Name:_Janien P.

Medestomas _______________________
Course/Year/Section: BSBA-1H_____________________

READ, HIGHLIGHT AND DEFINE

UNIT I. INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
Overview
This unit is designed to inform you about the increasing awareness of people's
interconnectedness and places around the globe, which was the result of economic and socio-
political integration among different countries, and advances in technology and other facets that
have allowed people to experience living in a borderless world. As such, this unit examines the
multifaceted phenomenon of globalization thru the lenses of various disciplines.

Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, I am able to:
1. differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization;
2. identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization;
and
3. agree on a working definition of globalization for the course.

Lesson Proper
Defining Globalization

In this world, advances in technology are vividly experienced by everyone. For example, the
currently used method in learning for the 21st century involves gadgets, the Internet, and cellular
devices. Different issues and events across the world can be easily accessed through the help of
information technology. People of this era have general information about the ideas, culture, and
practices of other nations as if the world is a global mall in which opinions are available everywhere.
As such, these experiences lead us to the notion that we live in a seemingly borderless world. All of
these things are the result of the so-called Globalization. 

According to Al-Rodhan (2006), Globalization is not a single concept that can be defined and
encompassed within a set time frame, nor is it a process that can be defined clearly with a beginning
and an end. It is because Globalization involves economic and political integration; global policies;
knowledge transmission, cultural stability; the reproduction, relations, and discourses of power; it is
a universal process, a concept, a revolution, and "an establishment of the worldwide market free
from sociopolitical control. The study says that some people believe that Globalization brought
progress, development, and stability. According to Larsson (2001), Globalization is the process of
world shrinkage, distances getting shorter, and things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing
ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody
on the other side of the world. However, others believe that Globalization brought regression,
colonialism, and destabilization. These beliefs are actually supported by Martin Khor, the president
of the third world network in Malaysia, who stated that Globalization is a form of colonization.
Hence, Globalization can be defined as narrow and exclusive, or broad and inclusive. 

Defining Globalization as Broad and Inclusive

According to Ohmae (1992), Globalization means the onset of the borderless world. This
definition proposes that barriers are no longer considered a hindrance because there are so many
ways by which we can access information and goods from other countries as if we are living in one
place without any boarders. From the viewpoint of Ray Kiely and Phil Marfleet (1998), Globalization
is a situation wherein societies, cultures, politics, and economics have, in some sense, come closer
together. This claim supports the idea of Ohmae by which, as we live in this world, we experience
oneness in terms of culture, policies, and technology. Besides, Jan Aart Scholte (1999) states that
"Globalization refers to processes whereby social relations acquire relatively distance less and
borderless qualities so that human lives are increasingly played out in the world as a single place."
Likewise, Globalization can be viewed as the compression of time and space (Harvey, 1998). These
definitions are inclined with the view of Globalization as broad and inclusive. It can be seen that
there are common themes from these definitions, such as the elimination of borders among
different countries and that the definition is somehow vague and does not clearly define the
implication of Globalization in a particular area.

Defining Globalization as Narrow and Exclusive

According to Robert Cox (1999), Globalization is characterized by the internationalizing of
production, the new international division of labor, migration from south and north, and a
competitive environment, which increases processes such as manufacturing of goods and
commodities. This definition presents us an idea that specific activities are happening under
Globalization such as the acquisition of products of a particular country to other parts of the world,
the categorization of states when it comes to the division of labor as presented in the world system
theory, the migration of people to other wealthy nations, and the existence of a free market that
allows competition in an open economy. From the viewpoint of Bairoch & Kozul-Wright (1996),
Globalization is a process in which the production and financial structures of countries are
becoming interlinked by an increasing number of cross-border transactions to create an
international division of labor in which national wealth creation comes, increasingly, to depend on
economic agents in other countries. In this sense, countries from different parts of the world are
actively engaging in transactions with others about the products, labor, investment, and policies
that are beneficial to each state. On the other hand, Langhone (2001) explains that Globalization is
the latest stage in a long accumulation of technological advance, which has given human beings the
ability to conduct their affairs across the world without reference to nationality, government
authority, time of day or physical environment. All of these definitions provide a specific description
of Globalization by which it tackles particular areas of human activity. However, this kind of
meaning can be limiting in terms of application. Thus, defining Globalization through exclusive and
narrow can only be applied with a particular scope of activity.
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Solid- it refers to the barriers that may prevent free movement and it can be natural or man-
made. It may also refer to people, things, information, and places “harden
“over time and therefore have limited mobility.
2. Liquidity- It refers to increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places
in the global age.
Characteristics:
I. Liquid is forever ready to change whatever shape it might take on momentarily and
it is in continuous flux. This scenario can be seen in global finance by which an
economy has never been stable at it changes from time to time
II. Liquid is difficult to stop once it is on the move such as the advances in technology.
III. Liquid tends to melt whatever stands in its path such as the political and economic
barriers.
3. Flows- It refers to the movement of people, things, ideas, and culture across the globe due to
the advances in technology, economic and political integration, and establishment of global
policies that lessens and eliminates the existing borders.

ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

THE FIVE PERSPECTIVES ON THE ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Hardwired proposes that globalization originated from the basic motivation of human
beings to seek a better life (Chanda, 2007). History shows that our ancestors travel from
Africa to other places in search of food and security.
2. Cycles: it explains that there is no single point of origin in globalization but it is a long-term
cyclical process wherein the current global age today is only a modification of the global age
in the past. Thus, it should be noted that the global age today will be replaced by a new cycle
of globalization in the future.
3. Epochs: if cycles explain a continuous long-term cyclical process, the epochs explain that
there are waves of globalization that took place in the past and each of them has its own
origin. Epoch is different from the perspective of the cycle as it argues that the previous
epochs are not returning in the future. The following are the great epoch according to
Therborn (2000).
I. The fourth to the seventh centuries which witnessed the globalization of religions
(e.g. Christianity, Islam).
II. The late fifteenth-century highlighted by European colonial conquests.
III. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries during which various Intra -
European wars led to globalization.
IV. The mid-nineteenth century to 1918; the heyday of European imperialism.
V. The post - World War II period. 6. The post - Cold War period.
4. Events: this perspective is different from cycles and epochs as it specifies the event that is
somehow responsible for the origin of globalization. Some are examples of the point of
origin from the perspective of Events:
I. The spread of Christianity after the fall of the Roman Empire.
 II. The Other important Voyages such as the discovery of America by Christopher’s
Columbus in 1942, Vasco Da Gama rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, and the
circumnavigation of the globe completed in 1522 by one of Ferdinand Magellan’ s
ships (Rosenthal, 2007)
III. European Colonialism
IV. The founding of the modern Internet-based on Arpanet (which was created in 1969).
5. Broader, more recent Changes: this perspective views that the origin of globalization has
taken place during the recent changes that happened in the 2 nd half of the 20th century.
Scholars have identified three significant changes that shape the course of humanity
towards globalization.
I. The emergence of the United States as the global power in the years following WW II
II. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs).
III. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

Criticism on the Existing Evidences of Globalization

GLOBALIZATION AS GLOBALONEY
1. Rejectionist: People who are against the utility of globalization as an incorrect analytical
concept.
2. Sceptics: it emphasizes the limited nature of the globalizing process and that the world is
not as integrated as it is.
3. Modifiers: It disputes the novelty of the process, implying that the label ‘globalization’
has often been applied in a historically imprecise manner

THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. World System Theory: this theory believes that capitalism has spread around the world for the
last five centuries from 1500 to the present. In world Capitalism, the key structure is the three
major division of labor of each country that has created hierarchy.
a. Core: powerful, wealthy, and industrialized countries that usually control and benefit
from the global market. Countries that are not as rich as the core countries usually
depend on these core countries. These countries own most of the world’s capital and
technology and have great control over world trade and economic agreements.
b. Peripheral: countries that are dependent on core countries for capital and have an
underdeveloped industry. They generally provide labor and materials to core countries.
c. Semi-Peripheral: Countries that share characteristics of both core and periphery
countries. However, they also exploit peripheral countries just as core exploits the
natural resources of peripheral countries.
2. World Polity Theory: It was developed as an analytical frame for interpreting global relations,
structures, and practices. Invoking an image of the world as a system of interrelated
interdependent units. It views the world system as a social system with a cultural framework
 called world polity, which encompasses and influences the actors, such as nations, international
organizations, and individuals under it.
3. World Culture Theory: It is a label for a particular interpretation of globalization that focuses on
the way in which participants in the process become conscious of and give meaning to living in
the world as a single place.

Impact of Globalization

1. HOMOGEINITY- It means an increasing sameness as information and ideas flow across

boundaries.
a. Cultural Imperialism: it is the growing international influence of a particular culture
I. Cultural: the role played by the American culture or the Americanization, the
spread of Christianity
II. Economic: Spread of the market economy throughout the world
III. Political: Worldwide spread of models of the nation-state or the single model of
governance around the world. Often times, this is called as Mcworld.
b. Media Imperialism: It is a subcategory under the broader umbrella of cultural
imperialism. From the traditional point of view, the western media and its technologies
dominate countries belonging to less developed nations.
c. Mcdonaldization: It is the process wherein the principle of one of the dominant fast-food
restaurants in the United States of America is employed and used in almost different
societies across the world. Its principle usually revolves around Efficiency, Predictability,
and technological advancement in production and marketing.
d. Globalization: It is the desires and ambitions of different entities such as organizations,
corporations, and other nations to influence others and impose their power throughout
the world. Their major goals include expanding their power and seeing that their profits
grow across different parts of the world.
2. HETEROGENEITY: It is associated with the creation of local inputs leading to a variety of
cultural hybrids. In other words, the predominance of locals would make a difference on a
global scale. Thus, local is associated with heterogeneity and the dominance of global is
related to homogenous.
a. Globalization: it is the integration of global and local cultural inputs to create a blend
resulting in a variety of cultural hybrids. It emphasizes diversity, hybridity, and
independence.

DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURE

THREE PERSPECTIVES IN GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOW
1. Cultural Differentialism: It states that cultural differences are immutable and there is a
likelihood that other culture which is significantly different from one culture may clash if
they get to interact.
2. Cultural Hybridization: It refers to a politics of integration without the need to give up
cultural identity” (Pieterse, 2003, p. 56).
3. Cultural Convergence: it supports the idea of global cultural homogeneity. It is the process of
increasing sameness by adopting global culture, ideas, and practices.
References
Al-Rodhan, N. R. (2006). Program on the geopolitical implications of globalization and transnational
security. Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition.
Bairoch, P., & Kozul-Wright, R. (1998). Globalization myths: some historical reflections on
integration, industrialization and growth in the world economy. In Transnational corporations
and the global economy (pp. 37-68). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Baylis, J. (1999). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford
university press, USA.
Chanda , Nayan. (2007) . Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and Warriors
Shaped Globalization. New Haven : Yale University Press
Cox, R. (1994, May). Multilateralism and the democratization of world order. In paper for
International Symposium on Sources of Innovation in Multilateralism, Lausanne, May (pp. 26-
28)
Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kiely, R., & Marfleet, P. (Eds.). (2004). Globalisation and the third world. Routledge.
Langhorne, R. (2001). The coming of globalization: Its evolution and contemporary consequences.
Springer
Larsson, T. (2001). The race to the top: The real story of globalization. Cato Institute.
Lechner, F. (2001). Globalization theories: world-system theory. Department of Sociology, Emory
University.
McNeely, C. L. (2012). World polity theory. The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization.
Ohmae, K. (1992). The borderless world: Power and strategy in the global marketplace. HarperCollins.
Pieterse, J. N. (2003). Globalization and culture: Three paradigms. In: J. N. Pieters (Ed.), Globalization
and Culture: Global Mélange. (pp.41-58). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing
Group, Inc..
Ritzer, G. (2011) Globalization: The Essentials. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Ritzer, G. (2007). The globalization of nothing 2. Sage.
Steger, M., Battersby, P., & Siracusa, J. (Eds.). (2014). The Sage handbook of globalization. Sage.
Therborn, G. (2000). Globalizations: dimensions, historical waves, regional effects, normative
governance. International sociology, 15(2), 151-179.
UNIT II. THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Overview
This unit will provide you a deeper understanding of how economic globalization takes
place in our society. Nonetheless, this unit will enlighten you of the possible realities when it comes
to the role of each and every institution in our economic system. the different forms of economic
integration will also be included in this unit to help you decide on the advantages and
disadvantages of a specific economic integration.

Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, I am able to:
1. define economic globalization;
2. identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization;
3. define the modern world-system; and
4. articulate a stance on global economic integration.

Setting Up
Name: __________________________________________________ Date:____________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: According to Immanuel Wallerstein the modern world system is composed of nations
under the category of Core, Semi-Periphery, and periphery. In this regard, identify the 5 nations
for each category: Periphery, Semi-Periphery, and Core.
Lesson Proper
GLOBAL ECONOMY

Local products of the Philippines such as Marikina Shoes, Datu Puti Vinegar, Philippine
Dried Fish, and other products are usually available not only here in the Philippines but also in
other countries such as in America and Canada. However, the question arises as to how is this
possible? If one wonders how it happens, you should also be curious about how your countrymen
can wear branded shoes and other garments such as Nike, Louis Vuitton, and Uniqlo. The
accumulation, importation, and exportation of goods and commodities from one country to other
countries and vice-versa is best explained by the economic globalization.
Economic Globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a
result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international
capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies (Shangquan, 2000). The given example above was
only a part of economic globalization as the scope of economic globalization is not only limited in
goods as it also involves, capital, labor, migration and anything that is related to goods and services.
From the viewpoint of the International Monetary Fund, Economic Globalization is a
historical process that was the outcome of human evolution from traditional and primitive
technology to the present technological advancement. It refers to the increasing integration of
economies around the world, mainly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across
borders. The term sometimes also applies to the change of people (labor) and knowledge
(technology) across international borders (Staff, I. M. F., 2008). From these explanations, it makes
sense that advancements in technology allow foreign transactions to make the acquisition of
imported goods possible.
Interconnected Dimensions of Economic Globalization
 1. Goods and Services: Goods are tangible objects that satisfy people's wants. Services are
actions, such as haircuts and car repair, which also satisfy people's wants.
2. Capital: It is the total assets a company needs to stay solvent. A company’s capital assets are
significant because organizations use capital assets to create wealth
3. Communication and Technology: Advances in Communication and technology has allowed
the integration of economies worldwide through increases in trade, investment flows, and
technology transfer.
4. Market Exchange: it is an economic system in which goods and services are produced,
distributed, and exchanged by the forces of price, supply, and demand.

ECONOMIES ASSOCIATED WITH ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

PROTECTIONISM: Protectionism refers to government policies that restrict international trade by

imposing tariffs, quotas, product standards, and subsidies.
Reason for the implementation of strict policies
a. Its goal is to improve the domestic economy by forcing its citizen either direct or indirect to
purchase local products instead of imported products.
b. For safety and quality concerns of both imported and exported products
Primary policy tools

a. Tariffs: These are charges to importing countries in the form of either money or goods that
will serve as a payment for allowing its international products to be sold in the local market.
It is usually documented in the custom of a particular government. These Import tariffs are
the reasons for the increase of international product prices. It also raises revenues of the
government and protects domestic products from foreign competition due to the price hike
of imported goods.
b. Import Quotas: This is a kind of tariffs that lessen the number of products that can be
imported for a certain period of time. The implementation of import quotas helps the
 government protects its domestic businesses by allowing its local businesses to cover the
shortfall of certain products. Thus, it helps the local market to increase its production that
will lead to the increase of numbers of goods that can be sold in the market
c. Product Standards: This is a kind of barrier that imposes strict standards in imported
products which may make it difficult for different importing countries to bring their goods in
the local market. Thus, the restriction of a particular product can lead to a higher volume of
product production domestically.
d. Government Subsidies: This is a strategy of the national government by which incentives and
cash payments are distributed to domestic businesses to encourage them to expand their
market globally by increasing international export. Thus, the government may strengthen its
local market.

Advantages of Protectionism:
a. Taxes imposed on exporter countries may increase government revenues.
b. Strict and rigid policies may protect domestic product
c. Encourages the exportation of national products which may expand their products globally.
Disadvantages of protectionism:
a. Protectionism policies often time support other countries to make their own protection
policy as well. Hence, it inhibits the exportation of each other products that may result in
less profit
TRADE LIBERALIZATION: It is the process of removing or reducing the barriers or restrictions in
the exchange for goods between and among nations. With the reduction of barriers such as tariffs
and import quotas in the process of exchanging goods and services, it significantly reduces the cost
of goods sold by the importing countries Thereby, allowing an increase of exchange between and
among countries. Thus, the proponents of trade liberalization believe that reduction of barriers
ultimately lessen consumer costs while increasing efficiency, and fostering the growth of the
economy.

Advantages of Trade Liberalization

a. As it promotes free trade between and among countries, the cost of importing nations in
bringing their goods to other countries is most likely to be lessened. This event may likely
result in lower consumer prices due to lower fees of importing nation and an increase in
competition among local and international businesses.
b. Promotes efficient use and allocation of world resources
c. Increases Capital Flow
d. Allows developing countries access to the heavily protected markets of the developed world
thus helping promote development
e. It encourages specialization among countries by maximizing their capabilities whether to
manufacture goods or provide services. This scenario is related to the concept of comparative
advantage wherein one specializes in which they can gain the most profitable. f. It can lead to a
higher efficiency of producers.
g. It can attract foreign investment

Disadvantages of Trade Liberalization

a. It can affect local businesses and their domestic product.
 b. The possible risk may be experienced if the products or raw materials coming from other
countries have a lower environmental standard.
c. Developing nations may be threatened to back out in the global market as they are forced to
compete in the same market with other nations possessing stronger economies. d. Countries
with lower educational standards may struggle to adapt to a changing economic environment.
e. It can exploit the natural resources due to the competition and shallow environmental
policies in a country.
f. It can lead to structured unemployment whereby countries and companies who cannot
compete with others may lose gain and have less profit that may result in layoff.
The effect of Trade Liberalization to its stakeholder as explained in the table:
Consumer, Worker, Companies and Countries Consumer, Worker, Companies and Countries
who have benefited from the Trade who did not benefit from the Trade
Liberalization Liberalization
1. Consumer: they get products at lowest and 1. Consumer: they get products that are cheap
cheapest price yet have the least and lowest quality
2. Worker: Low wage worker earned more 2. Worker: Low wage workers work in
hazardous environment
3. Countries: they are able to gain out of the
trade for the cheaper price and sell it to a
higher price
4. Corporation who earned more profit either
due to increase in sale and low labor cost for
manufacturing its good

Main Actors of Economic Globalization

3. Countries: they did not gain as much as the
countries who have bought their raw materials
for a cheaper price.
4. Corporation who lose out to foreign
competition
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

For Wallerstein, "a world-system is a social system that has boundaries, structures, member
groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting forces which hold
it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to remold it to its advantage. A
world-system is what Wallerstein terms a "world economy", integrated through the market rather
than a political center, in which two or more regions are interdependent concerning necessities like
food, fuel, and protection, and two or more polities compete for domination without the emergence
of one single center forever. World-system theory is, in many ways, an adaptation of the
dependency theory. Wallerstein draws heavily from the dependency theory, a neo-Marxist
explanation of development processes, famous in the developing world. Dependency theory
focuses on understanding the "periphery" by looking at core-periphery relations, and it has
flourished in peripheral regions like Latin America.
Wallerstein proposes different categories, core, semi-periphery, and periphery into which
all regions of the world can be placed. Of the three, two are of the uttermost importance: core and
periphery. These are geographically and culturally different, focusing on labor-intensive
(Periphery), and the other on capital-intensive production(core). The core-periphery relationship
is structural. Semi-peripheral states act as a buffer zone between core and periphery and have a
mix of the kinds of activities and institutions that exist on them

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
El-Agraa (1998) defines the term economic integration as the discriminatory removal of all
trade impediments between at least two participating countries and the establishment of certain
elements of coordination and cooperation between them. In other words, Economic integration is
an arrangement among nations that typically includes the reduction or elimination of trade
barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. Economic integration aims to reduce
costs for both consumers and producers and to increase trade between the countries involved in
the agreement.
Levels of Economic Integration
• Preferential trading area. Allow member countries to have access to some of their products.
Tariffs are not eliminated but it is lessened as compared to non-participating countries
• Free trade. It aimed to reduce the tariff significantly between or among partnered countries.
In regards to external countries which are not part of their agreement, each of them has its
own decision making in regards to the tariff they will impose on those external countries.
The general goal of free trade agreements is to develop economies of scale and comparative
advantages, which promotes economic efficiency.
• Custom union. It almost the same with free trade agreement as it aims to reduce and abolish
the tariff but it differs from free trade as the member country has common external tariffs
among member countries, implying that the same tariffs are applied to third countries; a
common trade regime is achieved.
• Common market. It is an integration by which member countries are able to move their
capital and services within their organization. This leads to the expansion of scale
economies and the maximization of comparative advantages. However, each national
market has its own regulations such as product standards.
• Economic union: This kind of economic integration is usually called as a single market for
several reasons. First and foremost, tariffs are eliminated within the member countries by
which they are able to exercise free trade between and among countries. Likewise, workers
from a member country of this organization can migrate and work to another member
country. At this level, some policies related to economic and political aspects are also
integrated such as the existence of a common currency to be used by each member country
like the Euro of European Union.
• Political union. It is a form of integration wherein member countries abide by the rules
presented by a common government in which the member country’s sovereignty is reduced
significantly. This integration can be found within the nation-state, such as federations
where there are a central government and regions (provinces, states, etc.) having a level of
autonomy.

References
Banton, C. (2019). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trade
liberalization.asp
El-Agraa, A.M. (ed) (1998), The European Union; History, Institutions, Economics and Policies. 5th
edition, Prentice Hall Europe
Goods and Services. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from https://www.kidseconposters.com/goods
and-services-poster
Market Exchange. (2014). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from https://sociologydictionary.org/market
exchange/
Nye, J. (2002). Globalism Versus Globalization. Retrieved July 18, 2020, from
https://www.theglobalist.com/globalism-versus
globalization/#:~:text=Economic%20globalism%20involves%20long%2Ddistance,other
%2 0processes%20linked%20to%20them.&text=Economic%20flows%2C%20markets
%20and %20organization,multinational%20firms%20%E2%80%94%20all%20go
%20together.

Rodrigue J.P. (2020). Retrieved July 18, 2020, fromhttps://transportgeography.org/?

page_id=4082 Shangquan, G. (2000). Economic globalization: trends, risks and risk prevention.
Economic &

Sorinel, C. (2010). Immanuel Wallerstein’s World System Theory. Annals of Faculty of Economics,
1(2), 220-224.
Social Affairs, CDP Backround Paper, 1.
Staff, I. M. F. (2008). Globalization: A brief overview. International Monetary Fund, (02/08).

What is Capital in Economics. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2020, from http://ncsp.org/what-is-capital-in
economics/

UNIT III. MARKET INTEGRATION

Overview

This unit will provide a brief history of Global Market Integration that will lead to the
understanding of market integration and its effect in our current situation. The Different
Financial institutions, international Organization and Global Corporation will also be
discussed to identify the significant influence of these Institutions to economic globalization
and market Integration. Types and levels of market integration will be tackled to determine
the possible effects of each level of integration in our economy.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

explain the role of international financial institutions in the creation of a global economy;
narrate a short history of global market integration in the twentieth century; and
identify the attributes of global corporations.

Setting Up

Name:_________________________________________________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________

Directions: This is an individual activity wherein each student will stimulate a corporate social
responsibility project of a multinational corporation using the GRASP methodology.

GOAL
To develop a Basic Hygiene Campaign that is relevant to the current situation of the Philippines
which is about fight against the pandemic (COVID19).
ROLE
You are a member of the Corporate social responsibility committee of a certain Multinational
Company.
SITUATION
There is a pandemic that is currently being experienced by every other nation, particularly by the
Philippines. The World Health Organization determined that the transmission of this virus
can be prevented by avoiding crowded places, staying at home, maintaining social distance,
and by practicing proper hygiene. The World Health Organization approached your company
to help because of your company manufacture and sells personal cleansing products globally.
PERFORMANCE
Develop single campaign that will teach and encourageFilipinos to practice proper hygiene. The
campaign material should be culturally appropriate and applicable to the Filipino Community.
Likewise, the campaign material that you will develop should only be in the form of comic
brochure.

Lesson Proper

HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION

Roman Period and Early Voyages

The history of economic globalization can be traced back to the early years of the Roman
Empire, as evidenced by their extensive transportation network and the existence of everyday
language, the legal system, and currency. Years went by, and during the early 15th century,
the different voyages of Vasco Da Gama, Columbus, Magellan, and others have proved that
technological advances have made it possible to sail over the other continents and to
facilitate intercontinental trade. Different global powers that exist during those times, such as
Spain, Portugal, Britain, and Italy, have controlled international trade, which further their
territory and sovereignty. Thus, from this point onwards, the Expansion of international
trade was evident, and the growth of economic globalization was vividly experienced by
different countries.

Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the Beginning of World War 1

During this time, the international trade expanded significantly as did cross-border flows of
financial capital and labor.
Technological advancement in this year can be seen from the replacement of the sail and railroads
by the steam power. The opening of the Suez Canal has helped to reduce travel times
between Europe and Asia.

Trade expanded the variety of available goods, both in Europe and elsewhere. As the trade
monopolies of earlier times were replaced by intense competition, prices converged globally
for a wide range of commodities, including spices, wheat, cotton, pig iron, and jute (Findlay
and O'Rourke, 2002). In general, the Government's policies were favorable to the openness of
trade, capital mobility, and migration.

During this time, Economic structure followed the core-periphery pattern by which the core
countries were the center of trading, while periphery countries with abundant natural
resources provide the raw materials and labor for the core countries.

Two world wars (I & II) and the Great Depression; Post World Wars and Post Great depression

The heightened economic integration achieved during the early 19th century was ruined by the
two world wars and the great depression.

The major powers of those times, the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, have undertaken
the task of rebuilding the economic system, including Infrastructure, International Trade, and
Monetary policies.
The Bretton Wood System

This agreement was enacted during the post-world wars. It is the United States of America who
was at that time owned the two-third of world’s Gold had led this conference in July 1944
with delegates from 44 countries at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Hence, the name
Bretton Woods Agreement.

The goal of this agreement was to create an efficient foreign exchange system, prevent competitive
devaluations of currencies, and promote international economic growth.

As mentioned earlier, the scenario has led the delegates of this conference to establish the fixed
exchange rate with the U.S. dollar to be pegged to the value of Gold. Moreover, all other
currencies in the system were then pegged to the U.S. dollar's value. During those times, the
exchange rate applied at the time set the price of Gold at $35 an ounce.
As mentioned earlier, the scenario has led the delegates of this conference to establish the fixed
exchange rate with the U.S. dollar to be pegged to the value of Gold. Moreover, all other
currencies in the system were then pegged to the U.S. dollar's value. During those times, the
exchange rate applied at the time set the price of Gold at $35 an ounce.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank

These two institutions were established as part of the Bretton woods agreement in 1945. Both of
these two institutions were created to address specific concerns in regard to the economic
crisis that the world has experienced.

International Monetary Fund (IMF): this Institution was created to oversee the world’s monetary
system’s stability. The IMF was compromised of 189 member countries that cooperate and
collaborate towards the goal of fostering global monetary cooperation, establishing financial
stability, maintaining international trade, and promoting growth in the economy.

World Bank: this Institution was established to provide financial assistance and strategic advice to
nations profoundly affected by the previous world wars. The two main goals of the world
bank are to end extreme poverty and increase overall prosperity. It supplies qualifying
governments with low interest loans, zero-interest credits, and grants to support the
development of individual economies. In reality, the World Bank has four other
branches/organizations that have specific goals to which realization of that particular Goal
may help the world bank attain its main goal.

International Bank for reconstruction and development that provides debt financing to
government that is considered middle income.
International Development Association (IDA) which gives interest-free loans to the government of
low-income countries.
International Finance Corporations focuses on private sectors and developing countries with
investment financing and financial advisory services.
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency that promotes investment in developing countries
International Centre for Settlement of Investment disputes is an institution that provides
arbitration on international investment disputes.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

The agreement was signed into law on January 1, 1948 with 23 countries after the world war to
monitor world trade that may lead to economic recovery. Its main objective was to eliminate
barriers in international trade by either reducing or removing tariffs and quotas. As time
passed by, the agreement was replaced by the world trade organization in 1995.

World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization is a global organization made up of 164 member countries that
deals with the rules of trade between nations. It was born out of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was established in 1947. Most of the time, the WTO resolve
trade disputes between and among its member countries. Its goal is to ensure that trade
flows as smoothly and predictably as possible.

MARKET INTEGRATION
Market integration is a term used to identify a phenomenon in which markets of goods and
services that are related to one another is experiencing similar patterns of increase or
decrease in terms of the prices of those products. The term can also refer to circumstances in
which the prices of related goods and services sold in a defined geographical location also
begin to move in some sort of similar pattern to one another.

Types of Market Integration

Negative integration: this implies eliminating barriers that restrict the movement of goods,
services, and factors of production. Also, the Government plays a minor role in policymaking
regarding manufacturing, distribution, and flow of goods

Positive Integration: The Government may adjust domestic policies and institutions through the
creation of supranational arrangements. Likewise, It is often identified with positive values
like social protection and the correction of market failures

Degree of Economic Integration (Levels of Economic integration)

Preferential Agreement is considered to be the first stage to which it lessens tariffs and quotas
between member countries who have signed the agreement. It allows member countries to
 have access to some of their products. Tariffs are not eliminated but it is lessened as
compared to non-participating countries
Free Trade Area is considered to be the second stage of economic integration for which it reduces
barriers to trade among member countries to zero, but each member country has its own
decision when it comes to the external rate of tariff to non-member countries
Custom Union is almost similar to the free trade area but it differs from the former economic
integration as Custom Union has a common external rate of tariff to non-member countries.
d. Common Market is second to the highest degree of economic integration by which labor
and capital are included in the trade. It is to integrate both product and factor markets of
member countries.
Economic Union is considered to be the final step in complete integration by which the member
countries have common policies that involve common currency among member nations,
fiscal and political policies.

International Financial Institution

International Financial Institutions were founded by groups of countries to promote public and
private investment to foster economic and social development in developing and
transitioning countries. These Institution are the World Bank, International Monetary
Fund, World Trade Organization. As mentioned beforehand, these institutions are
established to alleviate and help the economy of each member country. These institutions can
help the economy of the country to obtain stability by supporting economic development
through financial assistance and advisory assistance in the implementation of large-scale
infrastructure projects in emerging markets.

INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL ORGANIZATION AND ALLIANCES

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

(OECD) is an international organization that works to build better policies for better lives. Their
goal is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all.
Together with governments, policymakers and citizens, they work on establishing evidence-
based international standards and finding solutions to a range of social, economic and
environmental challenges. From improving economic performance and creating jobs to
fostering strong education and fighting international tax evasion, they provide a unique forum
and knowledge hub for data and analysis, exchange of experiences, best-practice sharing, and
advice on public policies and international standard-setting.

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental
Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. It was established to monitor and stabilize the price of
OIL that is both beneficial and fair with the stakeholders such as the producer and consumer.

Association of South East Nations (ASEAN)

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand to promote political and economic cooperation and
regional stability. The Economic, Political-Security, and Socio-Cultural Community are the
three pillars of ASEAN Community. The annual meeting is usually held to promote the
economic, social and cultural development of the region to protect the stability of its politics
and economy against rivalry with enormous power. For some reason, it is also held to serve
as a forum for the resolution of intra regional differences.

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989. Currently, the APEC has a
twenty-one member over the four continents. APEC Member Economies works together to
sustain economic growth through a commitment to open trade, investment and economic
reform. The economic growth is usually accomplished through the reduction of barriers such
as tariffs and import quotas. Its Goal is to ensure the sustainability of growth and
development of the region for the good of its people. Likewise, the reduction of barriers
among member economies is in consistent with the principles of GATT, where applicable, and
without detrimental effect to its member country.

European Union
The European Union adheres to the economic and political union where its member countries have
a single currency, Euro. Through its harmonization of its political and economic policy, the
European Union was able to deliver peace, prosperity, and stability for more than fifty years
by which it increases the standards of living of its people. The EU remains focused on making
its governing institutions more transparent and democratic. Decisions are taken as openly as
possible and as close as possible to the citizen. The European Union is the largest trade block
in the world. The European Union is one of the largest exporters of goods and services and
considered to be the biggest import market for over a hundred countries.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

This organization was formed in 1994 by the Canada, Mexico and America for the reason of
elimination of barriers when it comes to trade and investment. The agricultural sector,
production and manufacturing sector, investment, and other services are some of the
economic sectors wherein tariffs are eliminated. This organization has also given importance
 to the protection of intellectual property rights, environments, and rights of workers or
laborers. Small businesses were among those that were expected to benefit the most from the
lowering of trade barriers since it would make doing business in Mexico and Canada less
expensive and would reduce the red tape needed to import or export goods.

GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
A global corporation, also known as a global company, is coined from the base term ‘global’, which
means all around the world. It is a company that operates beyond its local boundary. Thus,
most of the global companies works in more than one country and has some foreign
investment. Global corporations are deemed to be one of the major players in economic
integration as their goods and commodities allow other countries to engage in foreign
trading and exchange. Their existence has significant influenced to the consumer behavior
such as changes of lifestyles, spending pattern, practices and traditions.
The nature of Global Corporations usually varies depending on the classification to where it can be
categorized. However, most of the global corporations as stated above has foreign investment
and operating beyond the borders. They conduct activities outside their origin countries such
as manufacturing, distribution, research and development, marketing, and selling of
products. In some ways, the Global Corporation can influence local and global laws in regard
with trade and exchange. Lastly, most well-known global corporations have strong brand
recognition
.
Types of Global Corporations

International Companies: this company operates primarily in a single country but has some
exposure to foreign markets. These are basically importers and exporters. The most common
type of American international business is one that purchases products or raw materials
from international markets. Best Buy is an example of this type of business. The company
operates in the United States and employs mostly American citizens, but it sells a large
amount of imported goods yet they don’t have foreign investments.

Multinational Companies: this Company operates in more than one country and receive substantial
income from these foreign operations qualify as multinational in nature. Multinational
companies, while usually controlled by management based in a single country, cater to
markets in individual countries. It invests directly in foreign nations, but this is usually
limited to a few areas. Products are customized to local preferences, rather than
homogenized, limiting the ability to create economies of scale.

Transnational Companies: transnational companies are the very largest multinational businesses
with separate divisions that operate with a significant independence in their assigned
 markets. A transnational company invests directly in dozens of countries and has a global
headquarters that distributes decision-making capabilities to its various local operations.

Global Companies: This kind of company would usually operate on a worldwide scale, but it would
not be tied legally to any nation. They have an investment in many countries but maintain a
strong headquarters in one country. They typically market their products and services to
each individual global market.

References
ADB, EU, ASEAN, SAARC, AU, NATO, NAM, OPEC, G-8, IAEA, etc. (N.D.) retrieved from
https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/international-relations/adbeu-asean-saarc-au-nato-nam
opec-g-8-iaea-etc/
Berman, C. (2019). Characteristics of Global Corporation. Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com/list
6768434-characteristics-global-corporation.html
Bernanke, B. S. (2006). A Short History of Global Economic Integration. Global Economic
Integration: What's New and What's Not.
Boykin, G. (2019). The differences in International Trade & Transnational Businesses. Retrieved
from https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-global-corporation.html
Chen, J. (2020). Bretton Woods Agreement and System. Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brettonwoodsagreement.asp
Heakal, R. (2019). What is the World Trade Organization?. Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/investing/what-is-the-world-trade-organization/
INC. EDITORIAL, INC. STAFF. (N.D.) Retrieved from https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/north
american-free-trade-agreement
nafta.html#:~:text=The%20North%20American%20Free%20Trade,%3B%20NAFTA%20bro
adened%20that%20arrangement.)
International Financial Institutions- An Overview. (2020). Retrieved From
https://www.cinfo.ch/en/un-ifi-careers/working-international-financial
institutions/international-financial-institutions
Kenton, W. (2020). International Monetary Fund (IMF). Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/imf.asp
Kenton, W. (2019). World Bank. Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/worldbank.asp
Koester, U. (2000). Market integration: how it works. Agricultural policy and enlargement of the
European Union, 21-34.
Lamarco, N. (2018). What is a Global Corporation. Retrieved from
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/global-corporation-63267.html
Majaski, C. (2019). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Investopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gatt.asp.
Majone, G. (2005). Positive and Negative Integration. Retrieved From
https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199274304.001.0001/acprof
9780199274307-chapter-7
Stat4all (2014). OBJECTIVE, ACTIVITIES & CONTRIBUTION OF- ASEAN, SARRC, NAFTA, APEC,
OPEC, WB, IMF, FAO, WTO, EU, AU, BIMSTEC. Retrieved from
https://statistics2learn.wordpress.com/2014/04/21/objective-activities-contribution-of
asean-sarrc-nafta-apec-opec-wb-imf-fao-wto-eu-au-bimstec/
Walker, J. (2017). How to Describe the Four Basic Levels of International Business Activities.
Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-global-corporation.html
Wolfe, M. (2017). What does it mean to be a Global Company?. Retrieved from
https://bizfluent.com/list-6768434-characteristics-global-corporation.html

UNIT IV. THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

Overview
This unit will examine the effects of Globalization on Governments, the challenges that globalization has
brought on Governments, and the institutions that govern International Relations. As such,
Internationalism and Globalism will be expounded to give us an idea of how the states interact with
other nations to achieve a common goal. Thus, identifying the effects of this international relations
between and among states to the growth of Globalization.

Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, I am able to:

explain the effects of globalization on governments;

identify the institutions that govern international relations; and

differentiate internationalism from globalism.

Setting Up
Name: __________________________________________________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________

Directions: Read the article entitled “Assessing Philippine Foreign Policy Under Duterte: Current
Realities and Future Outlook” by Prashanth Parameswaran. Answer the following questions in regards
with the article. https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/assessing-philippine-foreign-policy under-duterte-
current-realities-and-future-outlook/

1. Do you agree or disagree with the claims of the author? Explain your answer.

2. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of Duterte’s Independent Foreign Policy

3. What are the risks possessed by the Independent Foreign policy in the Philippine’s growth and
development?

4. Should Duterte’s administration continue to employ independent foreign policy? Explain your answer

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GOVERNMENT

As globalization became the most heated topic among scholars, some would suggest that the state was
being displaced as the Primary Vehicle through which political communities would organize themselves
in the century to come. Although, the early years of the 21st century have shown us that globalization
has not displaced the state due to recognized sovereignty of the state to set economic policies for a
country that is honored across the world. The treaty of Westphalia of 1648 established the notion of
the nation-state and the idea of state sovereignty which creates an atmosphere that states have
sovereignty and government control over its own affairs. However, Globalization has dispersed political
and economic power beyond the state. Global Norms, Economic Policies, and competitive benefits have
forced each state to participate in International relations with the purpose of establishing legitimacy,
respectability, economic growth, and peace and order (Schattle, 2014).

Besides, the increasing power of other actors other than the nation-states such as Multinational
companies, Non-Governmental Agencies, and regional organizations and alliances have posed
challenges on the Government of a state.

There have been several challenges to the government particularly with state autonomy. These
challenges can be divided into four. Traditional challenges, challenges from national or identity
movements, global economics, and global social movements.

Traditional Challenges

⮚ External Intervention by other countries: this is a case wherein Powerful Nations intervene with the
issues and affairs of other nations. An example of this event is the intervention of Russia in the affairs of
people in Crimea who want to be part of Russia even if they are part of Ukraine.

⮚ Internal Political challenges: Challenges that come from the state’s own internal nonconformists.

⮚ Regional Organization challenging state autonomy: Challenges coming from different International
Organizations such as the EU’s response to the Issue of Extra-Judicial Killing in the Philippines war on
drug.

Challenges from National/Identity Movements

⮚ Different people with different identities and beliefs who live in different states may challenge the
government to recognize their unique Ideologies and Identity all over that state. Thus, a nation’s
cultural identity and a state’s definite identity is being challenged by these movements.

o Example: Al-Qaeda and ISIS movement were based on the fundamentalist version of Islam.

Global Economics

⮚ Due to the worldwide economy's increasing importance to the local economy, it demands the states
to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism. This scenario was called by Journalist Thomas
Friedman as "Golden StraightJacket," wherein States are forced into policies that suit the preferences of
investment houses and corporate executives who transfer Capital and resources into countries favored
as adaptable to the demands of international business. However, all of these resources and Capital will
be withdrawn even more rapidly from countries deemed uncompetitive or don't conform to the
established economic policies.

o Example: Governments have to comply with Global or regional agreements (e.g. WTFO, NAFTA, EU,
and ASEAN

o Economic Crises can force the government to subscribe to the terms of the global financial market in
order to recover economic stability.

Global Social Movements

⮚ Ø These are movements of people that are spontaneous or that emerge through large grassroots
organizations. They usually operate across the world and can be seen in different nations. Thus, the
states cannot have absolute control over them.

o Example: Human Rights movement, Environmental Movement, Women rights movement,

International organization, non-governmental organizations, and even the global media.

In General:

⮚ Globalization triggers competition or conflict among countries on matters such as economic, policy,
political systems, and etc.

⮚ Governments are now dealing with many stakeholders such as civil society, markets, international
organization, and sub national political authorities.

⮚ Citizen, Civil Society organization, and corporations are now seeking opportunities beyond the borders
of their home country.

In conclusion, the effects of Globalization on government cannot be precisely stated as beneficial or

disadvantageous due to its varying effect.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International relations can be defined as political activities and other kinds and aspects of interactions
among states, inter-governmental organization, non-government organizations, and Multinational
corporations.

Institutions that Govern International Relations

Peace Treaties and Military Alliances

⮚ United Nations (UN): it was founded in 1995, and it has 193 member states with the republic of South
Sudan as its newest member. The UN has four functions, which include military, economic,
environmental issues, and human protection. However, the ultimate goal of the UN is to maintain peace
and order. The UN usually provides a forum wherein countries gather to discuss different issues and
concerns. Likewise, the UN promotes and protects human rights through various organizations and
mechanisms.

⮚ North Atlantic Treaty Organizations (NATO): is a defensive treaty or a military alliance among the
United States, Canada, and other European Countries. This treaty was signed in 1949, and it is based on
the idea of collective security. This treaty adheres to collective self-defense. The member countries
have agreed to combine their military power against the other nation who would be raising their arms
against anyone of its members.

Social and Economic Growth

⮚ Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim Countries): They are organized in 1863 to help those wounded by
wars. They are an independent and neutral organization that would be sent to areas affected by war,
conflict, and disasters.

⮚ Doctors without Borders: they are an independent, global movement providing medical aid where it’s
needed most and was founded in 1971.

⮚ Oxford Committee for famine relief (Oxfam): it is a global movement of people who are fighting
inequality to beat poverty. It was formed in 1942 by a group of independent non governmental
organizations. They are also concerned with social inequalities that make and keep people.

⮚ Save the Children: It is an organization that helps children across the world. It gives children a healthy
start of life, the opportunity to learn, and protection from harm. It was founded in 1919 by Eglantyne
Jebb and her sister Dorothy Buxton to alleviate hunger and starvation of children in Germany during
World War 1.

⮚ Amnesty International: Amnesty International was founded in 1961 by Peter Benenson and it is a
global movement that campaigns for the human rights of everyone. The original intention of this
movement was to appeal in Britain with aim of acquiring amnesty for prisoners of conscience all over
the world who have been arrested for their convictions, ethnic group, or of their religious belief but
provided that they haven’t used force or resort to violence.

Global Economy

⮚ World Trade Organization (WTO): As discussed in the previous lessons, its primary goal is to foster
free trade wherein taxes and tariffs on foreign goods and commodities are eliminated or reduced. They
provide a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements and to settle trade disputes.

⮚ North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): It is an economic treaty between the US. Canada,
and Mexico. It was signed to eliminate barriers to trade, lessen trading cost, increase business
investment, and to help North America to be globally competitive.

How Can We Contribute to the International Relations?

⮚ Awareness of Current Events

⮚ Practicing our rights to suffrage

⮚ Supporting Humanitarian Causes

⮚ Being a responsible citizen who knows their duties and responsibilities in society

How can International Relations Contribute to us?

⮚ It helps us by addressing different issues related to making our lives better: o Human Rights

o Environment protection

o Reduction of poverty

o Health care

o Peace and Security

INTERNATIONALISM AND GLOBALISM

Internationalism
Internationalism can be defined as the principle of cooperation among nations, for the promotion of
their common good (Dictionary.com, 2020). Moreover, Internationalism can be defined as the idea that
cooperation among countries is beneficial for everyone. In most cases, nations adhere to this doctrine to
cooperate economically and avoid conflict. According to Halliday (1998), Internationalism is the idea
that we both are and should be part of a broader community than that of the nation or the state. This
means that we should be part of a larger community that helps to build each other economy and
maintain peace and order. According to Fred Halliday, there are three concepts of Internationalism:
hegemonic, revolutionary and liberal.

⮚ Hegemonic internationalism: The belief that the world is being integrated is based on unequal terms
with the dominance of one nation or nation-state over others. This means that a particular country has
exerted a dominating influence over other groups or societies. This case can be seen through the
colonization of Britain over the other 70 nation-states for 200 years.

⮚ Revolutionary Internationalism: It is the belief that conflicts within societies ascend due to
international factors and alliances. This scenario can be seen when

⮚ Liberal Internationalism: It is the belief that certain goals such as peace and prosperity can be
attained through cooperation and collaboration between and among countries. For example, the
Humanitarian efforts by nation-states and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to improve the
welfare of people in poorer countries.

Globalism

Globalism is a national policy of treating the whole world as a proper sphere for political influence
(Merriam-Webster, 2020). This is almost similar to the definition given by the Cambridge dictionary
wherein Globalism is the idea that events in one nation cannot be separated from those in another and
that economic and foreign policy should be planned in an international way. Likewise, others would
define globalism as a broad ideological commitment in favor of the process of globalization that
embraces a variety of interlinked economic, communicational, environmental, and political phenomena
(Encyclopedia.com, 2020). In the view of Nye (2002), Globalism seeks to describe and explain nothing
more than a world which is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental
distances. It attempts to understand all the interconnections of the modern world — and to highlight
patterns that underlie (and explain) them. American Political Scientist, Joseph Nye, has identified four
dimensions of Globalism: Economic, Military, Environmental, Social and Cultural.

⮚ Economic Globalism: It involves long-distance flows of goods, services and capital and the information
and perceptions that accompany market exchange.
⮚ Environmental globalism: It refers to the long-distance transport of materials in the atmosphere or
oceans or of biological substances such as pathogens or genetic materials that affect human health and
well-being

⮚ Military Globalism: It refers to long-distance networks in which force, and the threat or promise of
force, are deployed

⮚ Social and Cultural globalism: It involves movements of ideas, information, images and people, who of
course carry ideas and information with them.

References
Aldama, P. K. (2018). The Contemporary World. Rex Book Store, Inc.

Amadeo, K. (2020). NAFTA’s Purpose and Its History. Retrieved from

https://www.thebalance.com/history-of-nafta-3306272

Globalism and Globalization. (n.d.). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved July 18, 2020, from
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and maps/globalism-and-
globalization.

Halliday, F. (1988). Three concepts of internationalism. International Affairs (Royal Institute of

International Affairs 1944-), 64(2), 187-198.

Internationalism. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/internationalism

Internationalism. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/internationalism

internationalism. (n.d.). Definitions.net. Retrieved July 19, 2020, from

https://www.definitions.net/definition/internationalism.

International Relations. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research

guides/international-organisations-and-relations/international-relations/

Martin, C. (2007). Collective self-defense and collective security: what the differences mean for Japan.
Retrieved from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2007/08/30/commentary/world
commentary/collective-self-defense-and-collective-security-what-the-differences-mean for

japan/#:~:text=Collective%20self%2Ddefense%20is%20authorized,of%20the%20United %20Nations
%20Charter.&text=In%20contrast%2C%20collective%20security%20involves ,as%20authorized%20by
%20the%20U.N.

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Globalism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 18, 2020, from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/globalism

Nobel Lectures (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1977/amnesty/history/

Nye, J. (2002). Globalism versus globalization. the Globalist, 15.

Our History. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.oxfam.org/en/our-history

Schattle, H. (2014). Governments and Citizens in a Globally Interconnected World. The SAGE handbook
of globalization, 105.

Watson, N. (2007). Save the Children. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Save-the

Children.

What we do. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do Who we are.

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/