Why rise of Revolutionary activities ?

Result of Miltant Nationalism ( Swadeshi and Boycott )

After Swadeshi :
there was a lack of effective org and leadership.
All avenues of peaceful protests were closed and repressed by Govt.
But Youth thought if goals of independence were to be achieved , Physical force was necessary.

The revolutionary programme :

Considered the options of creating a viloent mass struggle or of subvert the loyalties of Army and were not practical at tha
Hence opted to follow footsteps of Russian Nihilists and Irish Nationalists
The methodology involved :
1. Individual heroic actions of assassinating unpopular officials and traitors within the revolutionaries itself
2. Swadeshi decoities to raise funds for revolutionary activirties
3. To conspire with Military orgs who were enemies to British

The idea :
Was to strike terror in British officials , arouse people and remove the fear of authority.

Why Extremists failed to ideologically counter the Revolutionaries ?

They did not highlight the difference between individual violent activity and a mass revolutionary activity

A Survey of Revolutionary activities

Bengal :
Area / Organisation name
Midnapore ( 1902 )

Anushilan Samithi ( Calcutta )

In 1907, Lt Gov Fraser's train was attempted to be derailed

In 1908, Prafulla Chaki and kudiram Bose threw a bomb at a train meant to carry White Judge Kingsford at Muzaffarnagar
But he was not in the train. Instead two european ladies were killed. Chaki shot himself and Kudiram was tried and hanged
In 1908, Barrah Decoity was organised by Dacca Anushilan under Pulin Das to raise funds for revolutionary activities
In Dec 1912, Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal staged a spectacular bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge ( in Chandni chow
He was injured. Investigations led to Delhi Conspiracy trial.At the end of the trial, Basanth Kumar Biswas, Amir Chand, Avad
convicted and hanged. Rash evaded the arrest by escaing donning a disguise
Western Anushilan Samithi - Jatindranath Mukherjee or Bdha Jatin emerged as Jugantar or Yigantar

During WW - I , Jugantar party arranged to import german arms and ammunition through sympathisers and revolutionarie
Jatin asked Rash Behari to take charge of Upper India for all India insurrection --> came to be called as " German Plot" or
Jugantar party raised funds through series of decoities called tax cab decoities or boat decoities to work out the Indo-Germ
A Guerilla force was planned to be organised against the seizure of fort William but plan was leaked out by a traitor
Jatin and co were located and attacked. He died hero.
" we shall die to awaken the nation" was the call of Bagha Jatin

Newpapers and Journals :

Sandhya and Yuganthar in Bengal
Kal in Maharastra

Failed due to No mass participation and a narrow upper caste social base. Failed to withstand state repression

Maharasthra
1. Ramosi Peasant Force
By Vasudev balwant Phadke ( 1979)
To instigate armed revolt by disrupting communication lines.
Was supressed prematurely

2. tilak
Journal : Kesari and Maharatta
two of his disciples : Chapekar brothers: Damodar and BalaKrishna murdered Rand ( plague commissioner of Pune ) and Lt

3. Savarkar and his brother organised Mitra Mela, Secret society in 1899
Merged with "Abhinav Bharat" ( after Mazzini's young Italy)
Nasik, Pune, Bombay became centres of Bomb manufacture
A.M.T Jackson, collector of Nasik was murdered by Ananth Laxman Kanhere , a member of Abhinav Bharat
38 people were arrested. Savarakar and his brother who were brain behind this conspiracy were sentenced for transporta
forfeiture of all poperty

Punjab :
Punjab extremsim due to frequent famines coupled with rise in land revenue and irrigation tax etc
Lala Lajpath Rai : Punjabee ( with motto of Self help at any cost )
Ajith Singh organised Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan in Lahore with its Journal Bharat Mata

After 1907, after Govt imposed ban on Public gatherings and deportation of Rai and Ajith singh, extremism died down quic
Rash behari Bose ( imp figure of ghadr during WW - I ) met Jatin to discuss an all Indian armed struggle of 1857 type and to
to Punjab. Unable to succeed, he esacped to Japan in 1915. Much later, he played an important role in the founding of Ind

Revolutionary activities abroad

Reasons : Shelter, to bring revolutionary literature that would be immune to Press acts and quest for arms

Person
Shyamji Krishna Varma ( 1905 )

87 b bb

Virendranath Chattopadhyaya

The Ghadr
A revoultionary organised around a weekly " The Ghadr "
HQ : San Francisko and branches along US west coast and in the Far East
Who ? Ex Soldiers and Peasants who migrated to US and Canada for better employment opportunities
Pre-Ghadr revolutionary activity by :
RamDas Puri
G.D. kumar
Sohan Singh Bhakna
Lala Hardayal

The early activist, to carry out revolutionary activities set up :

Swadesh Sevak Home at Vancouver
United India House at Seattle

Finally in 1913, Ghadr was established

Objectives of Ghadr :
To organise assassination of Officials
To Publish revolutionary and anti-Imperialist lierature
Work among Indian troops stationed abroad
Secure arms
To bring about a simulataneous revolt in all British Colonies

Important people behind Ghadr party :

Lala Hardayal
Ramanand
Bhagwan Singh
Barkatullah
Kartar Singh Saraba
Bhai Paramanand

Komagata Maru Incident and the Ghadr

Komat garu was the name of the ship carrying mainly Sikh and unjabi Muslims , would be immigrants from Singapore to Va
Canadain authorities send back after two months of privation and uncertainty ( believed to be influenced by British )
Finally , Ship was anchored at Calcutta in September , 1914
Inmates refused to board Punjab - Bound train
Violence broke with police and 22 were killed
Enraged by this incident and WW I, Ghadr sent leaders to oust British from India
Kartar Singh Saraba and Raghubar Dayal Gupta reached India and Rash behari and Sachin Sanyal were asked to lead move
Political decoities were conducted in Punjab ( Jan - Feb 1915 ) --> created explosive situation in Punjab
Ghadrites fixed Feb 21, 1915 for armed revolt in Ferozepur, Lahore and Rawalpindi
But the plan was foiled due to treachery and Govt took immediate action using Defence of India Rules, 1915( passed prima
Rebellious regiments disbanded, leaders arrested and deported and 45 were hanged
Rash Behari fled to Japan ( and from their he and Abani Mukherjee tried to send arms )
Sachin Sanyal were transported for life
Apart from Bengali Revolutionaries, punjab Ghadrites , radical pan Islamists like Moulana Azad, Hasrat Mohani and Ali Bro
for years

Evaluation of Ghadr
Achievement is in the realm of ideology : Militant Nationalism with a completely secular approach
Politically and militarily, could not achieve much : lack of effective and sustained leadership, under estimation of preparati
organisational,ideological, financial, tactical strategies
Perhaps, Hardayal was unsuited for the job of an Organiser

Revolutionaries in Europe :
Berlin committee for Indian Independence (1915 )
By virendranath Chatopadyaya , Bhupendra nath dutta, Lala Haradayal and others with the help of German Foreign office u
Zimmerman Plan
Another Mission under Raja Mahendra Pratap, Barkatullah and Obaidullah Saindhi went to Kabul to establish Provincial Ind
the help of the crown prince " Amanullah"

Mutiny in Singapore
Feb 15, 1915
Punjabi Muslim 5th light infantry and 36th sikh battalion under Jamadar Chisti Khan, Jamadar Abdul Gani and Subedar Dau

Decline
release of prisoners after WW 1 cooled down passion a bit
Montague's August 1917 statement and talk of Constitutional reforms
Coming of Gandhi with Non Violence , non co-operation
leaders associated
Jnanendra nath Basu
Founder : Promotha Mittar
Jatindranath Banerjee
Barindra Kumar ghosh and others
Events associated
1.An inner circle of the samiti started a weekly
" Yugantar"
2. Conducted a few abortive actions.
3. In 1907, Tried to kill Fuller ( a former Lt Gov
of Eastern Bengal and orissa ).
4. The whole Anushilan group including ghosh
brothers, Aurobindo and Barindra was
arrested in "Alipore conpsiracy case
( Manicktolla bomb conspiracy or Muraripukur
conspiracy). Aurobindi was acquitted
( defended by C.Das ) . Barindar( as head ) and
Ullaskar Dutt ( maker of bombs ) were given
death penalty but commuted to life
imprisonment. Narendra Gosain ( or
Goswami ) who turned approver was shot
dead in Jail by two co-accused Satyendranath
Bose and Kanailal Dutta
Base Activities
 India House ( an Indian Home Rule Society )
Journal : the Indian Sociologist
Provided scholarships to bring Indian Youth
from India.
Savarkar and Hardayal were members of India
House.
Madanlal Dinfra of this society assassinated
Curzon - Wyllie in 1909. Soon London became
dangerous for Revolutionaries. ( partuclarly
after Savarkar has been transported in Nasik
case)
London
Madam Bikaji Cama had french contacts and
Geneva and Paris she brought out " bande Mataram "
Chose this after Anglo-German relations
Berlin deteriotated after 1909