GROUP 1

CHAPTER 1:

DEFINING
GLOBALIZATION
 Learning Objectives:

 Define globalization and its components, including economic, cultural,

technological, and political dimensions.

 Explore the historical factors driving globalization, such as

technological advancements and trade liberalization.

 Evaluate the impacts of globalization on various stakeholders and

propose strategies to address associated challenges while maximizing
benefits.
 1 The task of defining Metaphors of globalization 2
globalization
3 Globalization theories
Dynamics of local and global 4
culture
5 The globalization of
Globalization and 6
religion
regionalization
7 Origins and history of
globalization Global demography 8

9 Global migration
 INTRODUCTION

Much has changed since time immemorial. Human beings have encountered many
changes over the last century especially in their social relationships and social structures. Of
these changes, one can say that globalization is a very important change, if not, the "most
important" (Bauman, 2003). The reality and omnipresence of globalization makes us see
ourselves as part of what we refer to as the "global age" (Albrow, 1996).
In this chapter, different definitions of globalization will be discussed. The task of
conceptualizing it reveals a variety of perspectives. To understand the concept further,
different metaphors will be used. These metaphors will also allow an appreciation of earlier
epochs before globalization and the present globalized world. The final lesson in this chapter
will be devoted to a general discussion of globalization theories. The following section will
highlight the different views scholars have toward globalization.
 THE TASK OF DEFINING
GLOBALIZATION
o Stresses the challenge of defining globalization due to its multifaceted nature.

o Explores globalization through various lenses, including economic, political, cultural, and
technological dimensions.

o Delves into globalization's impact on diverse facets of society, such as trade, communication,
migration, and governance.

o Discusses the ongoing debate surrounding globalization, with proponents highlighting its
benefits for development and critics pointing out issues like inequality and cultural
homogenization.

o Ultimately, suggests that despite its elusive definition, globalization is a significant force
shaping the modern world.
 METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION

Metaphors make use of one term to help us better

understand another term. In our case, the states of
matter-solid and liquid will be used. In addition, other
related concepts that are included in the definition such
as structures and flows will be elaborated.
Solid and Liquid

The epochs that preceded today's globalization paved way for people, things,
information, and places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited
mobility (Ritzer, 2015). Solidity also refers to barriers that prevent or make
difficult the movement of things. Furthermore, solids can either be natural or
man- made. Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodles of water.
Man-made barriers include the Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall.
Obviously, these examples still exist. However, they have the tendency to
melt. This should not be taken literally, like an iceberg melting. Instead, this
process involves how we can describe what is happening in today's global
world. It is becoming increasingly liquid.
Liquid
as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container. Moreover, liquids are not fixed. Liquidity,
therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in
the contemporary world. Zygmunt Bauman's ideas were the ones that have much to say about the
characteristic of liquidity. First, today's liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects, spatial
and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation. This means that space and time are crucial elements of
globalization. In global finance, for instance, changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds.
Another characteristic of liquid phenomena is that their movement is difficult to stop. Finally, the
forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people and things
(Cartier, 2001). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015, p. 6) regarded as the most important
characteristic of liquid: it "tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solids)." The
clearest example is the decline, if not death, of the nation-state. Liquidity and solidity are in
constant interaction. However, liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating today. Therefore,
the metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquids do flow. The literature on
globalization makes use of the concept of flows.
Flows
are the movement of people, things, places, and information brought by the growing
"porosity" of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015). As Landler (2008, p. C1) put it: "In global
financial system, national borders are porous." This means that a financial crisis in a given
country can bring ramifications to other regions of the world. The following are other
kinds of flows that can be observed today: poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of
the world (Moses, 2006), the virtual flow of legal and illegal information such as blogs
and child pornography, respectively, and immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in host
countries. A concrete example is the Filipino communities abroad and the Chinese
communities in the Philippines.
 GLOBALIZATION
THEORIES
o Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors,
and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and
similar forms of government. Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism.

In terms of the economy, there is recognition of the spread of neoliberalism, capitalism, and the
market economy in the world(Antonio, 2007

Global economic crises are also products of homogeneity in economic globalization.The political
realm also suffers homogenization.

Barber(1995) said that "McWorld" is existing. It means only one political orientation is growing in
today's societies.
o The global flow of media is often characterized as media imperialism. Media imperialism
undermines the existence of alternative global media originating from developing countries.
Global media are dominated by a small number of large corporations. As McChesney(1999) put
it, this is being "extended from old media to new media", such as Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter,
Google and Apple's iTunes. As a result, in the long run, the Internet could end up being less
divers and competitive. Independent Media Center, associated with the alter- globalization
movement, help to counter this trend.

Ritzer(2008) claimed that, in general, the contemporary world is undergoing the process of
McDonalization. It involves the global spread of rational systems, such as efficiency, calculability,
predictability, and control. Globalization, in contrast to glocalization, is a process wherein nations,
corporations, etc. impose themselves on geographic areas in order to gain profits, power, and so
on(Ryan, 2007). Ritzer(2007) also espoused the idea that globalization can also be seen as a flow of
"nothing" as opposed to "something," involving the spread of non-places, non-things, non-people,
and non-services.
o On the other hand, heterogeneity pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new
economies, and political groups because of the interaction of elements from different
societies in the world. Contrary to cultural imperialism, heterogeneity in culture is
associated with cultural hybridization. Barber(1995) also provided the alternate of
"McWorld"- the "Jlhd." It refers to the political groups that are engaged in an
"Intensification of nationalism and that leads to greater political heterogeneity throughout
the world."
 DYNAMICS OF LOCAL
AND GLOBAL
CULTURE
One of the characteristics of culture is being dynamic. Globalization changed the pattern
of cultural diffusion and sharing that caused to produce glocalization and hybridization.
These processes make culture becomes more global with local flavors. Today local and
global cultural production are in decline. That's the new dynamic.

Globally due to rising fragmentation and locally as a result of the search of what
originally was suppose to be there. Neglecting that culture is not static but dynamic as it is
the product of reflection necessities and discoveries.
Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the the globe than ever before,
especially through non-material digital forms. There are three perspectives on global cultural
flows. These are CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM, CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION, CULTURAL
CONVERGENCE,
Hybrid and DETERRITORIALIZATION.
Culture Hybridization has become part of an ongoing trend in cultural production, with
both the globalization and localization of the culture industry. Hybridization, however, is not
Global cultural
merely flow is
the mixing, a result and
blending of the process ofglobalization.
synthesizing of different elements that ultimately forms a
1. Ethnoscapes
culturally faceless whole. In the course of hybridization, cultures often generate new forms and
2. Technoscapes
make new connections with one another
3. Financescapes
4. Mediascapes
5. Ideoscapes
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
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 GLOBALIZATION
AND
REGIONALIZATION
It reemerged during the 1980s and heightened after the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. The
regionalization of the world system and economic activity undermines the potential benefits
coming out from a liberalized global economy. It respond to the states' attempt to reduce the
perceived negative effects of globalization. Therefore, regionalism is a sort of counter-
globalization.

In a 2007 survey, the Financial Times revealed that majority of Europeans consider that
globalization brings negative effects to their societies (as cited in Jacoby and Meunier, 2010).
The threats of an "ungoverned globalization" can be countered what Jacoby and Meunier called
managed globalization; it refers to "all attempts to make globalization more palatable to
citizens.".
It is important, however, to consider the gradual development of inter- regional relations
such as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the European Union
(EU), or the South American trade bloc, Mercosur. In fact, a sort of "contagion effect"
(Held et al., 2005, p. 77) has spread during the past years. Regionalization in one part of
the world encourages regionalization elsewhere whether by imitation or by "defensive"
reaction. As Held et al. (2005) claimed, "the new regionalism is not a barrier to political
globalization but, on the contrary, entirely compatible with it-if not an indirect
encouragement“

Hurrell (2007) captured this debate in his "one (global) world/many (regional) worlds
relationship" (p. 1). Regional developments in one part of the world have affected and
fueled regionalization everywhere else in a sort of contagion or domino effect.
Therefore, regionalization is intimately linked to globalization since it is part of it and it
builds on it.
The argument concerning the relationship between regionalization and globalization is
perfectly summarized in this claim:

The age of economic globalization has also been the age of regionalization, and much of
the analysis of the new regionalism has been devoted to the links between the two
tendencies. Thus, regionalism is seen as critical part of the political economy of
globalization and the strategies that states (and other actors) have adopted in the face of
globalization... The emergence of regionalism needs to be understood within the global
restructuring of power and production. The many worlds are very closely intertwined
with the character and fate of the one. The core driving force is global even if the
manifestation is regional. (Hurell, 2007, p. 4)
Globalization "goes back to when humans first put a boat into the sea"(Sweeney, 2005,
p. 203). We can understand globalization as "the increased flows of goods, services,
capita, people, and information across borders" (Jacoby and Meunier, 2010, p. 1).
Defining region and regionalization is complicated. Nevertheless, region, according to
Mansfield and Milner (1999) is "a group of countries in the same geographically,
specified area" (p. 2.). Hurrell (2007) defined regionalization as the "societal integration
and the often undirected process of social and economic interaction" (p. 4). In addition,
regionalization is different from regionalism, which is "the formal process of
intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states" (Ravenhill, 2008, p. 174).
It is a complex mixture of factors. One of the reasons behind regionalism is the concern
for security, which is to ensure peace and stability. Confidence building can be enhanced
through economic cooperation within a region. The ASEAN and the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation (SCO) are regional organizations that seek strong security in
Asia through cooperation.

Huntington (1996), on the contrary, believed that culture and identity, guide
regionalization. As he put it, "In the post-Cold War world, states increasingly define
their interests in civilizational terms" (p. 30). For him, culture and identity are
civilizations. He identified nine major civilizations: Western, Latin American, African,
Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Orthodox, Buddhist, and Japanese. If we follow Huntington's idea
of the "clash of civilizations," one could argue that the potential for such clash can be
strong in Asia because many of those civilizations are, at the least, can be found in the
region.
Nevertheless, economic motivations are arguably the main motivation behind
contemporary regionalization. Aside from this, domestic companies may benefit from
belonging to a regional market big enough to allow them scale economies while still
being protected from global competition.

Finally, non-state actors, such as the TNCs, act as a driving force toward regionalism.
These TNCs, whose host countries are not part of a given regional trade agreement, find
themselves in a disadvantaged commercial situation with respect to competing
companies belonging to the regional organization in question. Given this situation,
Ravenhill (2008) said that disadvantaged TNCs will lobby their national governments
to sign similar trade agreements in order to end their disadvantaged commercial
situation.
 ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION CHRONOLOGY IN AN ATOMIC

1st Century BC- 6th Century AD SHELL
Silk Roads(6,400 km)

– For the first time in history, luxury products from

China started to appear on the other edge of the
Eurasian continent – in Rome.
– Trade had stopped being a local or regional affair and
started to become global.
– The Silk Road could prosper in part because two
great empires dominated much of the route.
7th Century AD - 15th Century AD
Spice Routes

– The next chapter in trade happened thanks to Islamic merchants. As the new religion spread in all
directions from its Arabian heartland in the 7th century, so did trade.

– The main focus of Islamic trade in those Middle Ages were spices.

– Common spices among them were the cloves, nutmeg and mace from the fabled Spice islands – the
Maluku islands in Indonesia.

– Globalization still didn’t take off, but the original Belt (sea route) and Road (Silk Road) of trade
between East and West did now exist.
15th - 18th Century AD
Age of Discovery

– Truly global trade kicked off in the Age of Discovery. It was in this era, from the end of the 15th
century onwards, that European explorers connected East and West – and accidentally discovered
the Americas. The main focus of Islamic trade in those Middle Ages were spices.

– Aided by the discoveries of the so-called “Scientific Revolution” in the fields of astronomy,
mechanics, physics and especially, Shipping.

– the most consequential exploration was the circumnavigation by Magellan: it opened the door to the
Spice islands, cutting out Arab and Italian middlemen.

– Potatoes, tomatoes, coffee and chocolate were introduced in Europe, and the price of spices fell
steeply.
The First Wave of Globalization
19th Century - 1912
– the era of the First Industrial Revolution.Aided by the discoveries of the so-called “Scientific Revolution” in
the fields of astronomy, mechanics, physics and especially, Shipping.

– The “British” Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin engine of global trade. On the one hand,
steamships and trains could transport goods over thousands of miles, both within countries and across
countries.

– Britain leads the global trade with on demon manufactured goods around the world : iron and textiles.

– Britain was the country that benefited most from this globalization, as it had the most capital and technology
The World Wars

– the outbreak of World Wars brought an end to just about everything the prospering high society of
the West had gotten so used to, including globalization.

The Second and Third Wave of Globalization

– The end of the World War II marked a new beginning for the global economy. Under the leadership
of a new hegemon, the United States of America

– in 1989, export once again counted for 14% of global GDP. It was paired with a steep rise in
middle-class incomes in the West.

– The newly created World Trade Organization (WTO) encouraged nations all over the world to
enter into free-trade agreements, and most of them did, including many newly independent ones.

– Globalization became an all-conquering force.

Globalization 4.0
The Present and Future
– In a world increasingly dominated by two global powers, the US and China, the new
frontier of globalization is the cyber world.

– The Invention of the Internet hyper-connected everything.

– The digital economy is now becoming a force to reckon with through e-commerce, digital
services, 3D printing. It is further enabled by artificial intelligence
 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

– The two Greek words 'Demos' and 'Graphos' are where the modern English word 'demography'
comes from.

– It refers to the scientific study of the size, composition, distribution and changes in human
population. Demographic studies describe the composition by its distribution of population
categories such as race, age, marital status, gender, socioeconomic status, and religion. It also
represents the study of statistics such as births and death records, through surveys, visa records,
even motor vehicle and school registration, and incidents of disease which illustrate the changing
structure of human populations.
Demographers are people who study demography, and their goal is to learn about the levels and
changes in population size as well as the components of the population. They look for reasons to
explain the shifts in population and the implications those changes have for society.

Fertility
– A typically stated in terms of populations rather than individuals by utilizing the proxy measure of
birth rate, which can either be crude or standardized for age and sex depending on the context.
Since the age structure looks to encourage such a path, fertility should decline more rapidly in
nations where it is currently the lowest since these countries are also the ones with the youngest
populations overall.
Mortality
– The component of the population in which death occurs is reduced as a result of mortality's impact
on population structures, which is one of the effects mortality has.

– Several epidemics of infectious diseases had the highest fatality rate among young adults, likely
because their immune systems were not sufficiently primed to fight off the infection. Immunization
has been shown to be effective in preventing the majority of infectious diseases that affect young
children. In addition, improvements in nutrition and hygiene have contributed to a safer childhood.

Migration
– Migration comes in last, but certainly not last in importance. The movement of people from one
location to another is an example of a demographic process, and as such, it is one of the factors
that leads to changes in population size along with fertility and mortality. Migration is the
movement of people, households, and groups between different houses or residential places.
Finally, we have arrived to see the total population of some countries. This list includes both countries
and dependent territories. The data presented here is based on the latest United Nations Population
Division estimates as of 2020. Since there are hundreds of countries and territories, we will only be
discussing 15 of the most populated ones.

First on the list is China, with over 1.4 billion population in 2020, with a population density of 153,
and a land area of 9, 388, 211 and a fertility rate of 1.7. This tells us that China is the country with the
most population. After World War II, in the year 1949, Chinese families were encouraged to have as
many children as possible in the hopes of bringing more money into the country, forming a better
army, and generating more food. This was the beginning of the overpopulation problem in China.

This is followed by India with 1.3 billion population, the United States with 331 million population,
Indonesia 273 million, and Pakistan 220 million. These top 5 most populated countries were made
possible to compute the population all because of the study of demography.
Included in the top 10 most populated countries and or territories in the world are Brazil with 212
million, Nigeria, 206 million, Bangladesh, 164 million, Russia 145 million, and Mexico, 128 million.

Finally, as we dig deeper, we discovered five more countries to include in the top 15. Japan has 126
million population, Ethiopia 114 million, Philippines 109 million Filipinos, Egypt 102 million, and
Vietnam 97 million.

The study of demography made it possible to reveal the numbers that reflect these countries. When
demographers attempt to forecast changes in the size of a population, they typically focus on four
main factors: fertility rates, mortality rates or life expectancy, the initial age of the population
(whether it is relatively old or relatively young to begin with) and migration.
 GLOBAL
MIGRATION

 Global migration refers to the movement of people from one country to another
across international borders. This movement can be driven by various factors,
such as economic opportunities, education, family reunification, conflict or
persecution, or environmental reasons.

“The nuances of the movements of people around the world can be seen through the
categories of migrants-“vagabonds” and “tourist”” (Bauman 1998).
 Refugees are vagabonds forced to flee their home countries due to safety concerns
(Haddad, 2003). Asylum seekers are refugees who seek to remain in the country to
which they flee. According to Kritz (2008), those who migrate to find work are
involved in labor migration.

Labor Migration mainly involves the flow of less-skilled and unskilled workers, as well as
illegal immigrants who live on margins of the host society (Landler 2007)

Labor Migration are driven by two factors;

a) Pull Factors
b) Push Factors
 Labor migration still faces many restrictions. Many of these barriers are related to the
Westphalian Conception of the nation-state and are intimately associated with it.

Migration is traditionally govern by “Push” factors such as political persecution,

economic depression, war, and famine in the home country or by “Push” factor such as
favorable immigration policy, a labor shortage and a similarity of language and culture in
the county of destination.

-Many countries face issues of illegal migration such as United State who faces major
influx of illegal migration from Mexico and other Central American State. Other countries
with similar concerns about illegal migrants includes Great Britain, Switzerland, and
Greece as well as countries in Asia.
A strong case can be made for the backlash against illegal immigrants (Economist, 2008,
January 3, "Keep the borders open"). In the North, such immigrants constitute a younger
workforce that does work that locals may not perform, and they are consumers who
contribute to growth. They also send remittances back to family members in the country of
origin, which improves the lives of the recipients, reduces poverty rates, and increases the
level of education as well as the foreign reserves of the home country (Economist 2007,
November 1). Banks are often unwilling or unable to handle the type and volume of
remittances. As a result, specialized organizations play a major role in the transmission of
remittances. According to Malkin (2007), the Philippines is one of the leaders when it
comes to the flow of remittances (14.7 billion), next to India (24.5 billion) and China (21.1
billion).
Diaspora has been increasingly use to describe the migrant communities. “
conceptualization of the diaspora as a transactional process, which involves dialogue to
both imagined and real locales.

Virtual Diaspora (Laguerre in 2002) utilize technology such as internet to maintain the
community network.