Vector Spare

f elements
A Vector space is a nonempty Set V
On which two operations (acd & sCalar mu lhp liatior)
are deFinecd and the lotwing aXlomS e hoic:

ur any e lemenls u,V ancl w EV

(Closecd nder acklhion)
(2) tV=V+u (Commuta hiue)
u+U)+W = U+Aw) (asso Ciative)

-uE V Where A+(-u) =o inUerse)

OE
Cuev (Closecl under sGahr multp iation
e Cu+V) = Cu+CV

cdu)du) =(cd)u
)C+d) u = Cu+ du
(lo)1u = u
examples ot amous Vectr 5Paces

OR R' real numbers

R aXis Cthe set t all 2 Vecors)

R 3D sface +he sett all3X ectors)
(2 Xn matice s
P T e set of p-lynamias ol degee at most n
The set x matrix in the Form

is Vector space

ProoP

let , V C
CI o

W
hen
tbe
)u+V = E this set

U+V= V +u E set
U+ (V+W) = (u+U) +W set

- Set

O E Sel

a
(6) u- c Esat
Cu+V) = u+aUv
(8 Bu) = (B)u
) (+B) u = u+pu

1o 1 =u
Suppose that acdifion nd Scaar mulhpliation
in R ir dehnecl CS
( ) + X) Y,) :
(XX Y,Y,)
>

WiHh this hew deknihion, is R a VecTor spece?

OE R
This set closed under adldition
This set clcd urcder sCalar muli phation

C+2 C, D = (3, 1)
1 C1D + z(1,1) = (1,1) + (2, 1D = C7,2)

CI+2) C,) 4 C1,) +2010

This set is noT a vectr Spac

Determine
Determine iik 2x2 non-Singular matrix is e Vector
SPace or not

s
u OEset lu-ab
hen, ab#o
o
t his se
Ths set is noT Vecttr SPa
 Sub spece
Sub eVecbr spnce thet is cloSecd under acddi tion
anol SCalar mu lfiphia-fhon
WS a subsPoce a Vector s pace V 1E

OoEw Closecl
wis wnder addition
3wir Closeol under SGlar multipliCation

eamles

a line paSsin b the eriqin in R

the in R
Pene plane paSinq by origin

Xplane in R Sub Sprc 7-2

but Z=3 plane is nat sub space

diaqoal matn Ces

a o o
plet u
prooP

o bo
ano U
C

lb= C = o OESe
Set
U+V = diagena matrix E
E Set
u = daqeml matrix
set is Sub Space
 Determne which b The kllowing ets i

SubsCe

S A Cs X
, A ERJ
s.- ?AGBX A,BER
Sol

S IS hot a Sub space as

set
note
bat
AXaX, dXX E set
aXX, x,X set

2) Sis Sub spce as

I ! A=o OE Set
AAX+ A, oX= A+A) CoTX E set
oA, Grx e et
Sis hoT a Sub spece as

A Cr 6X + A, Cos 6,x set

This set nst chsecl uncler acbli han

o r X, U,Vanod WEE Vector sCape
*For V

IP W - a X + b u +c V is Consiytent syrfem
hen w is alinear Combinahan X,u,v

+to write U= C2,5, -4,o) alincar

Isit possibk as

Com binstion of 4 , where

So

wnte sstem egpahons,

V au,+ bu, +c u
ik Consisfent InConsistent

linear Com binghon Con+ be wnten

i sir a

as
aS inear u,u,
Combination

O +C
31 Vecton
form

2 a 21 Motix
5
3 -2 b
4
2 -5 torm
 12 2 2 2 2 2
3 -2
2
Ko
oPerahorns
O

From E> Ihis system is ConsistenT h unige

a2, b = ,Cc -

(, -1, 1) Can be written

Determine whether the vector

as a linear Com bina hon oo) (o,4, -1) and

C1, 2,-2)

start em the sysTem

-1
yA
-

L
R+RR o O 2 1-1
o O
innte rmber
Tent h
system is Consis
his
sTe Soluhons.
b--1-2t , a=-1 -t
Ct,
Ex
lincar Combinahion
Determne il v Can be writen as a

o uU ond u,
- (-,7,2) C3,5)
(,3,5), u,- (, -1, 1), u,= ( -3, 2,-+)

Sol
-3

2 -3
auq A) 2 3 ro
3 2
operahions |
5 3 -42 O 3

This SysTem
in Consi Tent

be wrtten a linear Combinatlon

V n' as
 Lin ear inolepenclence

he V, ,V are lineary indeperdent ik

The Vec for equation
XV,+XV,+ - - - -

+X =o

has onl he thvial soluhon

othertise V,,u, -- arc in
erly depenclont

ExL is The set in ecrl

inoepandent2

Wrte

aV+bV + CV= o

42 o
2 OPeratons O2o ooJ

360|o oO
PA) =p (au A) number of unlnowns

Thir SysTem hesr ininite num

V, 4 V, are
linearly de pendent
EX
are ancl Liner inod. ?
8
5 Lo
Sol

2
b
8

2 (o ro
o -9 o
85 olo oPerahons
o o Oo
PCA)= plau A)= 3

This systen h tivial sol

V 2V, are
linearly indleponelent
Special CGSes

(To Vectors on
V,V2 are Linea de PorcdenT if V, =cV

otherwise e lineay nodepenclen

V are depanclent

bat V,V are

inelep
Zero Vector inclucleel on the set
se T
Any hos
set has zero Vector iy Linear olePurcd ent

Vector
Ze Vect oleorols on any

This set is Linea- olepanclent

3) lore Than nvectors rom R" are Linearly dependenl

av+bV,t cv, =o
I2
23lt|l°j
2 2-i
Cu A
2 3 10

his matix Cant have more than twoPivos

This SsTem alu has inknite num

So.
 Detremine i 2 are are Linearl
4 -2

inde penolent matrices

2
-3| t

20
-3+Sb =o
4a +b
2b0

2 0 01 2 O 7n
-35'O S.e 3RR >Rz
oR,+R 94
-2 O o-26t R4"E4

-2 on 2 0
-R -9RtR
R,K,R+

This System har Tvial So

incde pen olent
metri Ces are linearly
2

in P
Detemine i S= 2-X, 2X-x 6-SK+X*
are ineerl inde Pendent

L-x
20 Cha Tems)
+2b-sc=0 (GM. of X)
bac==o (oP. o x)
 R,I2R Io
2 50 R,tRR
o -

3 O
3 el2-K RARR
2 -2,0
Lo o
o3 0
-Io
o lo
< lnowns
P A) =
plaua fA)= 2 un

This sysTem has inhnife num

Soluhons

i s linecrly dependen se