CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Globalization plays a vital role in the economic system of the world. The world economy which is set to be
a system of being globalized. What does it mean? It means that the whole world is increasingly involving
as a part of a single market, with interdependent production, consuming similar goods, and responding to
the same impulses. It also involves of spreading of ideas, practices, and technologies. It is the
connectivity across the entire world of the economic and cultural life that increased throughout the
centuries. However, what is the real concept of globalization and when did it begin? Does the perspective
of every experts differ from one another? What are some impacts of globalization to the development of
world’s economy? Do you think it is beneficial? Why or why not?
The aim of this chapter is to outline some of the main dimensions of globalization and to indicate some
ways in which they are being studied and criticize by the experts. This chapter is an attempt to open more
doors than it closes and to point the reader in directions that I have myself found fruitful.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
A. At the end of the unit, the students shall be able to:

1. Examine the various conceptions of globalization

2. Distinguish the different definitions from experts

3. Adopt a working definition of globalization

Lesson Outline
I. Introduction to Globalization

1. Concepts of Globalization
2. Definitions of Globalization from Experts
3. Attributes of Globalizations
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Cultural Imperialism – a conviction that there is a better culture
Globalism - widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of economic markets is
beneficial for everyone since it spreads freedom and democracy across the world
Globalization – - the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world
time and world space.
Globality –future social condition characterized by thick economic, political, and cultural interconnections
and global flows that make currently existing political borders and economic barriers irrelevant
Global Village – through globalization and communication technology, the world has become borderless

LESSON 1 Concepts of Globalization

CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION
DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization is comprised of multiple sameness and interconnectedness that go beyond the
nation-states. McGrew (1990)
• Ohmae in 1992 stated, “Globalization means the onset of the borderless world”(p.14).
• “Globalization is a world in which societies, cultures, politics and economics have, in some sense,
come closer together” – Ray Kiely and Phil Marfleet, Globalisation and the Third World (London:
Routledge, 1998), p.3.
• Globalization is the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across
borders. – Hans-Henrik Holm and Georg Sorensen (eds.)

Globality
• Globalization as a condition

Future social condition characterized by thick economic, political, and cultural interconnections and global
flows that make currently existing political borders and economic barriers irrelevant (Steger (2005).
Globalism
• Steger (2014b) globalization as an ideology

Appadurai (1996) five dimensions of global cultural flow.

1. Ethnoscape- global movement of people
2. Mediascape- flow of culture
3. Technoscape- circulation of mechanical goods and software
4. Finacescape- global circulation of money
5. Ideoscape- realm of political ideas
Windows into the broader phenomenon of globalization

Globalization is also defined differently depending on someone else’s expertise, experience, and
perspective

Economics expert
Globalizations means;
- fast speed of trade (importing and exporting are done in just a millisecond through technology)
- global economic organizations International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB),
World Trade Organization (WTO). International Labor Organization (ILO), ASEAN, etc.
- multinational and transnational corporations
- free trade (governments not to restrict the importation of products and the exportation of
local products
Culture expert
Globalizations means;
. - establishment “global village” (media, facebook has connected the world)
- “shrinking world” (breaking boundaries)
- cultural imperialism (Better Culture)
- borderless world
- adoption of other cultures (KPOP)
Political science expert
Globalization serves as a challenge to the nation-state.
- strengthening of regional blocs (ASEAN) (UN)
- emergence of global political norms (the norm that each country is entitled to the exploitation
of human resources for its own growth)
- emergence of corporations (businessmen and investors)
- international laws (conflicts)
- world governance

Four attributes of globalization

1. Globalization occurs worldwide
2. Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities
3. Expansion and stretching of social relations
4. Various forms of connectivity

A. Globalization occurs worldwide (Every person is a global citizen because he or she thinks about the
issues of the world)
- Think about the world
- Associate ourselves with global trends
- Sense of responsibility

B. Globalization Intensification & acceleration of social exchanges and activities

- Door-to-door mail delivery to FB messages – IG, SnapChat, Twitter
- Live TV telecast
- Travel capacities brought about by low airfares

C. Globalization Expansion & stretching of social relations

- Regional and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Humanitarian Institution
- Government associations
- multinational companies

D. Globalization has Various forms of connectivity

- They are diverse (economic, political, cultural, etc.)
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQ)/ ACTIVITY 1
Name: ________________________________________Date: _________________
Course/Block: _________________________________Schedule: ______________
Why is it crucial to emphasize that globalization is uneven? Justify your answer.
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SYNTHESIS:
Globalization may be defined and conceptualized from different lenses, but an interdisciplinary definition
is necessary. Some scholars consider it as a process, a condition, or an ideology. Experts from different
fields of social sciences also define globalization based on their specialization or expertise. Every one of
them talks about different networks and connections that are expanding and intensifying in the
contemporary world.