors in the process of globalization. There are few cases only
where the other actors are more effective and competent in addressing specific issues than
the States. Until or unless various actors can perform better services than what the State
does now on a macro scale, then the State will continue to be a major force in globalization.

The Difference between Nation and the State

The state is a distinctive political community with its own government which asserts
sovereignty over its land and people.
A nation is a large group of people who inhabit a specific territory and are connected by
history, culture, or another commonality.

Nation-State is a sovereign institution that governs individuals sharing a collective history

and culture within a bounded territory. The state is considered as the representative of “the
people” and the people are the source of the state’s legitimacy and sovereignty.

References
Internet
A factor analysis on trade integration. (2009). Retrieved from
https://www.cairn.info/revue- economie-internationale-2009-3-page-5.htm

Global Governance – Shaping Globalization. (2020, February 28). Retrieved from

https://english.bdi.eu/article/news/global-governance-shaping-globalization/
Identify the factors leading to greater integration of the asian region. (2018). Retrieved July
20, 2020, from https://brainly.ph/question/1710817
JSTOR: Access Check. (2008). Retrieved July 20, 2020, from
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455071?seq=1
SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class research journals. (2019). Retrieved from
https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent?journalCode=iqqa
Wiley-Blackwell. (2012). City Research Online - Globalization and the mass media.
Retrieved July 20, 2020, from https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/5542/

What Is Globalization? | Globalization101. (2020). Retrieved from

https://www.globalization101.org/what-is-globalization/

Book

Al-Rodhan, N. R. (2006). Program on the geopolitical implications of globalization and

transnational security. Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a
Proposed Definition.

Baylis, J. (1999). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international

relations. Oxford university press, USA.

Larsson, T. (2001). The race to the top: The real story of globalization. Cato Institute.

Therborn, G. (2000). Globalizations: dimensions, historical waves, regional effects,

normative governance. International sociology, 15(2), 151-179.
Assessing Learning

Activity 12
Name:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Date:

Directions: Choose two challenges of Global Governance that the Philippines are mostly
affected. Outline the possible suggestions/solutions you can give to address this
challenge.
 Activity 13

Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the UNDERLINED word is
incorrect, and then write the correct answer pertaining to the underlined word. Write all
the answers to the space provided
. 1. There is no “Central Authority” in Global Governance.

2. United Nations is a global organization, composed of 193 nation-stares,

fosters cooperation among nation-states to address global problems
together.
 3. Secretariat is the main deliberative body of the United Nations.

4. Security Council’s main responsibility is maintaining international

peace and security.
5. Economic and Social Council coordinates the economic, social, and
related concerns along with the specialized agencies and organizations.
6. General Assembly assists the other bodies and committees while
performing varied tasks.
7. Trusteeship Council provides international supervision for Trust
Territories to attain self-government and independence.

8. International Court of Justice is also referred to as the Court Palace.

9. United Nations was founded in 1945 after World War I.

10. Global Governance is needed to facilitate relations within countries,
organizations, and markets through a set of norms, policies, laws, or
regulations.

UNIT VI. GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

Overview

This unit presents how globalization creates divisions between various countries.
During and after the Cold War, various classifications of countries have emerged.
Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. define the term “Global South”;

2. differentiate the Global South from the Third World; and
3. analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the
experiences of Latin American countries.
Setting Up

Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:

Directions: Look at the pictures

above. Write your observations
on the space provided below.

_____________________________
_____________________________
_________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_________________________ 56
Lesson Proper

THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

Globalization creates divisions between various

countries.

It is not really difficult to understand the

concept of globalization. As seen in the pictures
below, there are branches of Starbucks, one of
the famous cafes in the world, in both developing
and developed countries. These branches and
others around the world may offer more or less
the same.
 Despite the modern aesthetic of these cafes, the world outside them can be very different
like what you see in the pictures below.

GLOBAL DIVIDES DURING THE COLD WAR

First, Second, and Third World

The terms originated during the Cold War when the world was divided into three
classifications based on politics and economics.
• First World – capitalist and industrialized Western countries.
• Second World – communist countries and their allies.
• Third World – least developed countries that were formerly colonized. Third World
which means “underprivileged people” was coined by a French demographer Alfred Sauvy
in 1952.

Defining the Third World

Third World countries are also referred to as impoverished countries because it composed
of mostly poor countries. It is also a group of non-alliance countries from the first and
second world which refused capitalism and communism during the Cold War.

GLOBAL DIVIDES AFTER THE COLD WAR

Global North and Global South
At the end of the Cold War, new and simpler classification was created – the North-South
Divide. The previous First World countries became the Global North and the Third World
countries became the Global South.

57
The North-South Divide or Rich-Poor Divide is the socio-economic and political division that
exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as “the North,” and the
developing countries or least developed countries, or “the South.”

Global North comprises of wealthy, industrialized, and democratic countries such as:
• USA

• Canada
• Western Europe
• Australia
• New Zealand
• Developed parts of Asia

Global South comprises generally of developing or the least developed countries such as:
• Regions of Asia
• Africa

• Middle East
• Latin America
Defining the Global South
Global South is composed of developing or less developed countries. The term emerged to
avoid the “poor” stigma associated with the term “Third World”. It reflects
underdevelopment and imbalances of economic and political power between countries.

Struggles in the Global South made global

Global South can also be a metaphor, implying that the problems of the south like
poverty and environmental issues are getting globalized.
Why do countries from the Global South are not developing?
The Latin American Experience and the Dependency Theory
After World War II, Latin American countries such as Mexico, Central America, and
the islands of Caribbeans are still underdeveloped because they were colonized by the
Spaniards and Portuguese. This is also an example of Dependency Theory.

This theory explains that the South’s economic development decreases and it
increases the North’s economic development because these rich countries exploit the poor
countries.

References
Internet
ADB, EU, ASEAN, SAARC, AU, NATO, NAM, OPEC, G-8, IAEA, etc. (N.D.) retrieved from
https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/international-relations/adbeu-asean-saarc-au-nato-
nam-opec-g-8-iaea-etc/
Asian Development Bank. (2020, June 21). Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/

Explore What Defines a State, Sovereign State, Country, and Nation. (2020, January 27).
Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/country-state-and-nation-
1433559

Factors to greater leading integration. (2019, August 18). Retrieved from

https://brainly.ph/question/1710817
JSTOR: Access Check. (2008). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455071?
seq=1
North-South Divide | Technoprogressive Wiki. (2020, July 12). Retrieved
from https://ieet.org/index.php/tpwiki/North-South_Divide
SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class research journals. (2020). Retrieved from
https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent?journalCode=iqqa

Wiley-Blackwell. (2020). City Research Online - Globalization and the mass media.
Retrieved from https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/5542/

Book

Schattle, H. (2014). Governments and Citizens in a Globally Interconnected World. The SAGE
handbook of globalization, 105.
Assessing Learning

Activity 14
Name:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Date:
Directions: Complete the table below.

GLOBAL DIVIDES DESCRIPTION COUNTRIES

GLOBAL NORTH
 GLOBAL SOUTH

Activity 15

Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Using a Venn diagram, differentiate the Global South from the Third World.

61
UNIT VII. ASIAN REGIONALISM
Overview
This unit presents the difference between regionalization and globalization and how
both of them helped build bridges among Asian countries.
Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, I am able to:
1. Differentiate regionalization and regionalism;
2. Identify the factors leading to greater integration of the Asian region; and
3. Explain how globalization affects Asian countries.

62
Setting Up

Name:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Answer the following question and write your answer on the space provided.

What comes to your mind when you see the picture below?

Lesson Proper

REGIONALIZATION AND REGIONALISM

Regionalization is defined as an increase in the cross-border flow of capital, goods,

and people within a specific geographical area. It develops from the bottom up through
societally driven processes coming from markets, private trade, and investment flows, none
of which is strictly controlled by governments.
Regionalism is defined as a political will to create a formal arrangement among
states on a geographically restricted basis. Since its main participants are governments, it
can be expressed as an artificial, top-down process.

63
Regionalization in Asia

Regionalization helped build bridges among Asian countries.

Asian Regionalization is a result of economic activities such as trade, financial
transactions, investments, technologies, labor, and tourist flows that connect Asian
countries together. Asian Regionalization complemented global relationships and it became
beneficial not only to Asia but also to the world. It helped sustain the region’s growth and
contributed to globalization.

ASEAN as a Model of Regionalism

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August

1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok
Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, and Thailand. Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Cambodia
making up the ten Member States of ASEAN.
Aims and Purposes (asean.org)

As set out in the ASEAN Declaration, the aims and purposes of ASEAN are:
• To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the
region through joint endeavors in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to
strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast
Asian Nations.
• To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the
rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the
principles of the United Nations Charter.
• To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common
interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative
fields.
• To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities in the
educational, professional, technical, and administrative spheres.
• To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture and
industries, the expansion of their trade, including the study of the problems of international
commodity trade, the improvement of their transportation and communications facilities,
and the raising of the living standards of their peoples.
• To promote Southeast Asian studies.

• To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional
organizations with similar aims and purposes, and explore all avenues for even closer
cooperation among themselves.
ASIAN REGIONALISM

What are the challenges?

Regionalization and Regionalism’s main goal is to develop the economy of the nation. Within
its goal, there are challenges that the nations must face.

• Exclusion of countries that do not belong in the region.

• A threat to strategic partnerships with countries from other regions.

• Compromised financial stability that may result in a deepening credit crisis and a weak
currency.
• Expensive and difficult flow of goods because of the threats on and security of a country.
• Environmental damages may result in radical changes in economic policies.
How can regionalism help Asia grow as a region?
According to the Asian Development Bank (adb.org), Asia may be able to address the
challenges of regionalism by:

(1) Linking the competitive strengths of its diverse economies to boost productivity and to
sustain the region’s growth.
(2) Connecting the region’s capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce the cost of
capital, and improving opportunities for sharing risks.
(3) Cooperating in setting exchange rates and macroeconomic policies in order to minimize
the effects of global and regional shocks and to facilitate the resolution of global imbalances.
(4) Creating regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health, safety, and
environmental issues better.

(5) Exercising leadership in global decision making to sustain the open global trade and
financial systems that have supported a half-century of unparalleled economic
development.
(6) Building connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive development to reduce
inequalities within and across economies and thus strengthen support for pro-growth
policies.
Some factors may hinder the integration of the Asian region and these are the following:
• Absence of a non-political platform to maintain peace and stability among countries.

• Lack of liberalization of trade in the region.

• Insufficient support to promote economic growth, social progress, and cultural

development in the region.
• Lack of communication and cooperation in Asian countries through media.

Definition of Globalization
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people,
companies, and governments of different nations around the world, a process driven by
international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
How does Regionalization differ to Globalization?

Globalization in Asia is an external push by Western regions such as the United

States and Europe. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible and it will surely create
economic, political, societal, and cultural transformation in the Asian region.
Globalization might be a great help for Asian countries but it has always challenges. It
requires a lot of time for countries to receive the benefits of globalization and it may lead to
instability if not managed well. That’s why high-level decision making is also important for
leaders as global issues will emerge from time to time. There will also be increased
competition on the economic market which will affect wages, labor rights, employment, and
the environment.

References

About ASEAN. (2020). Retrieved from https://asean.org/asean/about-asean/

ADB, EU, ASEAN, SAARC, AU, NATO, NAM, OPEC, G-8, IAEA, etc. (N.D.) retrieved from
https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/international-relations/adbeu-asean-saarc-au-nato-
nam-opec-g-8-iaea-etc/
Asian Development Bank. (2020, June 21). Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/

CVA, K. (2017). https://www.medwinpublishers.com/JOBD/JOBD16000139.pdf. Journal

of Orthopedics & Bone Disorders, 1(7), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.23880/jobd-
16000139
Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries -- An IMF Issues Brief. (2001).
Retrieved from
https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm
Identify the factors leading to greater integration of the asian region. (2018). Retrieved
July 20, 2020, from https://brainly.ph/question/1710817

Shangquan, G. (2000). Economic globalization: trends, risks and risk prevention.

Sorinel, C. (2010). Immanuel Wallerstein’s World System Theory. Annals of Faculty of
Economics, 1(2), 220-224.

Stat4all (2014). OBJECTIVE, ACTIVITIES & CONTRIBUTION OF- ASEAN, SARRC, NAFTA,
APEC, OPEC, WB, IMF, FAO, WTO, EU, AU, BIMSTEC. Retrieved from
https://statistics2learn.wordpress.com/2014/04/21/objective-activities-
contribution-of-asean-sarrc-nafta-apec-opec-wb-imf-fao-wto-eu-au-bimstec/
Wiley-Blackwell. (2012). City Research Online - Globalization and the mass media.
Retrieved from https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/5542/

You have been blocked. (2009). Retrieved from https://www.cairn.info/revue-

economie-internationale-2009-3-page-5.htm

Assessing Learning

Activity 16
Name:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Date:

Directions: Using the Venn diagram, compare and differentiate Regionalization from
Globalization.

67
 Activity 17
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It was established on August 8, 1967, in Bangkok, Thailand through the

signing of the ASEAN Declaration.

a. United Nations b. ASEAN c. European Union d. UNESCO

2. It is an increase in the economic growth of countries within a region that

develops through societally driven processes such as markets, trade, and
investments.

a. Regionalism b. Multinationalism
c. Globalization d. Regionalization

68
 3. It is the worldwide integration along economic, political, social, and cultural
lines.

a. Internationalization b. Regionalization
c. Globalization d. Regionalism

4. The following are the founding countries of ASEAN, EXCEPT:

a. Indonesia b. Philippines c. Singapore d. Japan e. Malaysia

5. It is the political will to create a formal arrangement among countries in

the region.

a. Regionalism b. Regionalization c. Globalization d. Multinationalism

UNIT VIII. GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE

Overview
This unit presents how media influences the economic, political, cultural, and social
aspects of people’s lives and how globalization affects economic growth.
Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. Analyze how various media drive various forms of global integration; and
2. Explain the dynamic between local and global cultural production.

Setting Up

Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Study the scrambled letters and arrange them to form a word. Write your answer
on the space provided.

R O K N T E W
1.

E M I O B L
2.

C E F T F E S
3.

I E A D M
4.

O T O L G H E Y C N
5.

Lesson Proper

MEDIA DEFINED

According to Lule (2014), the world media are tools used to store and deliver
information or data. The term is often used synonymously with mass media, but it can also
refer to a single medium used to communicate any data for any purpose.
Role of Media

Economic, political, cultural, and social changes and needs have contributed to the
development of various forms of media technology. It influenced and shaped human life
through generations.
The mass media are today seen as playing a key role in enhancing globalization, and
facilitating cultural exchange and multiple flows of information and images between
countries through international news broadcasts, television programming, new technologies,
film, and music.

Evolution of Media and Globalization

In the study of globalization, there are five time periods that usefully capture the
study of globalization and media such as oral, script, print, electronic, and digital.
Oral Communication

Speech is often the most overlooked medium in the history of globalization. Yet the
oral medium — human speech — is the oldest and most enduring of all media. Despite
numerous changes in hundreds of years, the first and very last humans will share at least
one thing — the ability to speak.
In our primitive lives, language and communication is a very important tool in
enriching knowledge, experiences, and skills in surviving everyday life.
Script
This is the stage that explores the brief transition from the oral form of
communication to printing. As communication travels on distant places and over different
periods of time, problems and difficulties emerge because language relies on the capacity of
our memory. There emerged the script.
It refers to the very first writing that enables human beings to record information across
distances for a much longer time.
The Printing Press
Prior to the printing press, the production of written documents was slow,
cumbersome, and expensive. On the earliest civilizations, only a few powerful and elite have
used papyrus, parchment, and paper for printing documents. The rich controlled
information. The printing press, however, encouraged the literacy of the public and the
growth of schools. It helped foster globalization and knowledge of globalization.
Electronic Media
Electronic media is an efficient way to communicate with one another, either by the use of
media devices or social media sources such as radio, television, telephone, and etc. Scholars
have come to call these “electronic media” because they require electromagnetic energy —
electricity — to use.

• Radio was developed alongside the telegraph and telephone in the late 1890s. It was
first conceived as a “wireless telegraph”. By the 1920s, broadcast stations were “on the air”
transmitting music and news. Radio quickly became a global medium, reaching distant
regions without the construction of wires or roads.
• Television is the electronic delivery of moving images and sound from a source to a
receiver. By extending the senses of vision and hearing beyond the limits of physical
distance, television has had a considerable influence on society. (britannica.com) With
Cable TV, Television became an even more powerful medium catering to a wide range of
global
interests such as arts, adventure, entertainment, education, food, history, nature, politics,
travel, and many more.

Digital Media
Digital Media are most often electronic media that rely on digital codes — the long arcane
combinations of 0s and 1s that represent information.
Digital media is commonly used software, websites, and social media but the computer,
cellular phone, and the internet are the usual representations of it. It is currently the most
significant media of influence to globalization. It provides more interactive communication,
unlike print and TV which only provides one-way communication.
MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION

Economy

E-commerce is becoming a major form of business. Amazon, Lazada, and Zalora are some
examples of start-up companies that have grown into successful global e-commerce
platforms. Micro-Entrepreneurs like farmers, fishermen, and start-ups are now able to
access micro-financing using mobile phones or computers.
The media have been essential to the growth of economic globalization in the world. Indeed,
the media have made it possible by creating the conditions for global capitalism and by
promoting the conceptual foundation of the world’s market economy.
Politics

Globalization has transformed world politics in profound ways. Media is able to spark
collective public opinion and action towards politics. Even during election campaigns,
various forms of media have used by candidates to appeal for public votes and by people to
assert their support to candidates.

Education
The internet is helping democratize access to affordable learning as open universities,
online courses, and webinars are just one click away through phones and computers. Media
has made it easy to search for information on the internet.

Culture
Media is the primary carrier of culture. There is now a wealth of exchange and fusion of
culture including fashion, arts, and music through the use of newspapers, magazines,
movies, advertisements, television, radio, the Internet, and other forms of media.

LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURAL PRODUCTION

We use, adopt, and create a culture in different ways in our everyday living, though we may
not be conscious of it.

Examples:
• The way we dress

• The way we communicate

• The way we interact with others
Though, media is a great help to the exchange and fusion of culture around the world.
There are also conflicting views on the impact of globalization on cultural production.

 Negative Effect - it is a threat to the local economy and it has disadvantages for poor
countries and small businesses. It can also destroy traditional culture, beliefs, and
value systems and may result in a loss of cultural identity.
 Positive Effect - it expands global market opportunities and it drives economic
growth in the poor parts of the world. Local culture enriches when exposed to other
cultures. It increases the knowledge and understanding of people around the world.

Globalization has grown due to the advancement of media and technology. With the
increased global interaction comes the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture.
There are positive and negative points of view and these are not opposites but inherently
interdependent.

References

Internet
L.P. (2020). What is Digital Media? Retrieved from
https://www.digitallogic.co/blog/what-is-digital-media/
Media and Globalization » Mediapolitics. (2020). Retrieved from
http://mediapolitics.net/overview/media-and-globalization/
television (TV) | History, Technology, & Facts. (2020). Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/television-technology

What is Electronic media? – Skillmaker. (2017). Retrieved from

https://www.skillmaker.edu.au/what-is-electronic-media/
Book
Matos, C. (2012). Globalization and the mass media. In: Encyclopedia of Globalization.
Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell

Pieterse, J. N. (2003). Globalization and culture: Three paradigms. In: J. N. Pieters

(Ed.), Globalization and Culture: Global Mélange. (pp.41-58). Lanham, Maryland:
Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc..

Steger, M., Battersby, P., & Siracusa, J. (Eds.). (2014). The Sage handbook of globalization. Sage.

Therborn, G. (2000). Globalizations: dimensions, historical waves, regional effects, normative

governance. International sociology, 15(2), 151-179.

Assessing Learning

Activity 18
Name:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Date:
Directions: Explain the negative and positive impact of globalization on local and global
cultural production.

NEGATIVE
 POSITIVE

Activity 19
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Choose the answer from the box below. Write the correct answer on the space
provided.

Media Radio Fashion, Arts & Music Politics Culture

Education Cellular Phone
Internet Economy
Television Migration Digital Media
 1. Relocation to other countries is becoming less of a concern because
digital media enables migrants to be connected with family and friends
back home.

2. It enables faster, cheaper, and more convenient form of e-commerce.

3. Social Media is able to spark collective public opinion and action.

4. It involves our unique way to communicate and interact with other

people.
5. Digital media has allowed artists, musicians, and designers to transcend
borders and gain global audience.
6. It is an integral part of globalization which allows humans to share
information across the globe.

7. E-commerce is becoming a major form of business.

8. It is considered as the most powerful mass media invented.

9. The internet is helping democratize the access to affordable learning.

10. It played a key role in many socio-political campaigns and upheavals
during the 20th century.

UNIT IX. THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

Overview
This unit is designed to inform you about the increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of people and places around the globe in a time in which globalization
has yet to fully complete its process, religions must use the communication easily available
through advanced technology to focus more on the humane and pluralistic forms of their
teachings—values such as human dignity and human freedom—as means to manage
religious diversity and avoid violence.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs; and
 2. analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict and conversely,
global peace.

Setting Up

Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:

Directions: Complete the table below.

Religion Idea of God Country with System of beliefs and

largest population practices

Buddhism

Christianity

Hinduism

Islam

Atheism

Lesson Proper

GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

Religion and globalization persistently engage in a flexible relationship in which the

former relies on the latter in order to thrive and flourish while at the same time challenging
its (globalization’s) hybridizing effects. Globalization–due to the advent of communication
and transportation technology and the roles played by the media–has contributed to the
deterritorialization and the blurring of geographical spaces and boundaries. This has
resulted in apparently in making the world a small village where people, cultures, and
identities come in daily face-to-face contact with each other. (Monaim El Azzouzi, 2013)

Undoubtedly, religion is not immune to these changes and their burgeoning effects
brought about by globalization. However, religions still have their respective homes in
specific territorial spaces where they originally appeared and where their respective
shrines
exist. The inner nature of religions and the purpose to be embraced and practiced by people
all over the world prompts it to spread throughout all the world’s geographical spaces. In
order to emerge and spread, therefore, religions make good use of the technologies of
globalization. Having geographical boundaries and frontiers blurred and dissolved, religions
find it easy to spread and reach every part of the world.

What is Religion?

According to Encyclopaedia Britannica (2020), Religion is a human beings’ relation

to that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of especial
reverence. It is commonly regarded as consisting of the way people deal with ultimate
concerns about their lives and their fate after death. In many traditions, this relation and
these concerns are expressed in terms of one’s relationship with or attitude toward gods or
spirits; in more humanistic or naturalistic forms of religion, they are expressed in terms of
one’s relationship with attitudes toward the broader human community or the natural
world.

 To know more about the history of religion, let us watch this short video:
“History of Ideas – Religion” posted by the School of Life
https://youtu.be/ge071m9bGey

MAIN RELIGIONS IN THE WORLD

The picture says more than a thousand words, and that goes for this world map as
well. This map conveys not just the size but also the distribution of the world, at both a
global and national level. Strictly speaking, it‘s an infographic rather than a map, but you get
the idea. The circles represent countries, their varying sizes reflect population sizes, and the
slices in each circle indicate a religious affiliation.

The result of this map is both panoramic and detailed. In 2019, this map/infographic
was discovered online by Frank Jacobs Strange Maps fame, who stated that “This is the best,
simplest map of world religions ever.”

Image: The geographic distribution of the major religions in the world, as of 2019, is illustrated in a World Religions Map by
Carrie Osgood.

Christianity
  The most widely practiced religion in the
world. This religion dominates the
Americas, Europe, and the southern half
of Africa.
 Christians are monotheistic, i.e., they
believe there’s only one God, and he
created the heavens and earth. This
divine Godhead consists of three parts:
the father (God himself), the son (Jesus
Christ), and the holy spirit.

This photo is licensed for free use by Pexels.

 The Christian Bible is a collection of 66 books written in various authors. It’s divided
into two parts: The Old Testament and The New Testament.

Islam
 This is the top religion in countries
located in northern Africa, Middle East,
and Indonesia. Islam is the second-
largest religion in the world after
Christianity.
 Muslims are monotheistic and
worship one, all-knowing God, who in
Arabic is known as Allah.
This photo is licensed for free use by Pexels.  The Quran (or Koran) is the major
holy text of Islam.
Hinduism
 Hinduism is the third-largest religion behind
Christianity and Islam. The majority of the population
in India is affiliated with this religion.
 Most forms of Hinduism are henotheistic, which means
they worship a single deity, known as “Brahman,” but
still recognize other gods and goddesses. Followers
believe there are multiple paths to reaching their god.
 This religion is about the search for liberation that can
be achieved through meditation, yoga, and prayer. This photo is licensed for free use by Pexels.

Buddhism

 This is the major religion across South

East Asia and Japan.
 Buddhism is a faith that was founded
by Siddhartha Gautama (“the
Buddha”).
 Followers of Buddhism don’t
acknowledge a supreme god or deity.
This photo is licensed for free use by Pexels.
They instead focus on achieving
Atheism and/or Agnosticism
enlightenment—a state of inner peace and wisdom.

 China is the country with the largest population of atheists and/or agnostics.
 The critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings.
 Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question
whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or
unanswerable.

 To know more about major religions, watch this short video:

“The five major world religions – John Bellaimey” posted by TED-Ed
https”//youtu.be/m6dCxo7t_aE

How does Religion connect people around the globe?

Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current
considerable revival and the resurgence of religion. Today, most religions are not relegated
to the few countries where they began. Religions have, in fact, spread and scattered on a
global scale. Thanks to globalization, religions have found a fertile milieu to spread and
thrive. As Jan Aart Scholte makes clear:

“Accelerated globalization of recent times has enabled co-religionists across the

planet to have greater directImacgoe:nTtheagcetogrwapihtichdisotrinbuetionaonf other. Global
communications, global
organizations, global finance athne dmatjohr reeligliioknes inhthaevweorlad,lalsoowf ed ideas of the
trans world umma of
Muslims and the universal Chr2i0s1t9i,aisnillucshtrauterdcinhatWoorbldeRegliigvioensn concrete shape as
never before.”
Information technologies, transportation means, and the media are deemed
important means on which religionists rely in the dissemination of their religious ideas. For
instance, countless websites providing information about religions have been created. This
makes pieces of information and explanations about different religions readily at the
disposal of any person regardless of his or her geographical location. In addition, the
internet allows people to contact each other worldwide and therefore hold forums and
debates that allow religious ideas to spread around the world.

GLOBALIZATION, RELIGION, GLOBAL PEACE AND CONFLICT

 On a lighter note, there are examples of common value system shared by different
religions that are adhered to in the process of globalization. One example is “The emerging
global ethic” which states the following:

1. Corporations are prohibited from being involved in bribery and corruption;

2. Corporations are prohibited from discriminating in the grounds of race, religion,
ethnicity, or gender in the conduct of business; and
3. Corporations are prohibited from activities that pose a significant threat to human
life and health.

 To better understand the lesson and the impact of the globalization of religion, you
may watch the documentary film:
“The Rise of ISIS” by FRONTLINE
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/rise-of-isis/

References
BBC - Religion: Religions. (2014). Retrieved from
https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/

Carrie Osgood | creating connections that educate & inspire - Major World Religions.
(2010). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://carrieosgood.com/world-
religions

Golebiewski, D. (2014, July 17). Religion and Globalization: New Possibilities, Furthering
Challenges. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2014/07/16/religion-
and- globalization-new-possibilities-furthering-challenges/

Iqbal, A. M. (2016). Varied Impacts of Globalization on Religion in a Contemporary

Society. Religió : Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 6(2), 207–229.
https://doi.org/10.15642/religio.v6i2.604

Religion | Definition, Types, & List of Religions. (2020, May 19). Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/religion

Religion. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/religion

Assessing Learning

Activity 20
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Answer the following questions. (5 points each)

1. Explain how globalization might affect (or is affecting) the religious practices and beliefs
in the Philippines?
2. From your own observations and/or experiences, how does religion connect people?

Activity 21

Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Choose and write the letter of the best answer on the space provided. (1 point
each)

1. An atheist is a person who:

 A. Does not believe in a god or gods B. Is angry at their god
C. Believes in multiple gods D. Is indifferent to the existence of a god
2. This religion is monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is
known as Allah.
A. Buddhism B. Islam C. Hinduism D. Christianity
3. All of the following are majority-Buddhist countries except:
A. Japan B. Cuba C. Thailand D. Cambodia
4. This religion dominates the Americas, Europe and southern half of africa.
A. Buddhism B. Islam C. Christianity D. Atheism
5. Which religion is the largest in the world by population?
A. Sikhism B. Buddhism C. Christianity D. Islam
6. This religion is about the search for liberation that can be achieved through
meditation, yoga and prayer.
A. Christianity B. Islam C. Hinduism D. Buddhism
7. What is the Muslims holy book?
A. Adi Granth B. Quran C. Bible D. Torah
8. Which of the following is considered to be Christian holy text?
A. Quran B. Torah C. Trip taka D. Bible
9. Followers of this religion don’t acknowledge a supreme god or deity?
A. Buddhism B. Hinduism C. Taoism D. Islam
10. They believed sanctity of all life, reincarnation and karma.
A. Buddhism B. Hinduism C. Taoism D. Islam

UNIT X. THE GLOBAL CITY

Overview

This unit gives you an idea about the notion of ‘global city’ has a central place in
understanding contemporary spatial patterns of globalization and how a global city has
wealth, power and influence to other countries as well as hosts the largest capital markets.

Learning Objectives
 At the end of the unit, I am able to:
1. identify the attributes of a global city; and
2. analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization.

Setting Up

Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:

Directions: Students will create a poster on how do they see the Philippines as Globalized
city in the future like Globalized City around the world.

Lesson Proper

GLOBAL CITY

What makes a city “global”?

 This photo was retrieved from Japan’s Institute for Urban Strategies: The Mori Memorial Foundation

Nowadays globalization occurs in places where a mass of people work and live in
cities. However, for a city to achieve the title of being global, it must have values and ideas
that will have an impact on the rest of the world. The global city is a term that raises an
understanding for the cognoscenti” (Low, 2005: p218). Low (2005) further says that a
global city is a city that is well thought out to be an important node in the world’s economic
system.

A global city has wealth, power, and influence to other countries as well as hosts the
largest capital markets. Moreover, a city that has wealthy multinational companies, good
infrastructure, better economy, well-educated and diverse populations, and powerful
organizations, as well as a good political structure that are linked to the other parts of the
world like nowhere else, is considered to be global (Badcock, 2002: p31). A global city is
also the world’s most important and influential city that covers the dimensions of
globalization. These dimensions are cultural experience, business activity, human capital as
well as political engagement. London, New York, Paris, Rome, and Tokyo are one of the most
well-known global cities as it provides global competitiveness for its citizens and
companies.

In short, a global city refers to an open and diversified international city with high
popularity and influence, having an important position in areas such as economic and
cultural development around the world. Therefore, as a global city, it must have an
advanced economy, transportation systems, and technology to attract talents from different
countries to live in the city.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL CITY

According to Social Characteristics of Global City, as Demonstrated by Hong Kong,

they list some of the general characteristics people tend to refer to when talking about
global cities. It cites a very lengthy list, but some of them are:

• A global city refers to a diversified and open society; It can exchange freely with
every corner of the world in the fields of business, tourism, food, entertainment, and
culture;
• It is a harmonious and tolerant society that shows respect to the other cultures;
• With a large flow of information, citizens may have access to all information across
the world.

Besides, there is no restriction on entry to and exit from the global city, so
that you can travel everywhere in person or greet any person from different
countries who visit the city.

How is the power of a global city measured?

 Given the global competition between cities, Since 2008, the annual Global
Power City Index (GPCI) evaluates and ranks the major cities of the world according
 to their “magnetism,” or their comprehensive power to attract people, capital, and
enterprises from around the world. The GPCI is able to grasp the strengths,
weaknesses, and challenges of global cities in a continuously changing world not
only through a ranking but also through analyzing that ranking’s specific
components.

Cities are evaluated through 6 functions:

 Economy
 Research and Development
 Cultural Interaction
 Liveability
 Environment
 Accessibility

This photo was retrieved from Japan’s Institute for Urban Strategies: The Mori Memorial Foundation

Top 10 Most Powerful Cities in the World (2018 GPCI)

This photo was retrieved from Japan’s Institute for Urban Strategies: The Mori Memorial Foundation

According to the Institute for Urban Strategies the Mori Memorial Foundation (2019), there
was no change in the top 10 rankings from last year’s GPCI. In comparison with the top 3
cities of London, New York, and Tokyo, Paris’s drop in score was minimal, narrowing the
gap once again between the French capital and Tokyo. Although Paris experienced a
downtrend in score following the repeated terror attacks of 2015, following the 2017
confirmation as host-city of the 2024 Olympic Games, an upward trend in the score is
building. Among the 4 new cities added this year (Melbourne, Helsinki, Dublin, Tel Aviv),
Melbourne at #11 was the highest performer.

THE DOWNSIDE OF GLOBAL CITIES

Living in a global city has its challenges:

 The high cost of housing;

 Long working hours;
 Competitive and precarious labor market;
 Residential hyper-mobility;
  Long commuting times; and
 Multiculturalism due to diversity of neighbors.

To learn more about the Global cities, let us watch the following video.
Issues Illustrated: Global Cities by Chicago Council on Global Affairs
https://youtu.be/2x8zmA9RYrM

References

Institute for Urban Strategies - The Mori Memorial Foundation. (2020, January 7).
Retrieved from http://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/wordpress/english/ius2

Lin, K. P. Y. (2008). Global City Review: Hong Kong as a Global City. SSRN Electronic
Journal, Core module 27, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1101011

Mori Memorial Foundation’s GPCI 2019 Report: London Loses Momentum, Tokyo Is
Sluggish and Paris Trends Upward. (2019, November 19). Retrieved
from https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191118005309/en/Mori-
memorial-Foundation%E2%80%99s-GPCI-2019-Report-London

Zubeda Issa Mohammed. (2014). GRIN - What makes a city “global”? Retrieved from
https://m.grin.com/document/279988

Assessing Learning

Activity 22
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Answer the following questions. (5 points each)

1. How would you describe the Philippines as your city?

88
2. What is your city known for?

3. What makes the Philippines a global city?

Activity 23
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Compare and contrast concisely the following concepts of globalization.

“Global Village” vs. “Global City”

UNIT XI. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Overview

This unit gives you an idea about how our world undergoes an unprecedented
demographic transition which started some decades ago and has now reached almost all
countries in both, the industrialized and the developing world.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

90
 1. understand the theory of demographic transition and its effect to global
population; and
2. value to contribute and impacts of demographic transition in different
countries that affects directly their economies, politics, and communities.

Setting Up

Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:

Directions: Study the scrambled letters and arrange it to form a word. Write your answer on
the space provided.

T P U L N A O I P O
1.

R T B H I
2.

P E M D H O G R A C I

3.

Lesson Proper

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

In 1950, the world's population was just over 2 billion and today it stands at 6.5
billion. Today, the world is adding more than 76 million people a year (this is between 134
million births in 2005 and 58 million deaths in 2005). Although this development is slower,
intermediate figures indicate that by 2050 the planet will reach 9,1 billion people, with the
development of about 34 million per year.
 Such past and predicted changes in the world's population is and will be distributed
worldwide more and more unevenly. In developing countries, there is now 95 percent
population growth. By the middle of this century, the population of the 50 least developed
countries in the world is predicted to increase, with some of its poorest countries tripling
over time. In contrast, the developed world's population in some wealthy countries is
forecast to remain steady with a population of about 1,2 trillion.

There is considerable heterogeneity in the life, death and migration processes, over
time, and through national population groups, races and ethnic groups, as well as between
developed and developing economies in the population growth gap in this region. The
disparity coincided with changes in the population age group. The machinery of global
population growth and change illuminates an overview of these factors.

The demographics in many countries have changed baby booms. As several regions
experience during the past century shows, an initial decline in mortality is causing a boom
because high survival rates lead to more young people than in previous generations.
Fertility rates eventually drop, as parents understand that, for their family's ideal size, they
do not have to produce as many children or decrease as the ideal family size. When fertility
falls and baby booms stop, the population aging structure shows the nonsynchronous death
and fertility 'bulge.' When the baby-booming cohort is created. As this cohort operates
through the population's age structure, it accounts for a population greater than that
defined by the preceding or subsequent cohorts.

The rise in babies presents countries with unique problems and opportunities. This
is a major cohort to be educated in your youth. Jimenez and Murthi (2006) highlight the
importance of investing in young people's education and health and the need to ease entry
into this group's labor market in addressing the challenges facing the large cohort of young
people (12-24 years old). When they're older to get into the working population, the
generation of baby booms reflects an exceptionally large population (about 15-64 years)
with a "demographic dividend" outlook.

The two aspects of the demographic dividend are identified in Lee and Mason 's
report (2006) as decreasing fertility, leading to more per capita population and potentially
more money for development and family welfare and additional savings as people expect a
longer pension period. (See Bloom, Canning and Seville 2002 as well.) The ratio of Working-
age to Non-working-age Population. The projections of growth to less developed countries
is obviously shown to rise in number based on the data provided above, but the rate of
growth has declined further with time.
 In a Sep. 8 lectures on population-beyond: everybody counting on development,
says that by 2050 9 billion people will live on the planet; a year-on-year additional 50
million. Joel
E. Cohen was Professor of Population at the Columbia and Rockefeller University. The story
is about slower growth and growing decline, the elderly and more urban lives after a global
demographic transformation have led to major changes, redeveloping the economic and
demographic life cycles of individuals and reforming populations. Cohen claims that
"Population Story is no longer just growth.

CLASSIC DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

a. Mortality Decline
a. Factor first: reduction in air or water spreading contagious and
infectious diseases. Example: Preventive medicines such as vaccines
against smallpox, measures for public health, improvements in nutrition,
storage innovations and transport allowable.
b. Second factor: high-income countries with the possible decrease in
mortality as a result of decreased infectious diseases and further
technological explorations that can extend their lives. For example,
chronic and degenerative disease, biomedical investigations, stem cells.
c. Third factor: countries with low-income history or cultural
practices that can rapidly gain in life expectancy. E.g. India and China

b. Fertility Transition/Decline
a. Economic theories: Couples want any surviving children rather than
births to invest more in the health and welfare of fewer kids because the
cost and benefit of childbearing are intensive and influenced by
economic changes.
b. Coitus Interruptus Contraceptive Device

POPULATION GROWTH

Combination of fertility and mortality as a population growth determinant. The

projections are prepared by the United Nations and the US on a regular basis. Census
Bureau through careful measurement and inspection of present trends and levels and
distillation of historical decreased fertility and death patterns. The population of developed
countries is almost flat, as is the case in Europe and Japan, with a population reduction. It is
increasingly fast-paced, developed countries. The least developed countries have the largest
proportional gains in population.
Some Consequences of the Demographic Transition

a. Families: Parents with fewer children will spend more on each child, reflecting the
exchange in quality and quantity, which is also one of the reasons why parents
decrease their fertility. The elderly are more ready for further activities.
b. Health: Health trends, vitality and disability are of enormous importance for the
economic and social consequences of aging and, indeed, more broadly for human
welfare.

c. Economic pressure: Increased proportions of seniors are exacerbated by dramatic

declines in retirement age in more developed countries. Population aging in some
nations, including the US, creates more strains on public-funded healthcare than on
the pension systems. It would also hinder the growth of the workforce.
d. Migration: Because population growth in the more developed countries has slowed
or even turned negative, it is not surprising that international migration has
accelerated from the third world.

The macroeconomic background has always played an important role in why people are
going from one place to another. In the wake of the growing number of national heads,
competition is tightened to provide scarce resources and social change and security must
never be taken into account. In hunting for financial stability and a better life, the global
concern makes everyone think that they will move from one place to another. Never let any
chance go and take any chances of development and welfare abroad.

Common Reasons for Expatriation or People Mobility

Internationals.com (2017) claims that there are many explanations why people are
going from one location to another, as they represent an international network with
expatriation, prospects and common dilemmas. "Most ex-pats will only be going abroad to
refuse to spend several months or a couple of years abroad," it said. "For them, the only
justification is to improve their careers with the fulfillment of a foreign assignment.

Other people who decide to travel abroad simply pack their bags, board an airplane
and never look back. For them, it's just an unreal sight, a dream come true in the Tuscan
Village sun-drenched lanes or in the midst of the skyline of Asian boomtowns. Often, for a
long time, they do not move back to their home country.

Today, more and more young people aged between 20 and 39 consider living in a
foreign country as a serious option, rather than senior managers or well-to-do retirees. The
global economy, which is fluctuating volatility, is evolving its way of thinking beyond
Germany. It is clear that the common reasons are accentuated with their financial status,
their dreams, and their search for new adventures using different global competitiveness
either by means of work, study, or leisure.

References
Ghebregiorgis, F., & Mehreteab, H. T. (2018). Retrieved from Financing%20for
%20Commercialization%20of%20Research%20Work%20and
%20Implications%20for%20National%20and%20Regional%20Trade-
%20Experiences%20from%20Eritrea. Journal of Business Management and
Economic Research, 2(9), 25–35.https://doi.org/10.29226/tr1001.2018.59

Assessing Learning

Activity 24
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: As a student, living in a country considered to be the main problem is

rapid population growth, how are going to compete and survive the challenges of
globalization? Write your answers to the space provided.
 Activity 25

Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. How does overpopulation affect poverty?

2. What are the extreme effects of poverty in the Philippines?

UNIT XII. GLOBAL MIGRATION

Overview

This unit is designed to inform you about the human population transition over the
past three (3) centuries, and the main physical and geographic playground of the globalizing
forces: in this space of population concentration and mixing, the global flows of people,
capital and ideas are woven into the daily lived experiences of its residents.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the
global movements of people; and
2. display first-hand knowledge of the experience of OFW’s.
Setting Up

Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Using the Venn diagram the students will illustrate the link between refugees and
immigrants.

Refugee Immigrant

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

Lesson Proper

Here are 5 things you didn’t know about Migration:

1. The earliest human migrations are estimated to have taken place around 1.8 million years
ago. This was when Homo Erectus began to migrate out of Africa and into Eurasia.
2. The largest migration in history was the so-called Great Atlantic Migration from Europe
to North America, the first major wave of which began in the 1840s with mass movements
from Ireland and Germany.
3. If one were to combine all remittances for every country, the total amount of money
would be a little over double the total amount of foreign aid received across the globe.
4. At least 1,000 French-born-people can be found in every country of the world, the largest
spread of migrants from a country. As of now, the numbers tally to around a total of
1,611,054.
5. 40% of Fortune 500 companies were founded by an immigrant or their children, as found
by a new report from the Partnership for a New American Economy.
MIGRATION

According to Our Migration Story: The Making of Britain, Defines ‘migration’ in the
same way as the first entry on the word in the Oxford English Dictionary:

migration, n.
a. The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence, etc., to
settle in another; an instance of this.

Migration is, first and foremost, a normal human activity. Human beings have
always moved from ‘one country, locality, [and] place of residence to settle in another’. We
tend to migrate from the homes of our families or guardians into our own homes. We
migrate between regions, cities and towns. And we also migrate between countries.

Further, Erin Blakemore (2019) emphasized migration is defined as “movement

from one country, place or locality to another.” Ever since the earliest humans began to
spread from Africa, humans have been on the move. Even today, 3 percent of the world’s
population—at least 258 million people—live outside of their country of origin. Whether
voluntary or forced, migration has profoundly shaped our world.

TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION

Internal Migration

This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between states,
provinces, cities, or municipalities. An internal migrant is someone who moves to a different
administrative territory.

International

This refers to the movement of persons away from their place of usual residence and across
international boundaries. An international migrant is someone who moves to a different
country.
How are international migrants categorized?

International migrants are classified according to the following common categories

(UNESCO):

1. Temporary labor migrant

 Also known as “guest workers” or “overseas contract workers.”

 These are the people who migrate for a limited period of time in order to
take up employment and send money home.

2. Highly skilled and business migrant

 These are people with a professional qualification who move within the
internal labor markets of trans-national corporations and international
organizations.
  Those who seek employment through international labor markets for scarce
skills are also considered on this classification of migrants.

3. Irregular Migration

 Also known as “undocumented” or “illegal migrants.”

 These are people who enter a country, usually in search of employment,
without the necessary documents and permits.

4. Forced Migration

 This includes not only refugees and asylum seekers but also people forced to
move due to external factors, such as environmental catastrophes or
development projects.
 This form of migration has similar characteristics to displacement.

5. Family Members

 Also known as “family reunion” or “family reunification migrants.”

 These are people sharing family ties joining relatives who have already
entered an immigration country under one of the above-mentioned
categories.

6. Return Migrants

 These are people who return to their countries of origin after living in
another country for some time.

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic,
social, political or environmental:

 Economic factors - moving to find work or follow a particular career path

 Social factors - moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family
or friends
 Political factors - moving to escape political persecution or war
 Environmental factors - include natural disasters such as flooding

Some people choose to migrate, e.g. someone who moves to another country to enhance
their career opportunities. Some people are forced to migrate, e.g. someone who moves due
to war or famine.

Push factors
Pull factors

These are the reason why people leave

their present locations. These are the reasons why people move
to a particular area.
 To have an overview of why people migrate, let us watch the following video.
Migration - Why do people migrate? Posted by Geographer Online
https://youtu.be/54xM8VlgP7s

References

Human migration | Definition, Overview, & Facts. (2020, May 19). Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-migration
Human migration sparked by wars, disasters, and now climate. (2019, February 28).
Retrieved from
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/migration/
jrank.org. (2020). Migration - Types Of Migration. Retrieved from
https://family.jrank.org/pages/1169/Migration-Types-Migration.html
Migration, I.-U. (2018, April 10). 5 Facts About Migration - IOM - UN Migration. Retrieved
from https://medium.com/@UNmigration/5-facts-about-migration-
bbd5495aa712
What is migration? (2016). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/about/what-is-migration.html

Why do people migrate? - Migration trends - GCSE Geography Revision. (2020). Retrieved
from https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8x6wxs/revision/2
Rubenstein, J. M. (2019). The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
(13th Edition) (13th ed.).Miami , US: Pearson
Assessing Learning

Activity 26
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Essay. Compose/write a unified, coherent, and empathetic reflective essay on

overseas Filipino workers with this theme, “Family is what makes chaotic times bearable”.

Activity 27
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Choose and write the letter of the best answer on the space provided. (1 point
each)

1. These are people who enter a country, usually in search of employment, without the
necessary documents and permits.
a. Refugee b. Irregular migrants
c. Family member d. forced migrants
2. Jeff’s family moves from Tokyo to Shanghai to take care of their property there.
What does it show?
 a. Immigration b. International migration
c. Internal migration d. External migration
3. Analyn is an entrepreneur from the Philippines who works abroad for almost 2 years.
Therefore, she belongs to?
a. Temporary labor migrant’s b. Asylum seeker
c. Irregular migrant’s d. Highly skilled and business migrants
4. Angel B. works in HK as a domestic helper even she failed to comply with the
requirements. Angel B. is an?
a. Asylum seeker b. Refugees
c. Irregular migrant’s d. Temporary labor migrants
5. Temporary labor migrant is also known as:
a. Guest speaker b. Guest artist c. Guest helper d. Guest worker
6. Teddy was a Filipino Teacher in Spain and sent back to the Philippines because of the
economic crisis. It means, Teddy is now:
a. Guest worker b. Returned immigrants c. Refugees d. Forced migrants
7. This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between
states, provinces, cities, or municipalities.
a. International migration b. internal migration
c. skill training opportunities d. entrepreneurial activity
8. If you want to work abroad, which one will you least consider?
a. Secure employment b. optimum income
c. skill training opportunities d. Handsome man to marry
9. What factor does induce Chichay to live in a place with a better quality of life or to be
closer to family or friends?
a. Political factor b. Cultural factor c. Social factor d. Economic factor
10. These are the people who entered a country, usually in search for employment,
without the necessary documents and permits.
a. Temporary labor Migrant b. irregular Migrant
c. Forced Migrant d. Return Migrant
UNIT XIII. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Overview

This unit will help you understand how sustainability and stability work in our
society and world today. This chapter also discussed the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals. This will help you understand what are the pressing issues in our
society today and what are the best solutions you can create to solve them.

Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. understand the genuine meaning of sustainable development and its

importance to globalization and clearly provide distinction with stability;
2. adapt to the challenges of the communities from which we belong and be
able to identify actions that could contribute to such sustainable
development; and
3. realize the importance of sustainable development in relation to other
developments as that of SDG.

Setting Up

Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Write Sustainable if the statement if true and write Change if the statement is
false.

1. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 15 is focus on

Sustainable Cities and Communities.
2. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 3 is focus on
Affordable and Clean Energy
3. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 8 is focus on
Good Health and Well – Being.
4. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 1 is focus on
No Poverty
5. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 12 is focus on
Climate Action.
6. Political Stability is defined as the constant growth and absence of
excessive fluctuations in the overall economy.
7. Social Stability is defined as having an environment where morality
thrives and where people can live in peace.
8. 3-Legged Stool Model implies that if 3 legs operate independently and
have equal contribution.
9. United Nations is composed of 293 different countries around the
world.

Lesson Proper
 The word “risk society” was first coined by Beck (1986) asserting that the reason for
the current problems has been the inability of modern societies to produce enough stability
and sustainability. Clearly there is a distinction between the two that needs to be clarified.
Stability is defined as the idea that can be demonstrated by the practices of a conventional
commodity market, in which supply and demand interact to determine both price and
quantity traded.

ECONOMIC STABILITY

 Economic Stability refers to an absence of much fluctuations in the economy. An

economy with constant output growth and low and stable price inflation is likely to
be regarded as stable.

 Sustainability is defined as the process and the ways through which humankind
avoids the extinction of natural resources (which is organized by the way societies
are organized) to keep an ecological balance so that society’s quality of the life
doesn’t decrease.

 Economic Sustainability is a joined part of sustainability and means that we must

use, safeguard and sustain resources (humans and material) to create long – term
sustainable values by optimal use, recovery and recycling.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The term sustainable development first came to known in the world conservation
strategy (WCS) in 1980. It achieved a new status with the publication of two significant
reports by Brundtland on North and South: a programmed for survival and common crisis
(1985). Our Common Future (1983) and has gained even greater attention since the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in
June 1992.

Let us defined what development is, generally development is the gradual growth of
a situation that becomes more advanced and strong than the previous one. Development is
intended to bring a positive change for human beings and their surroundings. Development
may take place by bringing about a change in policy, projects and legislation

Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human

needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the
present but also for future generations. According to Brundtland, sustainable development
is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future
generations to meet their own needs. Brundtland’s concept of sustainable development
emphasizes the links between development and environmental problems, and to promote
political and economic change locally, nationally and globally to tackle the problems.
PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY

Generally, there is a common thread across these definitions and that is the
presence of 3 pillars of Sustainability and these are the Environment, Society, and the
Economy.

Environmental Sustainability

It is being mindful that the world’s natural resources such are energy fuels, water, plants
and animals are limited. It is being conscious to use natural resources at a rate that don’t get
depleted, doesn’t get damaged, or get extinct.

Economic Sustainability

It means that countries and businesses must use their resources efficiently and responsibly.
If countries and companies will not use their resources efficiently and if they don’t act
responsibly, then they will not be able to sustain their own activities in the long term.

Social Sustainability

It is the ability of a society or any social system to persistently achieve a good social well -
being. This ensures that the social well - being of a country, an organization or community
can be maintained in the long term.

MODELS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

There are different views on how the 3 pillars are interlinked. This gave rise to the different

Models of Sustainable Development:

1. 3 – Legged
Stool Model
Sustainable Development

ECONOMIC SOCIAL
Job Security Fair ENVIRONMENTAL
Trade Health Services Education Services
Social Justice Human Rights
Infrastructure
Pollution & Waste Management

Renewable Energy Conservation of Resources

The 3 legs are required for sustainability; if one leg is weak, the whole system gets weak. It
implies that the 3 legs operate independently and are equal in contribution.

2. 3 – Overlapping Circles Model

SUSTAINABILITY
ECONOMY

SOCIETY
ENVIRONMENT

This model acknowledges the intersection and interdependence of the 3 pillars. It is in the
area of intersection of the 3 pillars where sustainability lies. This also implies that there are
certain segments of each pillar that are independent of the others (parts of the circle that do
not overlap). The size of the circles can be adjusted if one pillar has greater influence over
the other 2 pillars.

3. 3 – Nested Dependencies Model

ENVIRONMENT

SOCIETY

ECONOMY

In this model, the 3 pillars co-exist and are interdependent. This tackle the well -
being of the total system is achieved only if the well- being of each subsystem is achieved.
This implies the symbiotic relationship of the economy-society and social environment. This
also implies that society has to live within the carrying capacity of the environment.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

In 2015, the 193 member countries of the United Nations accepted the challenge to
work together towards progress while protecting human rights and ensuring the proper use
of the world’s limited resources. They were able to formulate the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals. This goal is target to achieve by 2030.

What is new and different about the 17 SDGs?

First, and most importantly, these Goals apply to every nation and every sector.
Cities, businesses, schools, organizations, all are challenged to act. This is called
Universality.

Second, it is recognized that the Goals are all inter-connected, in a system. We

cannot aim to achieve just one goal. We must achieve them all. This is called Integration.

And finally, it is widely recognized that achieving these Goals involves making very
big, fundamental changes in how we live on Earth. This is called Transformation.

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

#1: End poverty

In all its forms everywhere.

#2: End hunger

Achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

#3: Good Health and Well – Being

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

#4: Quality Education

Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning.

#5: Gender Equality

Achieve gender equality and empower women and girls.

#6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Ensure access to water and sanitation for all.

#7: Affordable and Clean Energy

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

#8: Decent Work and Economic Work

Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all.

#9: Industry, Innovation, Infrastructure

Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.

#10: Reduce Inequalities

Reduce inequality within and among countries.

#11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

#12: Responsible Consumption and Production

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

#13: Climate Action

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*.

#14: Life Below Water

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources.

#15: Life on Land

Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt
biodiversity loss.

#16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies.

#17: Partnerships for the Goals

Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

References
Internet

Diesendorf, M. (2001). “Models of Sustainability and Sustainable Development”

Research Gate. Retrieved from:
www.researchgate.net/publication/5171554_Models_of_sustainablity_and_sust
aina ble_development (August 7, 2019)

United Nations (n.d) “17 Goals to Transform our World” Retrieved from:
https” //www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment (August 7, 2019)

Book

Aldama, P.K.R (2018). The Contemporary World (1st Ed.). Manila. Rex Book Store.

Ferrer, M.C, et. Al (2018). The Contemporary World. Malabon City. Mutya Publishing
House Inc.

Assessing Learning
Activity 28 Name:
Course/Year/Section:

Score:
Date:
Directions: Create a Venn diagram that states the similarities and differences of the term
Sustainability and Stability.

Activity 29
Name: Course/Year/Section:
Score: Date:

Directions: Based on the Venn Diagram that you create. Make your own definition of the word
Sustainability and Stability.

Sustainability -

Stability -

Activity 30
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section:
Date:

Directions: Observe in your compound or in your household. Then identify at least 5

problems that your compound or household is currently facing. After identifying the
problems, make a Sustainable Development Plan on how you can address these problems.

Follow this format:

Problem 1:

Sustainable Development Plan 1:

Activity 31

Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Identify each picture and write the Sustainable Development Number and its
Name. (2 points each)

1. 9.

2. 10.

3. 11.
4. 12.
5. 13.

6. 14.

7. 15.

8. 16.
UNIT XIV. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
Overview

This unit will help you understand global food security. How food important to every
society, and how the world respond to scarcity of food.

Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. understand the meaning of global food security and the existing models that
could help students better understand its importance; and
2. realize the vital importance of global food security that should not be a
concern only of the nations but also of the communities and individuals.

Setting Up

Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Answer the following question in 3 to 5 sentences.

1. How would you know if someone was at risk of experiencing hunger?

2. Are there conditions that could serve as warning signs?

3. List down at least 5 countries that is experiencing hunger.

4. Did you already experience hunger? How did you overcome it?

5. In your own words, how will you give solution to the problem of food security in the
Philippines?
Lesson Proper

FOOD SECURITY

Food security is anchored on the premise “that people at all times have access
(including physical, social and economic) to adequate, safe and nutritious food necessary to
lead active and healthy lives” (FAO 2009). Essentially, humans should not have to rely on
stealing, scavenging, or obtaining emergency supplies for food. When populations face food
insecurity they are living with the absence of food security.

The region in the world to experience the greatest threat of food security is Sub-
Saharan Africa. However, food security is something that every country and region in the
world must contend with.

Malnutrition and Food Security

Closely tied to food security is the concept of malnutrition. Rebekah Paci-Green and
Gigi Berardi remind us that food security “can be considered as access to a daily minimum
amount of culturally appropriate calories” (2015, pg. 686). Most people associate
malnutrition solely with chronic hunger (also known as energy deficiency), which afflicts
more than a billion people on the planet (McDonald 2010). There are, however, still two
other types of malnutrition: nutrient deficiencies and excessive energy intake. Nutrient
deficiencies, associated with deficiencies in key vitamins, lead to higher maternal death
rates, blindness, birth defects, and greater susceptibility to diseases. Excessive net energy
intake is when people take in energy rich foods that are nutrient poor. Combining these
foods with very little exercise often leads to obesity and chronic diseases such as Type 2
Diabetes (Sage 2010).

PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY

1. Availability
It is the sum total of the physical existence of food. It is also the sum total of domestic
production, commercial food imports and exports, food aids and domestic food stocks.

2. Access
This means that every household must have enough resources to obtain food in sufficient
quantity, quality, and diversity for nutritious diet. This depends on the household’s
resources on prices, which a nutritious changes on the households’ physical, social, policy
that can affect access.

3. Use and Utilization

This refers to the households’ decision on what type and how much food to purchase,
prepare, consume, and allocate within the household. The other aspect of it is the biological
utilization of food which relates to the human body’s ability to convert the food taken to
energy needed for the day to day activities.
 4. Stability
It is a state where the household has a constant supply of food throughout the year and in
the long – term. This also means that the household has a steady income and constant food
supply. However, this also very dependent on external factors and risks, such as natural
disasters, climate change, war and market place changeableness.

Consequences of Food Security

1. Social Disorder
Food shortage or inflationary food prices are causes of social unrest in most countries.
Social unrest can be disruptive to the country’s economic and political stability.

2. Health Issues
Malnutrition is associated with a triple burden on families. On hand are malnourished and
stunted children, but with obese parents. Poor dietary quality among adult leads to serious
diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Hunger can also cause psycho-emotional
distress.

3. Low Economic Productivity further leads to Poverty

Malnourishment leads to a low mental eagerness and poor physical stamina. This will also
lead to poor performance at school and work. This undermines the individual’s potential
and opportunity to move up the economic ladder

Models for Sustainable Global Food Systems

The transformation of the Global Food Systems should realize all 4 aspirations and
should drive progress across United Nations multiple Sustainable Development Goals. Are
these goals achieved together, these 4 aspirations can make the Global Food Systems
resilient to inevitable shocks and stressors. These include the following:

1. Inclusive
This shows that all actors in the Global Food Systems, including the smallholder farmers,
women, youth and consumers, most specially those who are most vulnerable due to the
transformations, should be consulted on the issues and be part of the formation of solutions
and policies.

2. Sustainable
This means that solutions and policies must address the short and long term issues while
minimizing the negative environmental impact, conserving the scarce natural resources,
and strengthening the resilience against future shocks and stresses.

3. Efficient
It discusses that the whole food value chain (sourcing of raw materials, production,
distribution, retailing, etc.) should provide adequate quantities of food for global needs
while minimizing loss and waste.

4. Nutritious & Healthy

This provides and promotes the consumption of diverse nutritious and healthy food for a
healthy diet while educating consumers on the environmental impact of dietary choices.
Global Responses to Food Security

There are different ways on how the global communities and societies respond to the threat
of food scarcity. To be able to address these, here are some recommendations;

1. Global and state level must renew their commitment to reducing poverty by
dedicating sufficient resources for job creation, skill formation, social safety nets
and ensuring good governance.
2. All countries must allocate more resources for agricultural Research and
Development and to share the findings of research at the institutional and private
level.
3. Global collaboration to carry out healthcare reforms to improve absorption.
4. Early agreement on global warming, environmental sustainability and climate
change.
5. Universal Policy Framework for corporate farming to restrain land grabbing
6. Ban on the cultivation of crops for biofuels on lands already used for food production.

References
Internet

globalfoodsecurity-challengesandresponses-150510145135-Iva1-app6892.pdf.
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55808440e4b05e2c40bdb1d0/t/56254
eebe4b0808b4bac2db4/1445285611406/Hunger_and_Food_Security-
Lesson.pdf

Unit 1: Introduction to Global Food Security. (2020). The Wicked Problem of Global Food
Security.https://serc.carleton.edu/integrate/teaching_materials/food_secur
ity/ unit1.html

Book

Aldama, P.K.R (2018). The Contemporary World (1st Ed.). Manila. Rex Book Store.

Ferrer, M.C, et. Al (2018). The Contemporary World. Malabon City. Mutya Publishing
House Inc.

Assessing Learning
 Activity 32
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Watch the movie “The Price of Sugar” by Bill Haney. After watching the movie
write your reflection on the space provided.

Activity 33
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:

Directions: Create a law or ordinance on how we can have Food Security.

Activity 34
Name: Course/Year/Section:
Score: Date:

Directions: Write your own COMMITMENT or ACTION to support Global Food Security on
the space provided below. Be as specific as possible (What is the action, timing, or when it
will start, and how often the commitment will be practiced).

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 35
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Enumerate the following and give its definition.

A. Four Core Aspiration for the Global Food Systems

1.
2.
3.
4.

B. Four Models for Sustainable Global Food Systems

1.
2.
3.
4.

C. 4 Pillars of Food Security

1.
2.
3.
4.
UNIT XV. GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
Overview

This unit will help you understand how to participate and how to be an effective
global citizen.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. understand the essential meaning of global citizenship and how every

individual becomes part of this; and
2. value the role of each individual as global citizens and realize the importance
of each of the members of the communities as interconnected bodies.

Setting Up

Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Choose one problem that is common across the world that you are passionate to
solve. Then, think that one day you will become a world leader. If you are a leader of a world
organization that is tasked to solve that problem, how would you solve it?
Lesson Proper

Today, we lived in a much-interconnected world. Each individual’s action has ripple

effects on his immediate family, his community, his environment, his country, and even to
the whole world. Every country’s policies, decisions, calamities, and crisis have far reaching
repercussions to other parts of the world. Technology is breaking down geographical
boundaries and has ushered faster, different, and more affordable ways for people to
communicate, travel, trade, work and education.

When it comes to people, global mobility, multi – racial families, multi –

cultural work force is now becoming the norm rather than the exception. There are many
people who were born and raised in one country but are now residing and have adopted the
culture of another country. As a result, we are experiencing new and different kind’s
challenges, conflicts and crisis that are also global in nature and in scope such as;

 Gender Inequality
 Religious Intolerance
 Bullying
 Sexual Harassment
 Political Conflict
 Global Warming
 Racism

Now, more than ever calls for a global collective effort to help solve the challenges of
the contemporary times. This means that global challenges need global solutions

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

Global citizenship according to Oxfam, is all about encouraging young people to

develop the knowledge, skills and values they need to engage with the world. And it’s about
the belief that we can all make a difference. It is a way of living that acknowledges that our
world is an increasingly complex web of connections and interdependencies. Global
citizenship encourages individuals to think deeply and critically about what is equitable and
just, and what will minimize harm to our planet.

Global citizenship is loosely defined as recognizing that every human has an

interconnected life. This means that in every action that we do, we must always think about
how we can affect other people. Global citizenship is also about respecting cultural
diversity. This means that we must respect different races and communities in our world
today. Respecting human rights is also a focus of global citizenship. This means that
someone can help someone by promoting social justices and fight social injustices. Another
definition of global citizenship is empathizing with the suffering of people around the world.
It is seeing the world as how others see it. We must feel that our suffering is not less and not
greater to the suffering of other people. This fee can awaken our sense of responsibility, not
only to ourselves but for the feelings of other people around us. Being a global citizen also
means having a sense of moral responsibility to the planet that we live in. Earth is our hope
and we must know to protect, preserve and nurture it. Not only for the sake of this
generation but also for the sake of the future generation. We must think about them, how
they will survive
this world in the future. In other words, a global citizen considers himself or herself not just
a citizen of a single place but considers his/her identify as transcending geographical
borders and behave and thinks as a member of humanity and not just of a single nationality.

Global Citizen
A Global Citizen is someone who
1. is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen
2. respects and values diversity
3. has an understanding of how the world works
4. is outraged by social injustice
5. participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the global
6. is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
7. takes responsibility for their actions.

A global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world
community and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and
practices. Such a definition of global citizenship is based on two assumptions which is such
a thing as an emerging world community to which people can identify and that such a
community has an ascent set of values and practices. To be effective Global Citizens, young
people need to be flexible, creative and proactive. They need to be able to solve problems,
make decisions, think critically, communicate ideas effectively and work well within teams
and groups. These skills and attributes are increasingly recognized as being essential to
succeed in other areas of 21st century life too, including many workplaces. These skills and
qualities cannot be developed without the use of active learning methods through which
pupils learn by doing and by collaborating with others.

Characteristics of a Global Citizen

 Respects multiculturalism
 Teamwork and cooperation
 Aware his/her actions affect the world around him/her
 Behaves respectively and in an emphatic way
 Has team – work spirit
 Helps other
 Takes responsibility on global issues
 Knows his duties and rights very well
 Acts as an active member of society, for its improvement
 Understands that everything in this world are interconnected
 Behaves ethically

Ethical Obligation: The Role of Education

According to Ban Ki – moon, the Secretary –General of the United Nations, we must
foster global citizenship. Education is about more than literacy and numeracy. It is also
about the citizenry. Education must fully assume its essential role in helping people to forge
more just, peaceful and tolerant societies. This means that education plays a significant role
in teaching and making every student a global citizen.

1. Preparedness to face real – world challenges with the right values

  Handling issues such as sexual harassment, religious conflict, bullying, racial
discrimination, data privacy.
 Awareness on rights and duties
 Taking positive action within your sphere of influence
 Valuing your own worth

2. Finding the voice to support or to protest on global issues

 Become knowledgeable and able to exercise critical thinking

 Able to communicate and engage constructively even in multi – cultural
settings
 Ability to speak and act with tolerance, respect and responsibility amidst
diversity.

3. Being part of the solution and making a difference

 Responsibly take action and find win – win solutions to problems
 Create change and make a difference
.

References

Aldama, P.K.R (2018). The Contemporary World (1st Ed.). Manila. Rex Book Store.

Ferrer, M.C, et. Al (2018). The Contemporary World. Malabon City. Mutya Publishing House
Inc.

IDEAS for Global Citizenship - What is Global Citizenship? (2019). Retrieved from
http://www.ideas-forum.org.uk/about-us/global-
citizenship#:%7E:text=It%20encourages%20individuals%20to%20think,and%20i
mpact%20of%20their%20decisions.

Inside Higher Ed. (2012). Global Citizenship – What Are We Talking About and Why Does It
Matter? Retrieved July 19, 2020, from
https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/globalhighered/global-citizenship-
%E2%80%93-what-are-we-talking-about-and-why-does-it-matter

What does it mean to be a global citizen? (2013). Retrieved July 19, 2020, from
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/what-does-it-
mean-to-be- global-citizen/

Assessing Learning
 Activity 36

Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Reflect on what does it mean to be a GLOBAL CITIZEN. In your own words, write
your definition of Global Citizenship. (not less than 150 words)

Activity 37
Name:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Date:

Directions: Watch the video “The Death of Fear” by Rageh Oamaar. After watching the video,
relate it to the lessons discussed in this chapter.