Region is a dynamic space

space- Why?
(1) Specific purposes: Regions are used for various specific purposes. And the purposes vary/change
from time to time

(2) Basic characteristics e.g.

 Physical (Pangaea hypothesis)
 Economic
 Political (India
(India-Pakistan division)
 Cultural

(3) Dynamic entities:

 Population migration
 Export and Import
 Media, internet exchange, public circulation
 Movement of money/economy
 Technological innovations and transfer in manufacturing
 Ideological messages through political and religious beliefs
 New
ew transportation modes
modes-

 Religious and political believes

 Making and Remaking (modifying) regions
-People
People makes/remakes region
-Regions
Regions shape people’s activities
-Regions
Regions interact with each other
- Regions are used by those in power

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 GLOBALIZATION
In its simplest form, globalization is the interaction among people and places throughout the world.

 Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson, in his book The Race to the Top: The Real Story of
Globalization (2001), stated that globalization: “is the process of world shrinkage, of distances
getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on
one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of the
world.”

 Roland Robertson, a professor of sociology at the University of Aberden, was the first person
who defined globalization as "the understanding of the world and the increased perception of
the world as a whole."

 Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King, sociologists, define globalization as "all those processes by
which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society.”

Characteristics:

 The spread of ideas, technologies, crimes and diseases

 Flow of goods and services
 Long term migration for work, political asylum and family consolidation
 Short term flow of people for long distance and tourism
 Shift in dominant ideology, esp. religious and political beliefs
 The spread of images and messages through the media of TV, Internet, film and print
 Uncontrolled negatives like-
-Expansion of arms, drugs and people trafficking

LOCALIZATION
It comes from long established local identities than existence before globalization before globalization
forces intruded.

Local scale is less than global scale.

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Characteristics:

 Political nationalism
 Separatist group
 Customs and practices
 Resistance to the visible economic penetration

POPULATION DYNAMICS
Population dynamics is the study of how and why populations change in size and structure over time.

The components/factors, that are responsible/play an important role, for the increase or decrease of
population in a specific region are:

(1) Fertility
(2) Mortality
(3) Human migration: Internal or International (Migrate from deficit regions to surplus regions)

 Population change or growth = Fertility – Mortality + Migration

 Migration = ( In migration – Out migration )

 CBR (Crude Birth Rate) =

( No. of total live births / Mid -year total population <June-July> ) x 1000

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

 CDR (Crude Death Rate) =

( No. of total deaths / Mid -year total population <June-July> ) x 1000

CBR/CDR:
Fertility/Mortality per year in per 1000 people.

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 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL (DTM)
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is based on historical population trends of two demographic
characteristics – birth rate and death rate – to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate
cycles through stages as that country develops economically.

Each stage is characterized by a specific relationship between birth rate (number of annual births per
one thousand people) and death rate (number of annual deaths per one thousand people).

As these rates change in relation to each other, their produced impact greatly affects a country’s total
population.

Within the model, a country will progress over time from one stage to the next as certain social and
economic forces act upon the birth and death rates.

Every country can be placed within the DTM, but not every stage of the model has a country that
meets its specific definition.

For example, there are currently no countries in Stage 1, nor are there any countries in Stage 5, but the
potential is there for movement in the future.

Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

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In Stage 1, which applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution, both birth rates and
death rates are high. As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with
events such as wars or pandemics.

In Stage 2, the introduction of modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among children, while
birth rates remain high; the result is rapid population growth.
Many of the least developed countries today are in Stage 2.

In Stage 3, birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an
increase in women’s status, and access to contraception.
Population growth continues, but at a lower rate.
Most developing countries are in Stage 3.

In Stage 4, birth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population.
These countries tend to have stronger economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher
proportion of working women, and a fertility rate hovering around two children per woman.
Most developed countries are in Stage 4.

A possible Stage 5 would include countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below
replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population.

Dynamic equilibrium exists between Stage 1 and Stage 4/5

Limitations of the Demographic Transition Model

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Like any model, there will be outliers and exceptions to the rule and the Demographic Transition Model
is no different.
Additionally, there are things the DTM cannot reveal

 The impact of other demographic variables such as migration, are not considered
 Nor does the model predict how long a country will be in each stage.

But even so, the relationship between birth rate and death rate is an important concept when discussing
population and any patterns, such as those provided by the DTM, that aid in understanding are helpful.

ROSTOW’S ECONOMIC STAGE THEORY

 Traditional society
 Precondition for take-off stage
 Take-off stage
 Drive to mature society
 Age of high mask consumption

Walt Rostow in 1960 took an historical approach in suggesting that developed countries have
tended to pass through 5 stages to reach their current degree of economic development.

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SubahTarannum; 62 nd batch
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SubahTarannum; 62 nd batch
Blending DTM (4 stage) along with Rostow’s economic stage theory (4 stage), we get 5 stages ( as
mentioned in DTM as a “Possible” Stage 5)

1) Pre industrial society (Agriculture/ Traditional)

2) Transitional industrial society
-Precondition for take-off stage
-Take-off stage
-Drive to mature society
3) Post industrial society (High mask consumption e.g. USA, UK, Japan)

** Global pollution/ change occur due to industrialization

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 POPULATION PYRAMID
A population pyramid (age structure figure) is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of
various age groups in a population. The shape of the population pyramid tells the story of the people
living in that particular country.

The numbers of children (below 15 years) are shown at the bottom and reflect the level of births. The
size of the top shows the numbers of aged people (above 65 years) and reflects the number of deaths.

The population pyramid also tells us how many dependents are there in a country.

There are two groups of dependents — young dependents (aged below 15 years) and elderly
dependents (aged over 65 years).

Those of the working age are the economically active.

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 The Three Basic Shapes of Population Pyramids

Expansive

Expansive population pyramids are used to describe populations that are young and growing. They are
often characterized by their typical ‘pyramid’ shape, which has a broad base and narrow top. Expansive
population pyramids show a larger percentage of the population in the younger age cohorts, usually
with each age cohort smaller in size than the one below it. These types of populations are typically
representative of developing nations, whose populations often have high fertility rates and lower than
average life expectancies.

Constrictive

Constrictive population pyramids are used to describe populations tha thatt are elderly and shrinking.
Constrictive pyramids can often look like beehives and typically have an inverted shape with the graph
tapering in at the bottom. Constrictive pyramids have smaller percentages of people in the younger age
cohorts and are typically
ally characteristic of countries with higher levels of social and economic
development, where access to quality education and health care is available to a large portion of the
population.

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Stationary

Stationary, or near stationary, population pyramids are used to describe populations that are not
growing. They are characterized by their rectangular shape, displaying somewhat equal percentages
across age cohorts that taper off toward the top. These pyramids are often characteristic of developed
nations, where birth rates are low and overall quality of life is high.

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 DTM and Population Pyramid

According to Thomson and Lewis, there are five stages of population pyramids. All these different
stages of pyramids indicate the relation of population growth with economic development. In other
words, the population pyramid reflects the condition of birth and death rates in different stages
explained in the demographic transition theory.

Stage 1:

It shows a very wide base and slow slopes which indicate the demographic condition of those countries
where both the birth rate and the death rate are high. This pyramid also shows large numbers of youth
and dependents in total population. This is the condition of the first stage of demographic transition
when both the birth rates and death rates were high in the majority of countries of the world in the 17th
and 18th centuries.

Stage 2:

The base is wider than that of Stage !, and its slopes are becoming narrow more rapidly.
The same is the case with the second stage of demographic transition with high birth rate and low death
rate.
The developing countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and others are passing through this second
stage where population increases at a rapid rate and the expectation of life as well as the ratio of
dependent population also increases.

Stage 1:

Third, the histogram of the population of developed countries approximates the rectangular shape
which is shown in Fig 3.
This indicates low birth and low death rates.
The shape of this pyramid is very similar to that of the pyramid of United States of America and Eastern
Europe before the Second World War.
This pyramid reflects the condition of the third stage of demographic transition, where birth and death
rates are low, the ratio of dependent population is also low and the expectation of life is very high.

Stage 1:

Fourth, in Fig. 4 the bell-shaped pyramid shows low death rate, as the pyramid in Fig. 3 but the birth
rate increases at a slower rate in comparison to the birth rate in the pyramid of Fig. 3.

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The fourth stage of demographic transition shows that the net increase in population is negligible but
the ratio of youth and dependents is high in total population.

Stage 1:

Fifth, in Fig. 5,, the pyramid reflects that the birth rate decreases at a faster rate than the death rate and
if this situation continues then the growth rate of population will become negative.
At present Germany is the country in which the population gr growth is -0.1.

We may conclude with Thomson and Lewis

Lewis:

“A population is always changing, whereas a pyramid is a static picture.

The proportions of people in the various age and sex categories change because of the continuous action,
i.e., mortality, fertility and migration
migration.
The population pyramid freezes this motion at a particular moment in time.
The pyramid can be viewed as a picture of the biological history of population
population—thethe result viewed as a
picture of biological history of population
population—the result
lt of 100 years of births, deaths and migration.”

SubahTarannum; 62nd batch

SubahTarannum; 62 nd batch