OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION

Vinzons Ave, Daet, Cmarines Norte

COLLEGE OF ARTS and SCIENCES
MODULES for FLEXIBLE LEARNING
August 14 – September 13, 2023

I. GEC - The Contemporary World

II. Lesson 1: Introduction to the Study of Globalization

Topics: 1. Metaphors of globalization

2. Globalization Theories
3. Dynamics of Local and Global Culture
4. Globalization of Religion
5. Globalization and Regionalism
6. Origin and History of Globalization
7. Global Demography
8. Global Migration
9. Economic Globalization and Global Trade
10. Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development
11. Theories of Global Stratification
III. Introduction

Much has changed since time immemorial. Human beings have encountered many changes
over the last centuries especially in their social relationships and social structure. Of these changes one
can say that globalization is a very important change, if not, the “most important” (Baurman, 2003).

IV. Overview

Over the year, globalization has gained many connotations pertaining to progress, development
and integration, some view it as a positive phenomenon The students will engage in a free associati. on
exercise of ideas they associated with “globalization.”

V Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able:

a. agree on a working definition of globalization for the course

b. identify important theories of globalization

c. identify the reasons why people migrate to other countries

VI. Pre Test

1. Why is it important to know and understand the meaning of globalization?

2. What is the effect of globalization to the world economy?

3. Are goods//products produced in our country reaches other countries in the world? How?

VII. Lesson Proper

Topic 1; Metaphor of Globalization

In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization we will utilized metaphors.
in our case , the state of matter ---- solid and liquid ---- will be used.

Solid and Liquid

The epochs/period that preceded today’s globalization pave way for people, things, information
and places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer,2015). The social
relationships and objects remained or stayed where they were created. SOLIDITY also refers to barriers
that prevent or make difficult the movement of things. Furthermore, solid can be natural or man-made.
Ex: of natural are landforms and bodies of water; for man-made its Great Wall of China, high fences wall
among others. This barriers creates limited mobility or access among people. However, these barriers
have the tendency to be destroyed or washed away (like landforms), like an iceberg melting. This
process involves how we can described what is happening in today’s global world. It is becoming an
increasing liquid.

LIQUID, as a state of matter, takes the slope of its container. Moreover, liquid are not fixed.
LIQUIDITY, therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movements of people, things, informations and
places in the contemporary world.

Characteristics of Liquidity

a. today’s liquid phenomenon change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in
continuous fluctuation. This means that space and time are crucial element of globalization. In global
finance, for instance, changes in stock market are in a matter of seconds.

b. that their movement is difficult to stop. For example, videos uploaded on Youtube or
Facebook are unstoppable once they become viral. The so-called internet become famous not only in
their homeland but also to the entire world.

c. finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of
people and things (Carter,2001). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015,p.6) regarded as the most
important characteristics of liquid: it “tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solid).”

Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction. However, liquidity is the one increasing and
proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity. LIQUID
DO FLOW.

Flows

Flows are the movement of people, things, places and information brought by the growing
“porosity”of global limitations. Aside from local dishes/food, think of different foreign cuisines being
patronized and consumed by Filipinos (like hamburger,ramen, French fries, among others}, these are
foods introduced to us by foreign cultures. Another example of flows is global financial crisis. As
Landler (2008,p.C1)put it: “in global financial system, national boarders are porous.” This means that a
financial crisis in a given country can bring ramifications to other regions of the world. The following is
another kind of flows that can be observed today; immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in host
countries. A concrete example is the Filipino communities abroad and the Chinese communities in the
Philippines.

Topic 2: Globalization Theory

Globalization Theories

Homogeneity, refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic
factors, and political orientation of societies expand to create common practices, same economies and
similar forms of government. Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism. This
means, a given culture influences other cultures For example, ( Christianity, which was brought to us by
the Spaniards, Americanization, (Kuisel, 1993) “the import by non-Americans of products, images,
technologies, practices and behavior that are closely associated with America/Americans.

In terms of economic factors, --- there is recognition of the spread of neoliberalism (market
system) capitalism, and the market economy in the world (Antonio, 2007). Global economic crisis are
also products of homogeneity in economic globalization. Stiglitz (2002), for instance, blamed the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) for its “one-size-fits-all” approach, which treats every country in
world as the same. In the end, rich countries become advantageous in the world economy at the
expense of the poor countries, which leads to increased inequality among nations.
 The political realm also suffer homogenization if one takes into account the emerging similar
models of governance in the world. Barber (1995) said that, “McWorld” is existing. It means only one
political orientation is growing in today’s societies.

On the other hand , Heterogeneity pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new
economies and political groups, because of the interaction of elements from different societies in the
world.

Contrary to cultural imperialism, heterogeneity in culture is associated with cultural

hybridization. A more specific concept is “glocalization” coined by Roland Robertson in 1992. To him,
as local forces interact with local factors or a specific geographical area, the “glocal” is being produced.

Economic issues are not exempted from heterogeneity. The commodification of cultures and
“glocal” markets are examples of differentiation happening in many economies around the world.

The same goes with political institution. Barber (1995) also provided the alternate of
“McWorld” --- the “Jihad”. As Ritzer (2008) mentioned, it refers to the political groups that are engaged
in an “intensification of nationalism and that leads to greater political heterogeneity throughout the
world” (p.576).

Topic 3: Dynamics of Local and Global Culture

Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the globe than ever before, especially
through non-material digital forms. There are three (3) perspectives on global cultural flows:

Cultural Differentialism emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only
superficially affected by global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the potential for
“catastrophic collision.” Increasing interaction among different “civilizations” would lead to intense
clashes.

Cultural Hybridization emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures. Globalization is
considered to be a creative process which gives rise to hybrid entities that are not reducible to either the
global or the local. A key concept is “glocalization” or the interpenetration of the global and local
resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic area (Giulianotti and Robertson, 2007, p.133).
Another key concept is Arjun Appadurai”s “scapes” in 1996, where global flows involve people,
technology, finance, political Images, and media and the disjunctures between them, which lead to the
creation of cultural hybrids.

Cultural Convergence stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization. Cultures are deemed

to be radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens when one culture impose
itself on and tends to destroy at least parts of another culture. One important critique of cultural
imperialism is John Tomlinson’s idea of “deterritorialization” of culture. It means that it is much more
difficult to tie culture to a specific geographic point of origin.

Topic 4 : Globalization of Religion

Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current revival and the
resurgence of religion. Today, most religions are not relegated to the countries where they began.
Religions have, in fact, spread and scattered on a global scale. As Turner (2007) explained:
Globalization transform the generic “religion” into a world-system of competing and conflicting
religions. This process of institutional specialization has transformed local, diverse and fragmented
cultural practices into recognizable systems of religion. Globalization has, therefore, had the
paradoxical effect of making religions more self-conscious of themselves as being “world religions.”
(p.146)

Topic 5: Globalization and Regionalization

Regionalization is intimately linked to globalization since it is part of it and it builds on it. The
age of economic globalization has also been the age of regionalization, and much of the analysis of the
new regionalism has been devoted to the links between the two tendencies. Thus, regionalism is seen
as critical part of the political economy of globalization and the strategies that states have adopted in
the face of globalization… The emergence of regionalism needs to be understood within the global
restructuring of power and production. The many worlds are very closely intertwined with the character
and fate of the one. The core driving force is global even if the manifestation is regional.
(Hurell,2007,p.4)

Learning Activity. How Globalized is your Home ?

Go to your room and do an inventory of everything you have in possession. The “things” like
footwear, clothes, computer (if any), cellphones, TV (if possible), and may be a radio. As a student,
you may also notice books, newspaper, magazines, school supplies and equipment.

Organize your inventory into two types: first, “things” that are made in the Philippines
and second, “things” that are made from other countries or foreign brands (list the countries of origin).

Do the same thing from the kitchen (at least 5 things) and in your living room (at least 5)
including appliances.

In the process, discuss why certain products are made in the Philippines while others are
produced abroad.

References: The Contemporary World by Prince Kenneth Reguyal Aldama 1st Edition

The Contemporary World by Lisandro E Claudio and Patricio N Abinales

Topic 6: Origin and History of Globalization

Different Perspective Regarding the Origins of Globalization

Hardwired

According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is because of our basic human need to make our
lives better that made globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace the beginning of globalization
from our ancestors who walked out from the different places in the late Ice Age. This long journey
finally led them to all –known continents today. Chanda (2007) mentioned that commerce, religion,
politics, and warfare are the “urges” of people towards a better life. These are respectively connected
to four aspects of globalization and they can be traced all throughout history: trade, missionary works,
adventures, and conquest.

Cycles

For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be
a daunting task. What is important is the cycles that globalization has gone through (Scholte,2005).
Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have appeared. There
is also the notion to suspect that this point of globalization will soon disappear and reappear.

Epoch

Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) six great epochs of globalization. These are also
called “waves” and each has its own origin. Today’s globalization is not unique it this is the case. The
difference of this view from the second view (cycles) is that it does not treat epochs as returning. The
following are the sequential occurrence of the epochs:

a. Globalization of religion (fourth to seventh century)

b. European colonial conquests (late fifteenth century)

c. Intra-European wars (late 18th to early 19th century)

d. Hayday of European imperialism (mid-19th century to 1918)

e. Post –World War II period

 f. Post –Cold War period

Events

Specific events are considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of
globalization. For example, the Roman conquests centuries before Christ, rampage of Genghis Khan ‘s
armies into Eastern Europe in the 13 th century, Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America in 1842,
Vasco de Gama of Good Hope in 1498 and Ferdinand Magellan’s discovery of the spice island in 1521.

The recent years could also be regarded as the beginnings of the globalization with
reference to specific events; technological advances in transportation and communication.
Certainly,with this view, more and more specific events will characterize not just the origin of
globalization but also more of its history.

Broader, More Recent Changes

Recent changes comprised the fifth view. These happened in the last half of the 20 th
century. Today’s scholars point to these three notable changes as the origin of globalization that we
know today:

1. The emergence of United State as the global power (post-World War II)

2. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs)

3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

Topic 7: Global Demography

Demography is a complex discipline that requires the integration of various social scientific
data. As you have seen, demographic changes and policies have impacts on the environment, politics,
resources, and others. Yet, at its core, demography accounts for the growth and decline of the human
species. It may be about large numbers and massive effects, but is ultimately about people. Thus, no
interdisciplinary account of globalization is complete without an accounting of people.

Topic 8: Global Migration

Global migration entails the globalization of people. And like the broader globalization it is
uneven. Some migrants experience their movement as a liberating process. A highly educated
professional may find moving to another country financially rewarding. At other end, a victim of sex
trafficking may view the process of migration as dislocating and disempowering.

Like globalization, moreover, migration produces different and often contradictory

responses. Many richer states know that migrant workers/laborers will be beneficial for their
economies. With their aging population, like japan, they will need workers from demographically young
countries like the Philippines.

Despite various constraint about migration, it is clear that different forms of global
interdependence will ensure that global migration will continue to be one of the major issues in the
contemporary world.

Learning Activity. Finding an Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) .

There are various reasons why people leave their country of origin. Through this
activity,you should be able to gain a first hand knowledge of the experience of Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs), people who obviously reached other countries. Their stories could provide a concrete
understanding of how globalization affects themselves, their families, and the country.

Find a former or a current OFW to be interviewed. Do not reveal his/her name to protect the person’s
identity and ensure anonymity.

1. Use the following as your guide questions. (you may add additional questions if you want to)
 a. How long have you stayed abroad? (Indicate name of country/countries)

b. What are purposes for your stay there?

c. What were your most unforgettable experiences there? How will you describe those
experiences, good or bad?

d. How will you compare the Philippines with that country or other countries ?

e. Do you still want to go back to that country or to other countries in the future? Why or why
not ?

2. Ask your respondent/s (OFWs) how his/her going to other country/countries affects him/herself,
families and the country?

IX. References: The Contemporary World by Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama 1 st Edition

The Contemporary World by Lisandro E Claudio and Patricio N Abinales

Topic 9: Economic Globalization and Global Trade

According to the United Nations (as cited in Shangquan,2000), “Economic globalization

refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-
border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital, and wide and rapid spread of
technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration of market frontiers, and is an
irreversible trend for the economic development in the whole world.” (p. 1)

Two (2) different types economies associated with economic globalization:

1. Protectionism - means “a policy of systematic government intervention in foreign trade with

the objective of encouraging domestic production. This encouragement involves giving preferential
treatment to domestic producers and discriminating against foreign competitors.

2. Trade liberalization or free trade - an agreements and technological advances in

transportation and communication means - goods and services move around the world more easily
than ever. International trade has also created new opportunities for people to sell their products and
labor in a marketplace.

Globalization made some countries, especially the developing ones, to gain more in the global
economy at the expense of other nations. There are various ways, however, the country can make trade
easier with other countries while lessening the inequities in the global world. One of them is “fair
trade”(Nicholls and Opal, 2005). Fair trade as defined by the International Trade Association, is the
“concern for the social, economic, and environmental well-being of marginalized small producers”
(Downie, 2007, pp. C1-C5). It aims for a more moral and equitable global economic system.

According to historians Dennis O Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, the ager of globalization began
when “all important populated continents began to exchange products continuously - both with each
other directly and indirectly via other continents - and in values sufficient to generate crucial impacts
on all trading partners.”

References: The Contemporary World by Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama

The Contemporary World by Lisandro E Claudio and Patricio N Abinales

Topic 10: Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development

There are some significant downsides to globalize trade and perhaps the strongest arguments
against economic globalization is its lack of sustainability or the degree which the earth’s resources can
be used for our needs, even in the future.
 Sustainable development – the development of our world today by using the earth’s
resources and the preservation of such sources for the future.

In other words, development has to be ensured in and for the future generations. One
significant global response or approach to encourage globalization is that of the sustainable
development, whichseeks to chart a middle path between economic growth and a sustainable
environment (Borghesi and Vercelli, 2008). The relationship between globalization and sustainability is
multi-dimensional - it involves economic, political,and technological aspects.

The continuous production of world’s natural resources allows humanity to discover and
innovate many things, however, these positive effects of development put our environment at a
disadvantage. Climate change accelerated and global inequality was not eradicated. This means that
development, although beneficil at one hand, entail cost on the other.

Environmental Degradation

Development, especially economic development,was hastened by the Industrial Revolution

(IR). This is the period in human history that made possible the cycle of efficiency. Effeciency – means
finding the quickest possible way of producing large amounts of a particular product. This process made
buying of goods easier for the people. Then there is increased in demand. Ultimately an increased in
efficiency. This cycle harms the planet in a number of ways.

Food Security

Global food security means delivering sufficient food to the entire world population. Is is,
therefore, a priority of all countries whether develop or less develop. The security of food also means
the sustainability of society such as population growth, climate change, water scarcity, and agriculture.

But perhaps the closest aspect of human life associated with food security is the
environment. The challenges to food security can be traced to the protection of the environment. A
major environmental problem is the destruction of habitat, decline of the availability of fresh water,
degradation of soil or desertification, pollution through toxic chemicals Ultimately, global warming
poses a threat to the global supply of food as well as to the human health (Brown,2007).
Furthermore,population growth and its attendant increase in consumption intensify ecological problem.

Global Income Inequality

Globalization and inequality are closely related, we can see how different nations are divided
between the North and the South, developed and less developed, the core and the periphery. These
differences mainly reflect one key aspect of inequality in the contemporary world - global economic
inequality. There are two (2) main types of economic inequality: wealth inequality and income
inequality.

Wealth - refers to the net worth of a country. It takes into account all the assets of a nation
--- may they be natural, physical, and human --- less the liabilities. It is the abundance of resources in a
specific country. This means that wealth inequality speaks about distribution of assets.
(Economist,2012). To measure global economic inequality, economists usually look at income using the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Income - is the earnings that are constantly being added to a country’s wealth. When we
talk about income inequality , we mean that new earnings are being distributed; it values the flow of
goods and services, not a stock of assets (Economist, 2012).

Why is it that income inequality continues to rise?

1. “Economic Big Bang” wherein the Industrial Revolution caused the differences among
countries, some nations became economically developed while others were developing, the gap
between the richest and the poorest nations are greater today than the past.
 2. Economic globalization and international trade are the forces responsible in today’s
global income inequality.

3. Access to technology, referred to as skilled-based technological change. More educated

and more skilled workers would thrive in technology –based jobs and to received higher wages, where
unskilled workers will fall behind. The result is widening the gap between the rich and the poor as well
as between high-skilled and low-skilled workers.

The Third World and the Global South

First World Countries such as United States, Canada, Western Europe and developed parts
of Asia as the “Global North”, while the “Global South” includes the Caribbean, Latin America, Africa,
and parts of Asia, countries used to be called as Third World countries during the Cold War (Reuveny &
Thompson,2007)

The Global City

The rural-urban differentiation has a significant relationship to globalization. Globalization

has deeply altered North-South relationship in agriculture; agricultural production have been altered
due to the rise of global agribusiness and factory farms (McMichael, 2007). In this scenario, the South
produces non-traditional products for export and become increasingly dependent on industrialized food
exports from the North.

Characteristics of Global Cities

a. Economic power

b. Centers of Authority

c. Center of Political Influences

d. Center of Higher Learning and Culture

Global cities are sites and medium of globalization. Through them, we see the best of
globalization; they are places that creates exciting fusions of culture and ideas. They are also the places
that generate tremendous wealth. However they remain sites of great I nequality, where global
servants serve global entrepreneurs.

. Learning Activity 1: Finding Everyday Pollution

a. Go around your neighborhood and list down the different kinds of pollutants that you see.

b. Make a list of these pollutants and check which one can be recycled and which one need
to be put together for the garbage man to collect.

c. With recycled ones, list the possible things that you can do to make them usable and
explain this in your report.

d. Your report must include your suggestions to the neighborhood.

Learning Activity 2: Tracking My Hometown

Check your hometown and learn about its different barangays. As you go around, write
down what you think are the features and characteristics of at least two (2) of your nearby barangays
including your own barangay. NOTE THE FOLLOWING:

a. Kind of homes that are common: (Residential, apartments and others)

b. The kinds of people you notice in these neighborhoods/barangays:

a. What you think their occupations/works are?

b. How they treat each other? (Courteous, kind among others)

c. How they act in the community? (Cooperative, law-abiding, among others)

 When doing comparison of these barangays, answer the following questions:

a. The differences between these barangays are quite obvious, but can you spot any
similarities?

b. How do these barangays complement or compete against each other?

References: The Contemporary World by Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama

The Contemporary World by Lisandro E Claudio and Patricio N Abinales

Topic 11: Theories of Global Stratification

For much of human history, all of the societies in the world were poor. Poverty was the
norm for everyone but obviously, that is not the case anymore. Just as you find stratification among
socio-economic classes within a society like the Philippines, you would also see across the world a
pattern of global stratification with inequalities in wealth and power between societies.

One of the two (2) main explanations for global stratification is the modernization theory.
This theory frames global stratification as a function of technological and cultural differences between
nations. Two (2) historical events that contributed to Western Europe developing at a faster rate than
much of the rest of the world. The first event is known as the Columbian Exchange, which refers to the
spread of goods, technology, education and diseases between the Americas and Europe. This exchange
worked out well for the European countries. They gained agricultural staples, which contributed to
population growth and provided opportunities for trade, while also strengthening the power of the
merchant class.

The second historical event is the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries. This is
when new technologies, allowed countries to replace human labor with machines and increase
productivity. Industrial technology was very productive that it gradually began to improve standards of
living for everyone. Industrialized countries saw massive improvements in their standards of living and
countries that did not industrialize lag behind.

Modernization theory argues that the tension between tradition and technological change is
the biggest barrier to growth. A society that is more steeped in family systems and traditions may be
less willing to adopt new technologies and the new social systems that often accompany them.

Stages of Modernization

Traditional Stage -- refers to societies that are structured around small, local communities
with production typically being done in family settings. Because of limited resources and technology,
most of their time is spent on laboring to produce food, creates a strict social hierarchy. Tradition rules
how a society functions: “what your parents do is what their parents did, and what you will do when
you grow up, too.”.

Take-off Stage -- people begin to use their individual talents to produce things beyond the
necessities. This innovations creates new markets for trade. In turn, greater individualism takes hold
and social status is more closely linked with material wealth.

Drive to technological maturity -- in which technological growth of the earlier periods

begins to bear fruit in the form of population growth, reductions in absolute poverty levels, and more
diverse job opportunities. Nations begin to push for social change along with economic change, like
implementing basic schooling for everyone and developing more democratic political systems.

High Mass Consumption -- when a country is big enough that production becomes more
about wants than needs. Many of these countries put social support systems in place to ensure that all
of their citizens have access to basic necessities.
 Dependency Theory

The terms “core nations” and “peripheral nations” are the heart of dependency theory.

Peripheral nations -- are countries that are less developed and receive an unequal
distribution of the world’s wealth.

Core nations -- on the other hand, are more industrialized countries who receive the
majority of the world’s wealth.

Dependency theorists saw that the development of peripheral nations is stagnant because of
the exploitative nature of the core nations (Ferraro, 2008). They are said to primarily serve the interests
of the wealthier countries and end up having little or no resources to put toward their own
development, they rely on manual labor and to the export of raw materials to core nations to process
and manufacture goods and sell them at a much higher price. Some of these manufactured goods go
right back to the peripheral nations from which raw materials came, ending up spending more money
on the processed goods. Dependency theory describes a vicious cycle that enforces a hierarchy of
nations across the globe.

The idea of dependence refers to the conditions under which alone the economic and
political system can exist and functions in its connection with the world productive structure (Cardoso &
Faletto, 1979, p. 18). In other words, the very use of term “dependency” was used to underscore the
extent to which the economic and political development of poor countries was conditioned by the
global economy, whose center of gravity was located in the developed nations. Dependency was
perpetuated by the ensemble of ties among groups and classes both between and within nations. This is
known as the concept of “linkage.”

The Modern World-System

American sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein model of what he called the Capitalist World
Economy. Wallerstein described high-income nations as the “core” of the world economy. This core is
the manufacturing base of the planet where resources funnel in to become the technology and wealth
enjoyed by the Western world today. Low-income countries, meanwhile, are the “periphery,” whose
natural resources and labor support the wealthier countries, first as colonies and now by working for
multinationals corporations. Middle-income countries, such as India or Brazil, are considered the semi-
periphery due to their closer ties to the global economic core.

In Wallerstein model, the periphery remains economically dependent on the core in a

number of ways, which tend to reinforce each other. First, poor nations tend to have few resources to
export to rich countries. However, corporations can buy these raw materials cheaply and process and
sell them in richer nations. As a result, the profits tend to bypass the poor countries. Second, poor
nations are also more likely to lack industrial capacity, so they have to import expensive manufactured
goods from richer nations. All of these unequal trade patterns lead to poor nations owing lots of money
to richer nations and creating debt that makes it hard to invest in their own development. In sum,
under dependency theory, the problem is not that there is a lack of global wealth; it is that we do not
distribute it well.

Critics (on Modernization and Dependency Theory), argue that the world economy is not
a zero-sum game -- one country getting richer does not mean other countries are getting poorer.
Innovations, and technological growth can spill over to the other countries, improving all nations’ well-
being and not just rich, nowadays, foreign investments by richer nations helps and do not hurt poorer
countries.

The growth of the world economy and expansion of world trade have coincided with
rising standards of living worldwide, with even the poorest nations almost tripling in the last century.
But with increased trade between countries, trade agreements such as North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) have become a major point of debate, pitting the benefits of free trade against the
cost of jobs within a country’s borders.
VIII. Learning Activity: Knowing your Philippine Economy. (To be submitted before the start of the
next lesson)

a. In the case of the Philippines, How much do you think are we involved in the modern
world-system?

b. Can you identify some of its advantages, its disadvantages of being a part of such?

c. How do you examine economic globalization considering our colonial history?

References: The Contemporary World by Prince Kennex Reguyal Aldama

The Contemporary World by Lisandro E Claudio and Patricio N Abinales