NATIONALISM IN INDIA

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India me
Kaise Faila ke
nalism It ni Diversity
Spread of Nationalism in India Natio
Bavajud

Nationalism in India developed during the anti-colonial struggle.

Educated Indians demanded more autonomy in the mid-19th
century.
The Indian National Congress led the nationalist movement.
Gandhi played a key role in mobilizing and uniting Indians.

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Internal conflicts arose due to differing ideologies and strategies.

Effect of War
War led to a rise in defense spending financed by loans and higher
taxes.
Prices doubled between 1913 and 1918, causing hardship for people.
Forced conscription in rural areas caused anger among the
population.
Crop failures and an influenza outbreak resulted in food shortages.
Between 12-13 million people died from famine and epidemic caused
by the war. Mnemonic
L - Led to Increase in Defence Expenditure

lipsi
I - Income Tax was introduced & Custom Duties were raised.

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P - Prices were increased
S - Supply of Soldiers & Forced Requirment
I - In India, Acute Shortage of Food & Spreading of Influenza

Satyagraha
Satyagraha focused on the importance of truth and the pursuit of it.
It advocated that physical force was unnecessary to fight against injustice
if the cause was true.
Through non-violence, a Satyagrahi could win without seeking revenge or
being aggressive.
The aim was to persuade people, including oppressors, to see the truth,
rather than imposing it through violence.
Satyagraha ensured that truth would ultimately triumph.
In January 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. He

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visited Champaran in Bihar in 1916 to motivate peasants to fight against
the oppressive plantation system. The following year, he led a Satyagraha to
support the demands of the Kheda district peasants in Gujarat to relax
revenue collection. In 1918, Gandhi organized a Satyagraha among cotton
mill workers in Ahmedabad. Mnemonic H - Hurriedly Passed
O - Opposition of Indians But Passed
HOD
Rowlatt Act (1919)
D - Detention of Political Prisoners
without trial for 2 years

Rowlatt Act was passed hastily through the

Imperial Legislative Council despite strong

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opposition from Indian members.
The Act granted the government broad powers to
suppress political activities.
Political prisoners could be detained without trial
for up to two years.
The Act led to the imposition of martial law, with
General Dyer appointed to enforce it.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

On April 13, 1919, a large crowd gathered in
the enclosed area of Jallianwalla Bagh.

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Some came to protest the government's new
repressive measures, while others were
attending the annual Baisakhi fair.
Many villagers from outside the city were
unaware of the imposed martial law.
General Dyer blocked the exit points and
ordered his troops to fire on the unarmed
crowd, killing hundreds.
Dyer's intention was to create a sense of terror
and awe in the minds of Satyagrahis by
producing a moral effect.
 Khilafat Issue

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The defeat of Ottoman Turkey at the end of WWI
raised concerns about the imposition of a harsh
peace treaty on the spiritual head of the Islamic
world, the Khalifa.
To defend the Khalifa's temporal powers, a Khilafat
Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.
Young Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali and
Shaukat Ali discussed a united mass action on the

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issue with Mahatma Gandhi.
Gandhi saw this as an opportunity to unify Muslims
under a national movement.
At the September 1920 Congress session in Calcutta,
Gandhi convinced other leaders to begin a non-
cooperation movement to support Khilafat and
Swaraj.

NON CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT

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Why, Non -Cooperation ?
Mahatma Gandhi's book Hindi Swaraj (1909) declares that British rule
in India was established with the help of Indians.
According to Gandhi, the British dominion in India survived solely
because of Indian cooperation.
Gandhi believed that if Indians refused to cooperate, the British rule in
India would collapse within a year.
In his book, Gandhi envisioned Swaraj, or self-rule, in India as a viable
alternative to British dominion.
How can non-cooperation become a movement ?

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Mahatma Gandhi proposed a staged approach for
the noncooperation movement.
The first stage involved surrendering government-
awarded titles and boycotting civil services, army, The Non -Cooperation
police, and foreign goods. Khilafat Movement
began in January 1929
The second stage would be initiated if the
government used repression against the movement.
The second stage would involve a full-scale civil Logo ne
disobedience campaign. nt ko
Moveme

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mjha
Differing Strands within the Movement Kaise Sa
The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement commenced in January 1921, with
the involvement of diverse social groups who attributed varying
interpretations to the term.
In Towns :-
The middle-class started the Non-Cooperation Movement in the towns.
Thousands of students, teachers, and headmasters left government-
controlled schools and colleges in support of the movement.
Many lawyers also gave up their legal practices.
The boycott of foreign goods had a significant economic impact, with
the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms surging.
However, the movement lost momentum due to various factors such as

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the high cost of Khadi clothes and limited options of Indian
institutions for students and teachers.
As a result, many students and teachers returned to government
schools.
Lawyers also rejoined government courts.
Rebellion in the Countryside:
The Non-Cooperation Movement extended to rural areas where peasants
and tribals were residing in different parts of India.
The peasant movement emerged against talukdars and landlords who
imposed high rents and various other cesses.
The peasant movement called for the reduction of revenue, abolition of
begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
 In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru visited the villages in
Awadh to comprehend their grievances.
In October, Nehru and a few others founded the
Oudh Kisan Sabha, which established 300 branches
within a month.
In 1921, the peasant movement expanded, and the Baba
houses of talukdars and merchants were targeted, Ramchandra

markets were looted, and grain boards were taken

over.
In the early 1920s, a militant guerrilla movement
began in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, where
the government shut down forest areas, leading to a
detrimental impact on the livelihood of the hill
people.
Eventually, the hill people rebelled, led by Alluri
Sitaram Raju, who claimed to possess a range of Alluri Sitaram
Raju
special powers.

Swaraj In Plantations :-
Plantation workers in Assam desired the freedom to move freely
in and out and maintain a connection with their hometowns.
The Inland Emigration Act of 1859 restricted plantation
workers from leaving the tea gardens without permission.
Upon learning of the Non-Cooperation Movement, many
plantation workers left their jobs and attempted to return
home.
Unfortunately, the workers were apprehended by the police and
subjected to severe beatings, never reaching their intended
destinations.
Towards CiVIL Disobedience Movement

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In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation
Movement due to its violent turn.
Some leaders wanted to participate in provincial council elections and
formed the Swaraj Party led by CR Das and Motilal Nehru.
The late 1920s witnessed two major factors shaping Indian politics: the
worldwide economic depression and falling agricultural prices.
The Statutory Commission was set up to review the functioning of the
constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
In 1928, the Simon Commission arrived in India and was met with the

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slogan 'Go back Simon'.
In December 1929, the Lahore Congress under the presidency of
Jawaharlal Nehru formalized the demand for 'Purna Swaraj' or full
independence for India.
The Congress declared that January 26, 1930, would be celebrated as
Independence Day.

Salt March
On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi wrote a letter to
Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands, with the most
prominent being the abolition of the salt tax which was
consumed by both rich and poor.

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These demands needed to be fulfilled by 11 March, or else
Congress would begin a civil disobedience campaign.
The famous Salt March was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi,
along with 78 of his trusted volunteers.
The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhi's ashram in
Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.
On 6 April, Gandhi reached Dandi and ceremonially
violated the law by manufacturing salt from seawater,
marking the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
 Civil Disobedience Movement

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The Civil Disobedience Movement, which started with the Salt
March, gained widespread popularity and led to the breaking
of the salt law in various parts of the country.
The movement also involved the boycott of foreign cloth,
refusal to pay revenue by peasants, and violation of
forest laws in several places.
In April 1930, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a follower of
Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested, followed by the arrest of

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Gandhi himself a month later.
This led to attacks on symbols of British rule across the country.
Witnessing the violent situation, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off
the movement and signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931,
agreeing to participate in a Round Table Conference in London.
However, when the conference failed to achieve its objectives, Mahatma
Gandhi returned to India disappointed and relaunched the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
The movement continued for almost a year, but by 1934, it had lost its
momentum.

The Limits of Civil Disobedience

Dalits, also known as untouchables, were not
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fully convinced by the concept of Swaraj and
were more focused on their own demands.
Mahatma Gandhi organized satyagraha for
the untouchables, but they demanded reserved
seats in educational institutions and a
separate electorate.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma
Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference
by demanding separate electorates for Dalits.
 The Poona Pact of September 1932 gave the Depressed Classes

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(Scheduled Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative
councils.
After the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement declined, Muslims felt
alienated from the Congress, leading to deteriorating relations
between Hindus and Muslims.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate
electorates if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central
Assembly and representation in proportion to population in Muslim-
dominated provinces.
The All Parties Conference in 1928 failed to resolve the issue as M.R.

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Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at
compromise.

Sense of Collective Belonging

Nationalism grows when people begin to feel a shared sense of
belonging to the same nation.
Various forms of cultural expressions such as history, fiction,
folklore, songs, and symbols have played a role in shaping
nationalism in India.
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created the image of Bharat

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Mata, which became a visual symbol of Indian identity in the
twentieth century.
Abanindranath Tagore painted the famous image of Bharat Mata
as a divine and spiritual ascetic figure.
Nationalists began recording folk tales and songs sung by bards,
and touring villages to gather them in the late-nineteenth
century.
During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag was
designed with eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British
India and a crescent moon symbolizing Hindus and Muslims.
By 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag, a tricolour with a
spinning wheel in the centre, representing his ideal of self-help.
Sense of Collective Belonging

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Nationalism grows when people begin
to feel a shared sense of belonging to
the same nation.
Various forms of cultural expressions
such as history, fiction, folklore, songs,
and symbols have played a role in
shaping nationalism in India.
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

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created the image of Bharat Mata,
which became a visual symbol of
Indian identity in the twentieth
century.
Abanindranath Tagore painted the
famous image of Bharat Mata as a
divine and spiritual ascetic figure.
Nationalists began recording folk tales
and songs sung by bards, and touring
villages to gather them in the late-
nineteenth century.

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During the Swadeshi movement in
Bengal, a tricolour flag was designed
with eight lotuses representing eight
provinces of British India and a
crescent moon symbolizing Hindus and
Muslims.
By 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj
flag, a tricolour with a spinning wheel
in the centre, representing his ideal of
self-help.
 PYQS

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1. What role did Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay play in the making
of Indian nationalism?
2. Who created the image of Bharat Mata?
3. What was the significance of the tricolour flag designed during the
Swadeshi movement in Bengal?
4. What did the Swaraj flag designed by Mahatma Gandhi represent?

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5. How did folklore and songs contribute to the making of Indian
nationalism?
6. What was the significance of the Poona Pact of September 1932?
7. Who founded the Indian National Congress?
8. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement affect Indian politics?
9. What was the significance of the Salt Satyagraha?
10. Who was Abdul Ghaffar Khan and what role did he play in the Civil
Disobedience Movement?
11. What was the impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement on the
Indian economy?
12. What were the demands of the Depressed Classes Association in

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1930?
13. Who clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table
Conference over the demand for separate electorates for Dalits?
14. How did the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement
affect relations between Hindus and Muslims?
15. What was the All Parties Conference of 1928 and what was its
significance in Indian politics?

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