Indian Freedom Movement

INDIAN FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Founding of Indian National Congress:

Indian national congress was founded in December 1885 by A.O. Hume, a retired English
civil servant.
the idea behind its foundation was to create a forum to ventilate t he grievances and feelings
of the mass movement in a strong and unified code.
Emergence of Extremism:
A section of the congress leaders felt that the peaceful means of attaining independence
would not do, unless stern methods were adopted to achieve the goal.
The leaders preached the boycott of British goods and the adoption of Swadeshi.
Though the end of both extremists and moderates was that of self government the means
adopted by them were different.
The well known extremist leaders were Lokmanya Bal Gangadhara Tilak from
Maharashtra, Lala Lajpat Rai from Punjab and Bipin Chandra Pal from Bengal.
This trio was called Lal-Bal-Pal.
Partition of Bengal (1905):

Bengal which included Bihar and Orissa in those days was too big to be administered, so felt
Lord Curzn who split it into two-one with Dacca was capital and other with Calcutta.
As the underlying motive behind this move, was to weaken the Bengali nationalism and its
solidarity.
Swadeshi Movement (1906):

The agitation was aimed at the ‘boycott of British goods’ expecially cotton goods.
Surendranath Banerjee spearheaded the movement, which speedily spread throughout India.
Other eminent leaders of this movement were Shri. Aurobindo Ghosh and Bipin Chandra pal.
Minto-Morley Reforms (1909):

Lord Minto, the then viceroy introduced certain drastic laws to curb the extremist movement
and please the moderates.
The drastic measures were known as Minto-Marley reforms-named after him and Morley, the
then secretary of state for India.
The worst part of the reforms was that separate electorate was introduced for Muslims.
Landlords, merchant class, etc., were given separate representation.
Indian League:
the organization, Indian league was founded in England to mobilize public opinion against
the British government and espouse the cause of Indian independence.
www.clatpossible.com
The Muslim League (1906):
The Muslims in India grew suspicious of Hindu majority.
The well-known policy of the English, ‘Divide-et-impera’ culminated in the formation of
Muslim league in 1906 under the leadership of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
to promote the feeling of loyalty among the Muslims and advance the political rights
and interests of the Muslims in India.
Later, Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the president.
Home Rule movement (1916):

Home rule movement was started by Mrs.Annie Besant in Madrasi in 1916 to secure home
rule for the Indian.
The movement vanished, when lord Montague, secretary of state for India made his august
declaration in 1917 promising self-government in stages for India.
Lucknow Pact (1916):

As a result of strong growth of nationalism among the Indians during the First World War,
the congress and the Muslim league came closer to a pact known as Lucknow pact in 1916.
Their joint demand that a majority of the members of the legislative council be elected, that
at least half of the viceroy’s council be filled with Indians and that more powers be given to
the legislative council.
Congress and league unitedly made plea for Swaraj.
But the spirit was short-lived and both were kept separate.
August Declaration (1917):

Indian rendered a great help to the allies in the First World War.
Hence in order to satisfy the demand of self-government, the British government made an
important declaration on 10th august, 1917 which stated that control over the Indian
government would be gradually transferred to the Indian people and a responsible
government would be set up gradually.
Montague-Chelmsford Reforms (1919):

Following the august declaration, Mr. Edwin Montague, the then secretary of state, paid a
visit to India to have first hand information.
He stayed in India for five months. Along with the then Viceroy Lord Chelmsford, he drew
up a report called Montague-Chelmsford report.
On the basis of this report was born the famous Montague-Chelmsford reforms, which
introduced several reforms.
This act setup a bicameral legislature in New Delhi in the place of Imperial
Legislative Council.
A system of direct elections was introduced but franchise remained restricted.
The law-making power of the central legislature was increased.
The size of the provincial councils was enlarged.
It introduced diarchy in the provinces.
Rowlatt Act (1919):
In 1918, the Government appointed a Sedition Committee with Mr. Justice Rowlatt as its
Chairman to study the nature and extent of the Revolutionary movement in India and to
suggest how to deal with it.
On the basis of his recommendation, Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919.
This According to the Act, the Government could detain the people in prison for an indefinite
period without trial.
Jallianwalabagh Tragedy (1919):

There was agitation against the Rowlatt Act.
Intolerance of the British government reached its pinnacle when general dyer fired on
unarmed peaceful gathering of protesters met on 13th April, 1919, the Baisakhi day.
Satyagraha (1919):
To nullify the effect of the Rowlatt Act, Mahatma Gandhi launched his Satyagraha
movement to offer passive and peaceful resistance to the cruel and unjust laws so that the
government might be object to repeat the law.
The Satyagraha day was observed on Sunday, the 16th April, 1919, throughout India.
Non-violent Non-cooperation Movement (1920-22):

The ghastly events in Punjab in 1919 made Mahatma Gandhi launch the all India non-violent
non-cooperation movement on 1st august 1920.
This was the first important step in the freedom movement.
This movement was not confined to the elite section but involved all the villagers.
The Khilafat Movement (1920):

After the First World War, the British government imposed harsh terms on turkey.
The people looked upon the head of Turkey as the Khalifa or their religious head.
The Muslims under the leadership of all brothers, Maulana Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali
started what is known as Khilafat movement and the congress adopted it is as a part of the
non-cooperation movement.
The Swarajist Party:

It dominated the scene from 1923 to 1925.
The party believed in attaining Swaraj by putting obstacles on the way of government.
Its leaders were C.R.Das, Pt Motilal Nehru and others.
The party was well known for its walkouts from legislatures.
The party weakened after the death of C.R.Das in 1925.
Simon Commission (1928):
The 1919 act had laid down that after ten years, a commission would visit India to assess the
success of the 1919 reforms and to suggest further reforms.
However, the Indians pressed for reforms even earlier than 1929. Hence the Simon
commission visited Indian February 1928.
The commission was headed by sir john Simon, a brilliant lawyer from England. All the
seven members of the commission were British.
Hence, the slogan ‘Simon go back’.
Wherever the commission wept, it was greeted by black flags.
Civil Disobedience (1930):

On 12th march 1930, Gandhi undertook Dandimarch from Sabarmati Ashram [Ahmedabad]
to break salt law.
He reached Dandi, a small village on Gujrat coast on 6th April, 1930 after traversing 38kms.
With 78 followers.
First Round Table Conference (1930):

The British understood dissatisfaction on Indian people over the Simon commission report.
Hence the British government called a round table conference in London in November 1930
to draw up a constitution of India.
Representatives from British India and Indian states participated.
The recommendations of the conference were not found satisfactory.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931):

Gandhi and Lord Irwin entered into a pact known as Gandhi-Irwin pact or Delhi pact on 5th
march 1931 in New Delhi to withdraw the civil disobedience movement.
Irwin released all the political prisoners and the salt was laws were so amended that the
people could collect salt from the seacoast for personal use.
Second Round Table Conference (1931):

Second round table conference took place in September 1931 and lasted for three month.
Gandhi was the sole representative of the congress party.
The conference promised party responsible government at the center.
Communal award (1932):

Mr. Ramsay McDonald came out with his ‘communal award’ on 6th august 1932 to fix seats
for the various communities in the provincial legislatures.
Separate electorates were decided and depressed classes were given separate representation.
The Muslim received more than what they demanded.
The award tried to weaken the national unity.
Poona Pact (1931):

The communal award gave separate representation for the depressed class.
Mahatma Gandhi, who was in Yeravada jail in Poona, saw the motive to divide the Hindus
by this award.
Hence he went on a fast upto death on 20th September 1931.
The leaders of the depressed classes came to an understanding and a partially joint electorate
was accepted.
Gandhiji broken his fast on 26th September.
The British also agreed to amend the communal award accordingly.
Gandhiji came out of the jail and devoted himself towards the upliftment of Harijans.
Third Round Table Conference (1932):

The third round Table Conference was held in November 1932 and lasted for five weeks.
Deliberations were held on the Indian Constitution.
The Government of India Act of 1935:

The British parliament passed a new act which was to come into force from 1st April 1937.
The act proposed an (a) all India federation consisting of British India and Indian states; (b)
diarchy at centre; and (c) autonomy in provinces.
Demand for Pakistan (1940):

In his presidential address at the Lahore session of the Muslim League, Jinnah stressed that
the Muslims could no longer tolerate the Hindu rule and thus he gave rise to the “two nation
theory” on 22nd march 1940.
A resolution was passed demanding that provinces with Muslim majority should be created
as a separate sovereign state called Pakistan.
Cripps Mission (1942):

On 7th December, Japan declared war on British and America.
Her initial victories baffled political pundits in Britain.
Hence, in order to get the support of the Indian people. Sir Stafford Cripps, a distinguished
member of the British cabinet visited India to have consultations with the congress and
Muslim league.
He promised the Indian the right to draw up the constitution and grant dominion status.
Quite India Resolution (1942):

On 8th august 1942, the congress committee passed the quite India resolution.
Immediately, Gandhiji and congress working committee members were arrested.
The congress was banned and the police took possession of all the offices of the congress.
There were violent riots and official machinery broke down.
Indian National Army (1942):

The two inseparable names in the history of Indian Independence struggle are Netaji Subash
Chandra Bose and Indian national army.
For his patriotic activities, Netaji was interned in his house at Calcutta.
Towards the end of January 1941, he mysterious disappeared from the house.
In 1942, he managed to reach Burma, which had been occupied by Japan that time.
The Japanese had captured a large number of Indian soldiers as prisoners of war.
Out of these man , he formed the INA(Azad Hind Fauj) in 1943 in Singapore and gave the
slogan ‘Jai Hind’
Parliamentary Delegation (1946):

The labour party came to power in England with Mr. Clement Attlee as the Prime Minister.
It raised hopes of Indian independence.
A parliament delegation consisting of leader of various parties of England arrived in India in
January 1946 to interview leader of various parties and to make recommendation on the
framing of the constitution of India.
The delegation which toured India returned to England in February 1946 and favored
independence to India at the earliest.
Cabinet Mission (1946):

A Cabinet Mission consisting of three cabinet ministers - Lord Pethic Lawrence, the then
Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander, arrived in India in
March 1946 to help India achieve its independence and prepare the constitution of India.
In May 1946 the mission convened a conference at Simla consisting of our representatives of
congress and Muslim League.
Elections to Constituent Assembly (1946):

In the elections to constituent Assembly in July 1946, congress won most of the seats.
Muslim league got enraged at this and decided to achieve Pakistan by direct action.
Direct Action Day (1946):

The Muslim league ministry declared 16 august 1946 as direct action day at Calcutta.
The Muslim league ministry of Bengal declared this day a public holiday.
Calcutta went through a blood bath on that day.
35. Meeting of the Constituent Assembly (1946):
The Constituent assembly met on 19th December 1946 to draw up the Constitution for India.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was its President and Dr. Ambedkar was chairman of the drafting
committee.
However, the Muslim League kept off from the meeting.
Indian Independence Act, 1947:

As there were disturbances in Punjab and Bengal for partition, there was no other alternative
than conceding the demand.
Thus, India was partitioned into Indian dominion and Pakistan dominion on 15th August
1947.
The princely states were left free either to join with India or with Pakistan or to remain
independent taking into account the geographical location and religion.
Thus, India became independent on 15th 1947.
VICEROYS OF INDIA AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THEIR RULE
Robert Clive (1757-1760) (1765-1767)
Governor of Bengal from 1957-60 and again from 1765-67
Started dual government in Bengal in 1765.
He forbade the servants of company from indulging in private trade and made payment
of internal duties obligatory.
Bengal white mutiny by white brigades at Allahabad and Monghyr, they were arrested
and tried.
Warren Hastings (1772-1785)

Introduced quintessential settlement of land revenue in 1772 farming out lands to the
highest bidder. Later on he reversed to annual settlement (1777) on the basis of open
auction to the highest bidder.
Made appointments of collectors and other revenue officials.
Codified Hindu and Muslim laws.
Trial of Nand Kumar and his judicial murder in1775.
Foundation of Asiatic society of Bengal with the help of William Jones in 1784.
Associated with the Chait Singh (Benaras Raj) affair, 1775.
After his return to England in 1785, impeachment proceedings were initiated against
him in the House of Lords but after a long trail of 7 years, he was eventually acquitted.
He abolished the dual government in 1772.
Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)

In 1791, Sanskrit college in Bananas, founded by Jonathan Duncan.
The permanent settlement introduced in 1793.
The police system was introduced.
The district Faujdari Adalats presided over by Indian Judges abolished and in their
place four circuit courts were established presided by European covenanted Servants.
The Sadri Nizamat Adalat also replaced
Cornwallis code was introduced. it was based on separation of powers
The collector was divested of judicial and magisterial powers; he was the head of
revenue administration.
District judge was appointed as the head of judiciary at the district level.
Lord Wellesley (1793 - 1798)

Described himself a Bengal Tiger.
Created the Madras Presidency after the annexation of the Kingdoms of Tanjore and
Carnatic.
Introduced the System of subsidiary alliance.
The States that signed the alliance were first Hydrabad in 1798 and then Mysore,
Tanjore, Awahd, Peshwa, Bhonsle, Sindhia, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Mecheri, Bundi,
Bharatpur, Berar.
Signed treaty of Bassien with the Peshwa and fought second Anglo- Maratha war.
Lord Lake Captured Delhi and Agra and the Mughal emperor were put under
company’s protection.
Lord Minto (1801 - 1813)

Signed treaty of Amritsar in 1809 between Ranjit Singh and the English.
Sent in 1808 mission of Malcom to Persia and that of Eliphinston to Kabul.
Lord Hastings (1813 - 1823)

He was made Marques of Hastings due to his success in the Gorkha war of the Anglo
Nepalese war.
Singed treaty of Sagauli in 1816 after defeating Gorkha leader Amar Singh.
Abolished Peshwaship and annexed his territories in the Bombay Presidency after the
third Anglo-Maratha war (1818).
Introduction of Ryotwari settlement in Madras Presidency by governor, Thomas Munro
(1820).
Mahalwari (village community) system of land revenue was made in North West
province by James Thomson.
Lord Amherst (1823-1828)

Received by the Mugal emperor (Akbar II) ON TERMS OF EQUALITY IN 1827.
Signed treaty of Yandaboo in 1826 with lower Burma or Pegu by which British
merchants were allowed to settle in southern coast of Burma and Rangoon.
Lord William Bentick (1828-1835)

First Governor General of India by Government of India Act 1833.
Known as benevolent Governor General
Banned Practice sati in 1829
Banned female infanticide
Created the province of Agra in 1834
He made English the court language in higher court but Persian continued in lower
courts.
The regulation of 1833 on land revenue settlement by Meritns Bird (called father of
land revenue settlement in North). Use of fields’ maps and filed registers were
prescribed for the first time.
Inquiry into titles of Inam lands.
1830, annexation of cachar took place.
1831 rebellion of Titu Mir and Kols.
Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-1836)
Abolished restriction on press.
Called Liberator of press.
Lord Auckland (1836-1842)

Tripartite treaty was signed between the company, Singh and Shah Shuja.
First Afghan war started
Mandavi state was annexed
Lord Elle borough (1842-1844)

Annexation of Sind to British empire (1843)
Slavery abolished
Lord Dalhousie (1849-1856)

Introduced the policy of Doctrine of Lapse or law of Escheat which postulated that
Indian States having no natural heir would be annexed to the Brithsh Empire. The
Indian States thus annexed were Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849), Baghat
(1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).
Introduced Wood’s dispatch known as the Magna Carta of English education in India
prepared by Charles wood, the President of the board of control in 1854. It suggested a
scheme of education from the primary to the university level.
It recommended establishment of Anglo-vernacular schools in districts, government
colleges in important towns and universities in presidency towns and introduction of
vernacular languages as medium of instruction.
Boosted up the development of railways. He laid the first railway line in 1853 from
Bombay to Thane and second from Calcutta to Raniganj.
Gave a great impetus to post and telegraph. Telegraph lines were laid (first line form
Calcutta to Agra).
Organized a separate public works Department by divesting the military board of this
power. Shimla was made summer capital and army headquarter.
Hindu remarriage Act was passed in 1856
Annexed Awadh in 1856, on the pretext of misgornment, when Nawab Wajid Ali Shah
refused to abdicate.
A post office Act was passed in 1854. Postage stamps were issued for the first time.
In 1855 the Santhal uprising took place.
Lord Canning (1856-1862)

Revolt of 1857
Queen Victoria’s proclamation and passing of the Indian Act of 1858.
Doctrine of lapse, which was started by Lord Dalhousie, was withdrawn in 1859.
Foundation of the universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857.
Indigo revolt in Bengal in 1859-60
White mutinied by the European troops of East India Company in 1859
Bahadur Shah was sent to Rangoon.
Indian Penal code was enacted.
Enactment of Code of Criminal Procedure.
Lord Elgin (1862-1863)

Suppressed the Wahabi movement.
Sir John Lawrence (1864-69)

Famine Commission was constituted.
Following a policy of rigid non-interference in Afghanistan called policy of masterly
inactivity.
Set up High Courts in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in the Year 1865.
Lord Mayo (1869-1872)

Wahabi and Kuka movement were active.
Mayo was murdered.
Lord Lytton (1876-1880)

Passing of the Royal Title Act of 1876 and the assumption of the title empress of India
by Queen Victoria.
Holding of Delhi Durbar in 1877.
Passing of the Vernacular Press Act of 1878, which empowered a magistrate to call
upon the printer and publisher of any vernacular newspaper to enter into an
undertaking not to publish any news, which would create antipathy against the
government.
Passing of the Arms Act of 1878
The famine of 1876-78.
Lord Ripon (1880-1884)

Passing of the first factory Act in 1881 for the welfare of child labour.
Vernacular press Act was repealed in 1882.
Foundation of local self government was laid in 1882 by passing the local self-
government Acts in various provinces during the period 1883-84.
Holding of first decennial and regular census in 1881, which put the total population at
254 million.
Appointment of an education commission under Sir William Hunter in 1882.
The Ilbert bill controversy, 1883-84 relating to passing of a bill framed by the law
member of the viceroy’s council Sir C.P. Ilbert which abolished judicial
disqualification based on race.
There was strong protest on the part of the Europeans particularly the English and
eventually under pressure the government amended the bill and provided for the rights
of the Europeans to claim trial by jury of 12, out of which at least 7 were to be
Europeans.
Financial decentralization, the source of revenue was divided into imperial, provincial
and divided.
Rendition of Mysore.
Lord Dufferin (1884-1888)

Foundation of Indian national congress.
Third Anglo-Burmese war.
In 1886 upper Burma was annexed.
Lord Lansdowne (18888-1894)

Passed the Age of Constant Act in 1891, which forbade marriage of girls below 12
years.
In 1891, second Factory Act was passed.
In 1892, Indian Council Act passed.
In 1893, Durant Mission was sent to Kabul.
Lord Elgin II
Famine in parts of Rajasthan.
Lyall commission appointment to look into the cause of famines.
Lord Curzon (1899-1905)

Creation of a new province called the North West Frontier Provinces.
Appointment of Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to inquire into the police
administration in 1902-03. It recommended enhancement in salaries and creation of a
department of criminal intelligence.
Appointment of universities Commission in 1902 under Sir Thomas Releigh. India
Universities Act was passed in 1904. It provided for the increase in the official control
over universities by enhancing nominated member over elected ones.
Creation of a new department of commerce and industry.
Passing of ancient monuments protection Act in 1904 for the preservation of India’s
cultural heritage. This was followed by the foundation of Archaeological survey of
India.
Appointed Mac Donnell Commission of famine in 1900.
Ranaldshay wrote a biography titled “The life of Lord Curzon”.
Partition of Bengal.
Lord Minto II (1905-1910)

S.P. Sinha was appointed a member of Governor General’s Council.
In 1906 Arundale Committee on political reforms submitted its report.
Lord Hardinge (1910-16)

o Coronation durbar in 1911 at Delhi in honour of George V.
Separate States of Bihar and Orissa were created in 1911.
He shifted the capital to Delhi in 1911.
Kamagata maru incident took place.
In 1916, Saddler committee on Universities appointment.
Banaras Hindu University was founded
Tilak founded Home Rule League.
Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)

He laid the foundation of women’s university of Poona.
Hunter Commission was appointed to inquire into Punjab wrong was appointed.
Home Rule League formed by Annie Besant.
Rowlatt committee submitted its report.
Third Afghan War began.
Aligarh Muslim University founded in 1920.
Lord Reading (1921-26)

Foundation of Rashtriya Swajam Sevak Sangh by K.B. Hedgewar at Nagpur in 1925.
Beginning of Indianisation of the officer’s cadre of the Indian Army.
Railway Budget was separated from General Budget in 1921
Lee commission on public services appointed in 1924, a report was submitted in the
same year.
Visva Bharti University started by Rabindra Nath Tagore.
Lord Irwin (1926-31)

Popularly known as Christian Viceroy
Appointment of the Indian States Commission under Harcourt Butler (1927) to recommend
measures for the establishment of better relations between the Indian States and the central
government.
Royal commission on Indian labour was appointed in 1929, gave it report in 1931.
Sarda Act was passed in 1929. It prohibited marriage of girls below 14 years and boys
below 18 years of age.
Indian School of mines was opened in Dhanbad.
Royal commission on Agriculture was constituted in 1927.
Simon commission arrived in Bombay.
Meerut conspiracy case.
Jinnah formulated 14 points after Nehru report.
Bhagat Sigh and Betukeshwar Dutta drop- bombs in the legislative assembly.
Gandhiji began Dandi March.
First round table conference took place without the congress.
Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed.
Gandhiji left for London to participate in 2nd round table conference.
Lord Wellington (1931-1936)
Communal award was declared in 1932.
Third round table conference took place in 1932.
White paper on political reforms in India was published in 1933.
Burma and Aden were separated form the British Empire in 1935.
Orissa, Bihar and Sind were made new states.
Lord Linlithgow (1936-1943)

August offer by the viceroy in which he declared the dominion status as the ultimate goal
of British policy in India.
At its Haripura session in 1936, Congress declared Poorna Swaraj ideal to cover native
status and British India.
In 1940, civil disobedience movement commenced.
In 1942, Cripps mission was appointed.
C. Rajagopalachari formula was proposed.
Congress started Quit India movement.
Lord Wavel(1943-1947)
Wavel plan, Shimla conference.
Interim government was formed on September 2, 1946.
Prime minister of Britain, Clement Atlee announced independence of India on February
20, 1947.
Cabinet mission was appointed in 1946.
On 16th August, 1946, Muslim League began Direct action day.
Lord Mountbatten (1947-1948)

Earlier proposed plan Balkhan i.e. total dismemberment of the Indian Territory but soon
gave up the idea.
He made it clear to the princely status that they shall not be granted separate independence
and they will have to join either India or Pakistan.
His plan to make India free on August 15, 1947. This is also known as June 3rd Plan.
C. Rajagopalchari (1948-50)
First Indian Government General.
LIST OF BOOKS ON HISTORY

BOOKS AUTHORS
Ain – I – Akbari, Akbar Nama Abul Fazal
Babar Nama Babur
Buddha Charitma Ashvaghosha
Dharmashastra Manu
Harsha Charitra, Kadambari Bana Bhatt
Kumara Sambhava Kalidas
Kehgdooth Kalidas
Malavikagnimitra Kalidas
Rahugvamsa Kalidas
Ritu Samhara Kalidas
Shakuntala Kalidas
Panchatantra Vishnu Sharma
Ram Chartra Manas, Vinya Patrika Tulsidas
Shah Nama Firdausi
LITERTURE OF MODERN INDIA

Abdul Kalam Azad Indian wins Freedom
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Anandmath , Devi Choudhurani, Sitaram
Bhagat Singh Why I am an Atheist?
Bipin Chandra Pal Memories of my life and Times
Dayanand Saraswati Satyartha Prakash, Bhasya Bhumika, Veda
Bhasya
J.L. Nehru The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World
History
Jyotib Phule Gulam Giri
Mahatma Gandhi My Experiments with Truth, Hindu Swaraj
Radhakrishnana Indian Philosophy, The future of
Civilization
R.C. Majumdar Seopy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857
R.P. Dutt The song of India
Sarojini Naidu The song of India
Subhash Chandra Bose The Indian Struggle
V.D. Savarkar The war of Independence
W.C. Banerjee Indian Politics
MAJOR DYNSTIES OF ANCIENT INDIA

Dynasty Founder
Haryak Dynasty (544B.C. to 413 B.C.) Bimbisara
Nand Dyansty (344 B.C. to 322 B.C.) Mahapadmananda
Maurya Dyansty (322 B.C. to 185 B.C.) Chandragupta Maurya
Sunga Dyansty (185 B.C. to 75 B.C.) Pushyamitra
Kanva Dyansty (75 B.C. to 30 B.C.) Vasudev
Satvahan Dyansty (30 B.C. to 225 A.D.) Simuka
Kushana Dyansty (50 A.D. to 230 A.D.) Kanishka
Chola Dyansty (190 A.D. to 600 A.D.) Karikal
Gupta Dyansty (275 A.D. to 550 A.D.) Srigupta
Pallava Dyansty (550 A.D. to 606 Narsimhavaraman Mahamalla
A.D.)(Tamilnadu)
Rashtrakuta Dynasty (750 A.D. to 936 Danti Durga
A.D.)
Chandella Dynasty (800 A.D. to 1202 Nannuka
A.D.)
Chola Dynasty (850 A.D. to 1279 A.D.) Vijayalaya
Chalukya Dynasty (942 A.D. to 1197 A.D.) Pulakesin I
Hoyasala Dynasty (1110 A.D. to 1342 Vishnu Vadhan
A.D.)
Slave Dynasty (1206-1290) Qutub – ud – din Aibak
Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) Sultan Jalal-Ud-din Khilji
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Sayyid Dynasty (1290-1320) Khizr Khan
Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526) Bahlul Lodi
Mughal Dyansty (1526-1540) and (1555- Babur
1857)
IMPORTANT DATES IN INDIA HISTORY

Year
78 Epoch of Saka era
120 Accession of Kushana ruler Kanishka I
320 Commencement of Gupta era
360 A Ceylonese embassy comes to the court of Samudragupta
380 Accession of Gupta ruler Chandragupta Vikramaditya
405-411 Travels of Fa-hsien
415 Accession of Kumara Gupta I
606 Accession of Kumara Gupta I
609 Coronation of Pulakesin – II
641 Harsha’s embassy to China
642 Death of Pulakesin – ii
643 Harsha’s meeting with Hiuen Tsand
647 Death of Harsha
712 First Arab invasion of Sind
736 Founding of Dhilika (First city Delhi)
836 Accession of King Bhoja of Kannauj
985 Accession of Rajaraja the Great Chola
998 Accession of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni
1001 First invasion of India by Mahmud of Ghazni
1012-44 Reign of Rajendra Chola
1025 Destruction of Somnath Temple by Mahmud of Ghazni
1191 Second Battle of Tarain (or Taraori)
1206 Accession of Qutub – ud- Ding Aibak to the throne of Delhi
1210 Death of Qutub – ud – Din Aibak
1221 Invasion of Mangoles under Changez Khan
1236 Accession of Raziya Sultana to the throne of Delhi
1240 Death of Raziya Sultana
1265 Accession of Balban to the Delhi throne
1316 Death of Ala-ud-Din Khilji
1325 Accession of Muhammad – bin-Tughlaq
1327 Transfer of Capital from Delhi to Deogiri (renamed Daulatabad)
1333-34 Arrival of Moroccan traveler Ibn-Tughlaq.
1336 Foundation of Vijayanagar Empire in South India
1351 Accession of Firoz Shah Tughlaq
1398 Invasion of Timur Lang
1469 Birth of Guru Nanak
1494 Accession of Babar in Farghana
1498 First voyage of Vasco-da-Gama. Discovery of sea route to India via
the Cape of Good Hope.
1509 Accession of Vijayanagar ruler Krishnadeva Raja
1509-27 Regin of Rana Sanga in Mewar
1526 First Battle of Panipat; Foundation of Mughal Rule in Northern India
1527 Battle of Kannauj
1540 Battle of Kannauj
1542 Birth of Akbar Amarkot (Sind)
1545 Death of Sher Shah Suri
1556 Second Battle of Panipat
1562 Akbar marries a princess of Amber
1565 Battle of Talikota
1576 Battle of Hildighati; Rana Pratap Defeated by Akbar
1579 Promulgation of Infallibility Decree (Muzhar) by Mughal ruler Akbar
the Great
1597 Death of Rana Pratap
1600 Establishment of East India Company
1605 Death of Akbar
1606 Execution of Guru Arjun Dev
1611 Jehangir Marries Nur Jahan
1616 Sir Thomas Roe Visits Jehangir
1627 Birth of Shivaji
1628 Shahjahan becomes Mughal Emperor
1631 Death of Mumtaz Mahal
1634 The English are permitted to trade in Bengal
1649 Persians recover Kandhar
1657 War of succession among sons of Shahjahan
1658 Battle of Bharmat
1659 Battle of Samugarh; Aurangzeb’s accession to the throne
1664 Shivaji visits the Mughal court of Agra; his imprisonment and
escape; Birth of Guru Gobind Singh
1674 Shivaji assumes the title of Chhatriapati
1675 Execution of Teg Bahadur, The ninth Guru of Sikhs
1680 Death of Shivaji
1707 Death of Aurangazeb
1708 Death of Guru Gobind Singh
1717 Battle of Kirkee
1739 Nadir Shah Invades India
1757 Battle of Plassey: Establishment of British political influence in India
at the hands of Lord Clive.
1760 Battle of Wandiwash
1761 Third Battle of Panipat
1764 Battle of Buxar
1770 The Great Bengal Famine
1773 The Regulating Act
1776 Treaty of Purandar
1780 Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1784 Pitt’s India Act
1785 Resignation of Warren Hastings
1793 Permanent Settlement of Bengal
1801 Coronation of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1802 Treaty of Bassien
1809 Treaty of Amritsar
1829 Sati System abolished by Lord William Bentick
1830 Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Charter Act 1833.
1839 Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1845 Battle of Sabraon
1853 First Railway line opened in India from Bombay to Thane
1857 Indian Mutiny (First War of India Independence)
1861 Indian Councils Act; Birth of Rabindra Nath Tagore.
1869 Birth of Gandhiji
1876-77 Delhi Darbar; Queen Victoria Accuses the title of Kaiser – i-Hind.
1883 The Ilbert Bill
1885 Foundation of Indian National Congress
1889 Birth of Jawaharlal Nehru
1892 Indian Councils Act
1897 Birth of Subhas Chandra Bose
1904 British Expedition to Tibet
1905 First Partition of Bengal under Lord Curzon
1906 Foundation of Muslim League
1907 Birth of Bhagat Singh
1909 Morley – Minto Reforms
1911 Delhi becomes the capital
1914 World war I Started
1918 World war I ended
1919 Montageu-Chemsford reforms; Jallianwalabagh Bagh massacre at
Amritsar; Rowlatt Act.
1920 Khilafat Movement
1921 Chauri Chaura Outrage in U.P.
1925 Kakori Conspiracy Case
1927 Broadcasting starts in India
1928 Death of Lala Lajpat Rai (Sher-e-Punjab)
1929 Resolution of Complete Independence passed at Lahore Congress
1930 Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi (6 April)
1931 Gandhi – Irwin Pact
1935 Government of India Act.
1937 Provincial Autonomy Formation of Popular Governments
1939 World War II Started (September 1)
1941 Death of Rabindra Nath Tagore, Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose
from India
1942 Quite India Movement (8 August)
1943 Bengal Famine; Indian National Army formed
1945 World War II ended, Trial of INA at Red Fort; Shimla Conference,
Failure of Wavell Plan.
1946 British Cabinet Mission visited India, Interim Government formed at
the centre.
1947 Indian Independence, India Partitioned
1948 Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi (January 30), Integration of
Princely States
1949 Ceasefire in Kashmir; Enactment of Indian Constitution (November
26).
1950 India becomes Republic (January 26)
1951 First five – Year Plan launched; First Asian Games held at Delhi
1952 First General Elections to the Lok Sabha
1953 Mount Everest conquered by Tenzing Norgay and Sir Edmund
Hillary.
1954 Pachshila signed by India and China
1957 Second General Elections.
1959 Dalia Lama escapes to India’s elections with China worsen as a result
of latter’s claim over Indian territories in NEFA and Ladakh.
1961 Third five – year plan launched; Liberation of Goa from Portuguese
possession.
1962 Third General elections; Chinese aggression (October 20).
1964 Death of Jawaharlal Nehru (May27): Lal Bahadur Shastri Becomes
Prime Minster.
1965 Indo-Pak War; cease fire.
1966 Indo-Pak summit at Tashkent; Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri (January
11); Mrs. Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister of India; Formation
of Haryana State.
1967 Fourth General Elections
1969 Death of President Zakir Hussain; Split in Indian National Congress;
Nationalization of Banks.
Century Dynasty
6- 4 BC Magadha Dynasty (North India)
544-492 Bimbisara
492-460 Ajatshatru
344-323 Maha Padma Nanda, Dhana Nanda
4-2 BC Mauryan Empire (Areas South of Karnataka)
1 BC – AD Kushanas (Northern India and Central Asia)
78-106 Kanishka
AD 4 – AD 6 Guptas (North India)
319/20-300 Chandragupta I
330-375 Samudragupta
375-413 Chandra Gupta II
413-455 Kumargupta I
455-477 Skandagupta
AD 4- AD 9 Pallavas (Tamil Nadu)
AD 5-AD 6 Hunas (Northwestern India and Central Asia)
300-888 Pallavas (Tamil Nadu)
630-668 Narsimhavaraman Mahamalla
695-722 Narsimhavaraman I
556-757 Chalukyas of Vatopi (West and Central Deccan)
609-642 Pulakesin II
7th to 10th C Pandyas of Madurai (Tamil Nadu)
862-867 Varaguna II
630-970 Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi (Andhra Pradesh)
750-1142 Rashtrakuta (West and Central Deccan)
850-1276 Cholas of Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu)
916-1203 Chandellas (Bundelkhand)
973-1192 Chalukyas of Kalyani (West and Central Deccan)
1090-1193 Gahadavalas (Kannauj)
1110-1327 Hoyasala of Dvarasamudra (South Deccan)
1206-1290 Ilbari
1290-1320 Khilji
1451-1526 Lodis
1526-1857 Mughals
IMPORTANT BATTLES IN INDIAN HISTORY
Century Period Dynasty

Battle of 326BC Alexander and Porus
Hydaspes
Lakinga War 261BC Ashoka and King of Kalinga (Orissa)
First Battle of 1191AD Prithviraj Chauhan and Hogd. Ghori.
Tarain or
Thaneswar
Second Battle of 1526 AD Prithviraj Chauhan and Hogd. Ghori.
Panipat
First Battle of 1526 AD Ibrahim Lodi and Babar
Panipat
Second Battle of 1556 AD Akbar and Hemu
Panipat
Battle of Plassey 1757AD Siraj-ud-daula and English forces under Clive
Third Battle of 1761 Ahamed Shah Abdali and Marathas
Panipat
Battle of Buxar 1764 AD Joint forces of Muslims and English
Third Mysore 1790-92 ad English force and Tipu Sultan
war
Fourth Mysore 1799 AD English forces and Tipu Sultan
War
Indo – Pak War 1948 India and Pakistan
China – India 1962 India and Pakistan
War
Indo-Pak War 1965 India and Pakistan
Indo-Pak War 1971 India and Pakistan
REFORMS/ACTS DURING BRITISH PERIOD
Reforms /Act Year During the Significance

Terms of
Prohibition of 1829 Lord William Supported by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Sati and Female Bentick
infanticide
Doctrine of 1848 Lord Adoption of sons by rulers in the absence of
Lapse Dalhousie their natural heirs was banned.
Indian 1861 Lord Canning Envisaged association of Indians with the
Legislative administration at higher level.
Councils Act
Ilbert Bill 1883 Lord Ripon To bring Indian and European magistracy on
equal footing
Indian Councils 1892 Lord Membership of the central legislative
Act Lansdowne councils was enlarged
Morley-Minto 1901 Lord Minto II Separate electorates to widen the gulf
Reforms between Hindus and Muslims
Dyarchy 1919 Lord Meaning dual system of Government
Chelmsford
Jallianwala 1919 Lord Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar by
Bagh Massacre Chelmsford General Dyer.
Rowlatt Act 1919 Lord Extra ordinary powers given to government
Chelmsford to suppress the freedom struggle with general
dyer as the commandant.
Simon 1928 Lord Irwin To report working of the reforms;
Commission recommended diarchy in provinces, India to
be constituted as a federation and
Indianisation of armed forces.
Gandhi – Irwin 1931 Lord Irwin Congress called off the agitation and agreed
Pact to participate in the Second Round Table
conference.
Government of 1935 Lord Provided for a federal type of constitution
India Act Wellington
Cripps Mission 1942 Lord Proposed dominion status for India after the
Linlithgow second world war
INA Trail 1945 Lord Wavell INA prisoners of war were tried at Red Fort,
Delhi and Jawaharlal Nehru defended them.
Wavell Plan 1945 Lord Wavell Envisaged constitution of executive council
in such a way as to give representation to all
major communities in India.
Cabinet Mission 1947 Lord Wavell Envisaged establishment of Constituent
Plan Assembly to frame the Constitution
Indian 1947 Lord India partitioned and attained independence
Independence Mountbatten
Act
SUMMARY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Movement Year Led By

Sepoy Mutiny 1857 Indian Soldiers
Indian National 1880 A.O. Hume and W.C. Banerjee
Congress
Swadeshi Movement 1905 Boycott of foreign goods
Home Rule Movement 1916 Dr. (Mrs.) Annie Besant
Civil Disobedience 1920 Gandhiji
Khilafat Movement 1920 Mohd Ali and Shaukat Ali
Chauri –Chaura Incident 1922 Gandhiji
Non-Cooperation 1922 Gandhiji
Movement
Swaraj Party 1922 Swaraj Party initiated by Motilal Nehru
Dandi March 1930 Gandhiji
Quit India Movement 1942 Gandhiji
Direct Action Campaign 1946 Muslim League
SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT OF INDIA
Year Organization Founder

1815 Atmiya Samaj Ram Mohan Roy
1828 Brahmo Samaj Ram Mohan Roy
1829 Dharma Sabha Radhakanta Dev
1867 Prarthna Samaj Dr. Atm Ram Pandurung
1875 Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand Saraswati
1886 Muhammadan Educational Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Conference
1887 Indian National M.G. Ranade
Conference
1897 Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda
1905 Servants of Indian Society Gopalkrishna Gokhale
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES OF INDIAN HISTORY
Abdul Gaffar Khan
Popularly known as the ‘Frontier Gandhi’, he was a prominent nationalist leader of the
North – western Frontier Province, and founded a nationalist organization, called the
Khudai Khidmatgars (Servants of God) popularly referred to as the Red Shirts.
Awarded the Bharat Ratna award posthumously by the Indian government.
Abdul Hamid Lahori

Shah Johan’s official historian and the author of Padshah Namah.
Abdul Rahim Khan-I

Son of Bairam Khan, he became a prominent noble and military commander of Akbar, and
Contributed to literature.
Abdul Fazal
Son of Shaik Mubarak and Brother of Faizi (Poet), he was the official historian and close
adviser of Akbar.
Wrote Ain-I-Akbari (A statistical account of Akbar’s empire) and Akbar Nama an
authoritative account of his reign).
Assassinated by Sir Singh Bundela in 1602 at the instigation of Prince Jahangir.
Aga Khan
The title of the religious head of the Borah Ismailian community of the Muslims in India.
It was first conferred to Hasan Ali Shah who claimed descent from the Prophet through his
daughter.
Ali Muhammad
A prominent nationalist leader and brother of Shaukat Ali, he was a leader of the Khilafat
movement and the non-cooperation movement.
He becomes the President of the Indian National Congress in 1923.
Amir Khusrau
Known as the Parrot of India, he was famous poet, historian and musician of the Delhi
Sultanate.
He enjoyed the patronage of successive rulers of Delhi from Balban to Ghiyasuddin
Tughluq.
Ashvaghosha
A Buddhist (Mahayana) saint and scholar of Kanishka’s period, he played an active part in
the Fourth Buddhist Council.
He was the author of Buddhacharita (a biography of the Buddha).
Bhaskarachrya
A celebrated Indian astronomer and mathematician of the 12th century AD, he was born at
Bijapu and was the author of Siddhanta Siromani also known as Lilavati.
Bilhana
The Court poet of Vikramaditya VI (1076-1127), the Chalukya ruler of Kalyan, he was the
author of Vikramanakacharita.
Bribal Raja
A Rajput chief in the employment of Akbar, he was the favorite of the emperor who
honored him with titles of Raja and Kavi Priya (For his Hindi poetry).
He lost his life in 1586 while campaigning against the Yusufzai tribe in the north western
India.
Chand Bibi
The daughter of Hussain Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar and wife of Ali Adil Shah of
Bijapur, She acquired fame for her Defence of Ahmad Nagar against Akbar.
Chittaranjan Das
An eminent lawyer who first distinguished himself by successfully defending Aurobindo
Ghosh in the famous Alipore Bomb Case.
He gave up his lucrative practice to join the non-cooperation Movement.
He presided over the 1922 session of the INC.
Along with Motilal Nehru he formed the Swaraj Party within the INC with the declared
policy of entering the councils and disrupting their functioning (also known as the policy
of responsive cooperation)
He passed away in 1925.
Because of his great contribution, he came to be called Deshbandhu (Friend of the
country).
General Dyer
The military general who was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (379 deaths
and 1208 wounded) on 13th April, 1919, and the subsequent imposition of martial law and
humiliation of the Punjabis, he was censured and removed from service by the government
on the basis of the report of an enquiry committee under the chairmanship of Lord Hunter.
Gulam Hussain Khan

A famous historian of Bengal during the later Mughal period, how was the author of Siyar-
ul-Multakheri, an authoritative and reliable account of the decline of the Mughal Empire
(which also traces the progress of the English in Bengal upto 1780).
Sir Maurice Linford Gwyer
He was the first Chief justice of India (Federal Court) from 1937 to 1943. Then, he
retried and became the Vice-Chancellor of Delhi University.
He also made a significant contribution to the drafting of the Constitution of India.
Sir Courtney Ilbert

A law member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council between 1882 and 1886, he sponsored
the famous Ilbert Bill and steered it with some fundamental modifications (due to
European protest) through the legislature.
Later he served as the Vice-Chancellor of the Calcutta University.
Jayadeva
An eminent poet and contemporary of Lakshmanan Sena (Late 12th Century) he wrote the
famous lyric, Gita Govinda.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah

This founder of Pakistan was originally a successful lawyer.
He joined Indian politics as a follower of moderate Congress Leaders like Dadabhai
Naoroji and G.K. Gokhale, but soon joined the Muslim League (1913) and became its
president in 11916 (Lucknow Session).
After the ascendancy of Gandhiji in the national politics, he completely broke away from
the Congress.
Later he reorganized the League and demanded the partition of India on the religious basis
(1940)
Known as the Qaid-I-Azam (Great Leader), he became the first Government General of
Independent Pakistan.
Sir William Jones

A famous British Orient a list and jurist, he founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1789
and served it as its president till his death in Calcutta in 1794.
Sir Henry Mac Mohan

He was the Chairman of the commission, which drew up the famous Mac Mohan line that
marks off the north-eastern frontier agency (India) from the frontiers of Tibet and China.
Malviya Madanmohan
A leading nationalist leader, he edited three journals (Hindustan, Indian Union and
Abhayudaya) between 1885 and 1907, and joined the Indian National Congress becoming
its president twice (1909 and 1918).
His greatest achievement was the foundation of the Banaras Hindu University in 1915.
He was thrice elected president of the Hindu Maha Sabha.
Muhammad Ali
Along with his brother, Shaukat Ali, he led the Khilafat Movement in 1920 and later joined
the Non-Cooperation Movement.
He was the president of the Gaya Session of the Congress (1922).
Sir Thomas Munro

A distinguished British revenue official, he became the governor of Madras (1820-27).
His greatest achievement was the introduction of the Ryotwari System in the Madras
Presidency.
Mrs. Sarojini Naidu

A freedom fighter and poet, she presided over the Kanpur Session of the INC in 1925 and
was, thus, the first Indian woman president of the congress (Mrs. Annie Besant being the
first woman president).
She was also the first lady to be appointed as state governor (of UP between 1947-49).
Ramananda
One of the earliest bhakti saints of north India (15th century), he was influenced by
Ramanuja.
He was a worshipper of Rama and preached to all without distinction of caste and sex.
Amongst his disciples, were Kabir, a Muslim weaver and Padmavati.
Sir Satyendra Prasanna Sinha

He was the first Indian to be appointed as a governor (of Bihar and Orissa form 1920 to
24) by the British.
He was also the first Indian to be appointed as a member of the Viceroy’s Executive
Council (1990), and the only Indian to be honored with a peerage.
He also president over the Bombay Session (1915) of INC.
Satyendra Nah Tagore

The first Indian to pass the ICS Examination (1864).
He was the second son of Devendranath Tagore and elder brother of Rabindra Nath
Tagore.
Rana Uday Singh

The ruler of Mewar, he was the son and successor of Rana Sanga and the father of Rana
Pratap.
When his capital, Chittor, fell to Akbar, he built a new capital at Udaipur.
Yajnavalkya
A famous Upanishad thinker, he as associated by tradition with the renowned philosopher-
king, Janaka of Mithila.
Jawahar Lal Nehru

He was the first Prime Minister of India.
He was known as “Chacha Nehru” and his birthday November 14 is annually celebrated in
India as “Children’s day.”
He was a great writer and is books include:
• ‘Discovery of India’
• “Glimpses of world History’
• ‘A bunch of old letters’
• ‘Letters from a father to his daughter’ and
• ‘India’s Foreign policy’
Morarji Desai
He was the first non-congress part Prime Minister of India.
He wrote books names
• In my view
• A story of My life
Jai Prakash Narayan

He also known as “Lok Nayak” was posthumously awarded the “Bharat Ratna” in
recognition of social work.
He has written number of books that include
• Why Socialism (1936)
• From Socialism to Sarvadaya (1959)
• Towards Struggle (1946)
• Swaraj for the People (1961)
• Sarvadaya and World peace
• A plea for the reconstruction of Indian Policy (1969)
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel

He also Known as “Iron Man.”
He was the first deputy Prime Minister.
He successfully led kheda Satyagraha and Bardoli Revolt against British Government.
He presided over the Karachi session of All Indian congress in 1931
Sardar Patel was conferred with Bharat Ratna in 1991 for his service to the nation.
Dr. Homi Jahangeer Bhabha

Dr. Homi Jahangeer Bhabha established the Atomic Energy Commission of Indian in
1948.
He was known as the architect of Nuclear Science in modern India.
Apsara, Circus, Zerlina are the tree reactors built by the Trombay scientists and Engineers,
with foreign assistance. The credit for establishing these reactors goes to Dr. Homi
Bhabha.
In 1954, the President of India gave him the Padma Bhaushna Award for his outstanding
contribution to Nuclear Science.
Dr. C.V. Raman
Dr. .C.V. Raman war Professor in Physics at the University of Kolkata.
In 1930, for the first time in its history, an Indian scholar educated entirely in India
received the Highest honour in science the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery and
Raman Effect.
In 1934, Raman became the Director of the newly established Indian institutes of Science,
Bangalore.
India celebrates National Science Day on the 28th February of every year to
commemorate Raman’s discovery in 1928.
Dr. S. Chandra Sekhara

Dr. S. Chandra Sekhara was the professor of Theoretical Stellar Physics, Chicago
University.
He gave to the world of science two of his works, principles of stellar dynamics and hydro
magnetism and hydro magnetic stability.
He was honored with the highest award of the world the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for
the research of the constitution of the white dwarf Stellar system.
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi also known as”Father of Nation”.
He was the leader of Freedom struggle.
He wrote number of books that are
‘Guide to health’
My experiments with Truth’
‘My early life’
Indian opinion’
My childhood’
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar becomes member of the Constitutional Assembly and Chairman of the
constitution draft committee.
He started a newspaper know as Mook Nayak (Marathi).
He played an important role in drafting the Indian Constitution.
His writings include:
• Thoughts of Pakistan
• Thoughts of Linguistic state
Aurobindo Ghosh
He took part in freedom struggle.
He published varius newspapers like Yungatar, Karamyogi, Dharma.
He has written various books namely
• The life divine
• The synethesis
• The human cycle
• Savitri
• The foundation of Indian culture
• The idle of Human unity
• The future poetry
• Essays on the Geeta
Gopal Krishna Gokhale

He was the founder of the Institue ‘servants of Indian society’ (1905) and Ranade
Institute of Economics.
He published a newspaper known as ‘Nation’.
He presided over the Banaras session of Indian National Congress in 1905.
Subash Chandra Bose

Subash Chandra Bose known as Netaji.
His popular slogans were ‘Jai Hind’, ‘Delhi Challo’.
He played active role in freedom struggle of India.
His writings include
• Indian Struggle
• An Indian Pilgrim

Indian Freedom Movement

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INDIAN FREEDOM MOVEMENT

Founding of Indian National Congress:

Partition of Bengal (1905):

Swadeshi Movement (1906):

Minto-Morley Reforms (1909):

Home Rule movement (1916):

Lucknow Pact (1916):

August Declaration (1917):

Montague-Chelmsford Reforms (1919):

Jallianwalabagh Tragedy (1919):

Non-violent Non-cooperation Movement (1920-22):

The Khilafat Movement (1920):

The Swarajist Party:

Civil Disobedience (1930):

First Round Table Conference (1930):

Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931):

Second Round Table Conference (1931):

Communal award (1932):

Poona Pact (1931):

Third Round Table Conference (1932):

The Government of India Act of 1935:

Demand for Pakistan (1940):

Cripps Mission (1942):

Quite India Resolution (1942):

Indian National Army (1942):

Parliamentary Delegation (1946):

Cabinet Mission (1946):

Elections to Constituent Assembly (1946):

Direct Action Day (1946):

Indian Independence Act, 1947:

Warren Hastings (1772-1785)

Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)

Lord Wellesley (1793 - 1798)

Lord Minto (1801 - 1813)

Lord Hastings (1813 - 1823)

Lord Amherst (1823-1828)

Lord William Bentick (1828-1835)

Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-1836)

Lord Auckland (1836-1842)

Lord Elle borough (1842-1844)

Lord Dalhousie (1849-1856)

Lord Canning (1856-1862)

Lord Elgin (1862-1863)

Sir John Lawrence (1864-69)

Lord Mayo (1869-1872)

Lord Lytton (1876-1880)

Lord Ripon (1880-1884)

Lord Dufferin (1884-1888)

Lord Lansdowne (18888-1894)

Lord Curzon (1899-1905)

Lord Minto II (1905-1910)

Lord Hardinge (1910-16)

Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)

Lord Reading (1921-26)

Lord Irwin (1926-31)

Lord Linlithgow (1936-1943)

Lord Mountbatten (1947-1948)

LIST OF BOOKS ON HISTORY

LITERTURE OF MODERN INDIA

MAJOR DYNSTIES OF ANCIENT INDIA

IMPORTANT DATES IN INDIA HISTORY

IMPORTANT BATTLES IN INDIAN HISTORY

Century Period Dynasty