Nonlinear Modeling of RC Structures Using Opensees: University of Naples Federico Ii

University of Naples Federico II
Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture

PhD program in Structural Engineering Geotechnics and Seismic Risk
Nonlinear modeling of RC structures using OpenSees

prof. P. Ricci
dr. M. Di Domenico
Lecture 3
Nonlinear modeling
part 1 - theory
June 8th-9th-10th, 2021

Tcl language
To run a structural analysis in OpenSees, different types of objects shall be constructed by means of appropriate commands.
An aggregation of different types of objects constitutes a domain.
COMPLETE OPENSEES MODEL

Tcl language
MODELING OBJECTS/DOMAIN ANALYSIS OBJECTS OUTPUT OBJECTS

Tcl language
▪ model
▪ node
▪ mass
▪ SP_constraint
▪ MP_constraint
▪ uniaxialMaterial
▪ section
▪ element
▪ timeSeries
▪ pattern
▪ … and others
Tcl language
▪ model ▪ constraints
▪ node ▪ numberer
▪ mass ▪ system
▪ SP_constraint ▪ test
▪ MP_constraint ▪ algorithm
▪ uniaxialMaterial ▪ integrator
▪ section ▪ analysis
▪ element ▪ eigen
▪ timeSeries ▪ analyze
▪ pattern ▪ … and others
▪ … and others
Tcl language
▪ model ▪ constraints ▪ recorder

▪ node ▪ numberer ▪ print
▪ mass ▪ system ▪ logFile
▪ SP_constraint ▪ test ▪ … and others
▪ … and others
Tcl language
▪ model ▪ constraints ▪ recorder

▪ node ▪ numberer ▪ print
▪ mass ▪ system ▪ logFile
▪ SP_constraint ▪ test ▪ … and others
▪ … and others
Materials
MODELING COMMANDS
uniaxialMaterial Elastic command
This command is used to construct an elastic uniaxial material object.
uniaxialMaterial Elastic $matTag $E <$eta> <$Eneg>

$matTag integer tag identifying material
$E tangent
$eta damping tangent (optional, default=0.0)
$Eneg tangent in compression (optional, default=E)
example:
uniaxialMaterial Elastic 1 25000 elastic material 1 with stiffness equal to 25000
MODELING COMMANDS
uniaxialMaterial ElasticPP command
This command is used to construct an elastic perfectly-plastic uniaxial material object.
uniaxialMaterial ElasticPP $matTag $E $epsyP <$epsyN $eps0>

$E tangent
$epsyP strain or deformation at which material reaches plastic state in tension
$epsyN strain or deformation at which material reaches plastic state in compression.
(optional, default is tension value)
$eps0 initial strain (optional, default: zero)
example:
uniaxialMaterial ElasticPP 1 25000 0.008 elastic-plastic material 1 with stiffness equal to 25000 and yielding at generalized deformation equal to 0.008
MODELING COMMANDS
uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 command
This command is used to construct a uniaxial Kent-Scott-Park concrete material object with no tensile strength.
uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 $matTag $fpc $epsc0 $fpcu $epsU

$fpc concrete compressive strength at 28 days (compression is negative)
$epsc0 concrete strain at maximum strength
$fpcu concrete crushing strength
$epsU concrete strain at crushing strength
MODELING COMMANDS

$fpc concrete compressive strength at 28 days (compression is negative)
$epsc0 concrete strain at maximum strength
$fpcu concrete crushing strength
$epsU concrete strain at crushing strength
MODELING COMMANDS

$fpc maximum stress/force/moment
$epsc0 strain/displacement/rotation at maximum stress/force/moment
$fpcu ultimate stress/force/moment
$epsU strain/displacement/rotation at ultimate
•Compressive parameters should be input as negative values (if input as positive, they will be converted to negative internally).
•The initial slope for this model is (2*$fpc/$epsc0)
MODELING COMMANDS

$fpc maximum stress/force/moment
$epsc0 strain/displacement/rotation at maximum stress/force/moment
$fpcu ultimate stress/force/moment
$epsU strain/displacement/rotation at ultimate
•Compressive parameters should be input as negative values (if input as positive, they will be converted to negative internally).
•The initial slope for this model is (2*$fpc/$epsc0)
example:
uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 1 -200 -0.016 0 -0.032 no-tension material 1 with strength equal to 200, strain at maximum equal to 0.016, no
residual force at strain equal to 0.032
Sections and elements for linear modeling
MODELING COMMANDS
Elastic Section command
This command allows the user to construct an ElasticSection. The inclusion of shear deformations is optional.
section Elastic $secTag $E $A $Iz $Iy $G $J <$alphaY $alphaZ>

$secTag unique section tag
$E Young's Modulus
$A cross-sectional area of section
$Iz second moment of area about the local z-axis
$Iy second moment of area about the local y-axis (required for 3D analysis)
$G Shear Modulus (optional for 2D analysis, required for 3D analysis)
$J torsional moment of inertia of section (required for 3D analysis)
$alphaY shear shape factor along the local y-axis (optional)
$alphaZ shear shape factor along the local z-axis (optional)
example:
section Elastic 1 90000 30000 6.75e8 6.75e8 12000 1.00e12
MODELING COMMANDS
Section Aggregator command

This command is used to construct a SectionAggregator object which aggregates groups previously-defined UniaxialMaterial
objects into a single section force-deformation model. Each UniaxialMaterial object represents the section force-deformation
response for a particular section degree-of-freedom (dof). There is no interaction between responses in different dof directions.
section Aggregator $secTag $matTag1 $dof1 $matTag2 $dof2 ....... <-section $sectionTag>
$secTag unique section tag
$matTag1 $matTag2 ... tag of previously-defined UniaxialMaterial objects
$dof1 $dof2 ... the force-deformation quantity to be modeled by this section object. One of the following section dof may be used:
P Axial force-deformation
Mz Moment-curvature about section local z-axis
Vy Shear force-deformation along section local y-axis
My Moment-curvature about section local y-axis
Vz Shear force-deformation along section local z-axis
T Torsion Force-Deformation
$sectionTag tag of previously-defined Section object to which the UniaxialMaterial objects are aggregated as additional force-deformation relationships
example:
section Elastic 1 90000 30000 6.75e8 6.75e8 12000 1.00e12
uniaxialMaterial ElasticPP 1 25000 0.008
Section 2 is defined by elastic section 1, but it is associated with an elastic-plastic
uniaxialMaterial ElasticPP 2 20000 0.012 behavior around y local axis defined by material 1 and with an elastic-plastic behaviour
section Aggregator 2 1 My 2 Mz -section 1 around z local axis defined by material 2.
MODELING COMMANDS
Elastic Beam Column Element command
This command is used to construct an elasticBeamColumn element object.
element elasticBeamColumn $eleTag $iNode $jNode $A $E $G $J $Iy $Iz $transfTag <-mass $massDens> <-cMass>
$eleTag unique element object tag
$iNode $jNode end nodes
$A cross-sectional area of element
$E Young's Modulus
$G Shear Modulus
$J torsional moment of inertia of cross section
$Iy second moment of area about the local y-axis
$transfTag identifier for previously-defined coordinate-transformation (CrdTransf) object
$massDens element mass per unit length (optional, default = 0.0)
-cMass to form consistent mass matrix (optional, default = lumped mass matrix)
example:
element elasticBeamColumn 1 1 2 90000 30000 12000 1.00e12 6.75e8 6.75e8 1
MODELING COMMANDS
Elastic Beam Column Element command
This command is used to construct an elasticBeamColumn element object.
element elasticBeamColumn $eleTag $iNode $jNode $A $E $G $J $Iy $Iz $transfTag <-mass $massDens> <-cMass>
$E Young's Modulus
$G Shear Modulus
$J torsional moment of inertia of cross section
$Iy second moment of area about the local y-axis
$massDens element mass per unit length (optional, default = 0.0)
example:
element elasticBeamColumn 1 1 2 90000 30000 12000 1.00e12 6.75e8 6.75e8 1
tag of a previously-defined geomTransf object, i.e., of a previously-defined local axis system

MODELING COMMANDS
Truss Element command
This command is used to construct a truss element object with a UniaxialMaterial identifier:
element truss $eleTag $iNode $jNode $A $matTag <-rho $rho> <-cMass $cFlag> <-doRayleigh $rFlag>
$matTag tag associated with previously-defined UniaxialMaterial
$rho mass per unit length, optional, default = 0.0
$cFlag consistent mass flag, optional, default = 0
cFlag = 0 lumped mass matrix (default)
cFlag = 1 consistent mass matrix
$rFlag Rayleigh damping flag, optional, default = 0
rFlag = 0 NO RAYLEIGH DAMPING (default)
rFlag = 1 include Rayleigh damping
example:
element truss 1 1 2 100 1 truss element 1 between nodes 1 and 2 with Area 100 and UniaxialMaterial 1
MODELING COMMANDS
Truss Element command
This command is used to construct a truss element object with a Section identifier:
element trussSection $eleTag $iNode $jNode $secTag <-rho $rho> <-cMass $cFlag> <-doRayleigh $rFlag>
$secTag tag associated with previously-defined Section
$rho mass per unit length, optional, default = 0.0
$cFlag consistent mass flag, optional, default = 0
cFlag = 0 lumped mass matrix (default)
cFlag = 1 consistent mass matrix
$rFlag Rayleigh damping flag, optional, default = 0
rFlag = 1 include Rayleigh damping
example:
element trussSection 1 1 2 1 truss element 1 between nodes 1 and 2 with section 1
Sections and elements for nonlinear modeling
Fiber-based vs phenomenological modeling of inelastic response
Consider a structural member subjected to an increasing imposed displacement.
The lateral force associated with each displacement value can be predicted by applying two different approaches
1. Fiber-based approach
δ
δ
The cross-section is discretized in fibers

δ
concrete fiber
σ
steel fiber
σ
The cross-section is discretized in fibers
ε
δ
concrete fiber
σ
steel fiber C
φ
σ
The cross-section is discretized in fibers G εG
T
ε strain distribution stress distribution

(section) (section)
Based on equilibrium and compatibility ,

the element state is determined
1. Fiber-based approach δ
δ
Fiber sections are distributed along the
concrete fiber element length according to a certain
integration scheme to account for
σ plasticity spreading
steel fiber C
φ
σ
T

(section) (section)
Based on equilibrium and compatibility ,

1. Fiber-based approach δ
δ
Fiber sections are distributed along the
concrete fiber element length according to a certain
integration scheme to account for
σ plasticity spreading
steel fiber C
φ
σ
T

Fiber Section command (section) (section)
Force-Based Beam-Column Element command Based on equilibrium and compatibility ,

Displacement-Based Beam-Column Element command
Beam With Hinges Element command
2. Phenomenological approach
δ
δ
F
theoretical considerations
experimental data
F*
δ
δ
F
theoretical considerations
experimental data A plastic hinge containing the expected
F*
force-displacement response is placed
at the element base
δ
δ
elastic element
plastic hinge
ZeroLength Element command

Two Node Link Element command
Fiber-based approach
MODELING COMMANDS
Fiber Section command

This command allows the user to construct a FiberSection object. Each FiberSection object is composed of Fibers, with each fiber
containing a UniaxialMaterial, an area and a location (y,z). The command to generate FiberSection object contains in { } the
commands to generate all the fibers in the object.
section Fiber $secTag <-GJ $GJ> {
fiber...
patch...
layer...
}
$secTag unique tag among sections
$GJ linear-elastic torsional stiffness assigned to the section (optional, default = no torsional stiffness)
fiber... command to generate a single fiber
patch... command to generate a number of fibers over a geometric cross-section
layer... command to generate a row of fibers along a geometric-arc
MODELING COMMANDS

fiber...
patch…
layer...
}
fiber $yLoc $zLoc $A $matTag

$yLoc y coordinate of the fiber in the section (local coordinate system)
$zLoc z coordinate of the fiber in the section (local coordinate system)
$A area of the fiber.
$matTag material tag associated with this fiber (UniaxialMaterial tag for a FiberSection and NDMaterial tag for use in an NDFiberSection).
MODELING COMMANDS

fiber...
patch…
layer...
}
layer... command to generate a number of fibers over a geometric cross-section
layer straight $matTag $numFiber $areaFiber $yStart $zStart $yEnd $zEnd

$matTag material tag of previously created material (UniaxialMaterial tag)
$numFibers number of fibers along line
$areaFiber area of each fiber
$yStart $zEnd y and z-coordinates of first fiber in line (local coordinate system)
$$yEnd $zEnd y and z-coordinates of last fiber in line (local coordinate system)
MODELING COMMANDS

fiber...
patch
layer...
}
patch... command to generate a row of fibers along a geometric-arc
patch rect $matTag $numSubdivY $numSubdivZ $yI $zI $yJ $zJ

$matTag tag of previously defined material (UniaxialMaterial tag)
$numSubdivY number of subdivisions (fibers) in the local y direction.
$numSubdivZ number of subdivisions (fibers) in the local z direction.
$yI $zI y & z-coordinates of vertex I (local coordinate system)
$yJ $zJ y & z-coordinates of vertex J (local coordinate system)
MODELING COMMANDS

}
patch... command to generate a row of fibers along a geometric-arc z z
example:
40
3φ12
220
3φ12
40
300
MODELING COMMANDS

}
patch... command to generate a row of fibers along a geometric-arc z
example:
40
uniaxialMaterial ElasticPP 1 210000 0.0025 3φ12
220
3φ12
40
300
MODELING COMMANDS

}
example:
40
uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 2 36 0.002 0 0.012

y y
220
3φ12
40
300
MODELING COMMANDS

}
example:
40

y
220
section Fiber 1 {
layer straight 1 3 113 -110 -110 +110 -110
3φ12
40
300
MODELING COMMANDS

}
example:
40

y
220
section Fiber 1 {
layer straight 1 3 113 -110 -110 +110 -110
layer straight 1 3 113 -110 +110 +110 +110 3φ12
40
300
MODELING COMMANDS

}
example:
40

y
220
section Fiber 1 {
layer straight 1 3 113 -110 -110 +110 -110
layer straight 1 3 113 -110 +110 +110 +110 3φ12
40
patch rect 2 10 10 -150 -150 +150 -150 +150 +150 -150 +150} 300
Consider a structural member subjected to an imposed displacement.
How the element state (i.e., the distribution of section forces and deformations along the element length) can be
determined?
Force-based element
δ
determined?
Force-based element
shape functions
Moment distribution Axial Load distribution

(element) (element)
determined?
Force-based element
shape functions
C
Moment distribution Axial Load distribution φ
(element) (element)
G εG
T
strain distribution stress distribution
(section) (section)
The curvature and strain associated to whichever value of

moment-axial load can be calculated by means of fiber
analysis/modelling of sections
determined?
Force-based element
shape functions materials constitutive laws
C
Moment distribution Axial Load distribution φ Moment distribution
(element) (element) (element)
G εG
T
(section) (section)

determined?
Force-based element EQUILIBRIUM?
C
Moment distribution Axial Load distribution φ Moment distribution
G εG
T
(section) (section)

MODELING COMMANDS
Force-Based Beam-Column Element command
This command is used to construct a forceBeamColumn element object, which is based on the iterative force-based formulation.
element forceBeamColumn $eleTag $iNode $jNode $numIntgrPts $secTag $transfTag <-mass $massDens> <-iter $maxIters
$tol> <-integration $intType>

$massDens element mass density (per unit length), from which a lumped-mass matrix is formed (optional, default=0.0)
$maxIters maximum number of iterations to undertake to satisfy element compatibility (optional, default=10)
$tol tolerance for satisfaction of element compatibility (optional, default=10-12)
$numIntgrPts number of Gauss-Lobatto integration points along the element.
$secTag identifier for previously-defined section object
$intType numerical integration type, options are Lobatto, Legendre, Radau, NewtonCotes, Trapezoidal (optional, default= Lobatto)
MODELING COMMANDS

N ($numIntgrPts) integration points of which 2 at ends

MODELING COMMANDS

N ($numIntgrPts) integration points but none at ends

MODELING COMMANDS

N ($numIntgrPts) integration points but only one at one end

MODELING COMMANDS

N ($numIntgrPts) uniformly distributed integration points of which 2 at ends

MODELING COMMANDS

N ($numIntgrPts) uniformly distributed integration points of which none at ends

MODELING COMMANDS

example:
Element forceBeamColumn 1 1 2 5 1 1 -iter 100 10e-4
determined?
Displacement-based elements
δ
determined?
shape functions
curvature distribution εG distribution

(element) (element)
determined?
shape functions
C
curvature distribution εG distribution φ
(element) (element)
G εG
T
(section) (section)
The moment associated to whichever value of curvature can be

calculated by means of fiber analysis/modelling of sections
determined?
C
curvature distribution εG distribution φ moment distribution
G εG
T
(section) (section)

determined?
Displacement-based elements EQUILIBRIUM?
C
curvature distribution εG distribution φ moment distribution
G εG
T
(section) (section)

MODELING COMMANDS

This command is used to construct a displacement beam element object, which is based on the displacement formulation, and
considers the spread of plasticity along the element.
element dispBeamColumn $eleTag $iNode $jNode $numIntgrPts $secTag $transfTag <-mass $massDens> <-cMass> <-
integration $intType>

$intType numerical integration type, options are Lobatto, Legendre, Radau, NewtonCotes, Trapezoidal (optional, default= Legendre)
MODELING COMMANDS


N ($numIntgrPts) integration points but none at ends

MODELING COMMANDS


N ($numIntgrPts) integration points of which 2 at ends

MODELING COMMANDS


example:
Element dispBeamColumn 1 1 2 5 1 1 -integration Lobatto
MODELING COMMANDS
Beam With Hinges Element command (1st formulation)
This command is used to construct a forceBeamColumn element object, which is based on the non-iterative (or iterative)
flexibility formulation. The locations and weights of the element integration points are based on so-called plastic hinge
integration, which allows the user to specify plastic hinge lenghts at the element ends.
NOTE: this form of the command forces the element interior to be linear-elastic, which is not always the best approach.
element beamWithHinges $eleTag $iNode $jNode $secTagI $Lpi $secTagJ $Lpj $E $A $Iz $Iy $G $J $transfTag <-mass
$massDens> <-iter $maxIters $tol>
$iNode $jNode nodes at element ends I and J, respectively
$secTagI identifier for previously-defined section object at end I
$LpI plastic hinge length at end I
$secTagJ identifier for previously-defined section object at end J
$LpJ plastic hinge length at end J
$transfTag identifier for previously-defined coordinate-transformation
$E Youngs modulus elastic portion
$A Area for elastic portion
$Iz second moment of area for elastic portion about local z
$Iy second moment of area for elastic portion about local y
$G torsional moment of inertia of cross section for elastic portion
$J Shear Modulus of elastic portion.
MODELING COMMANDS
Beam With Hinges Element command (2nd formulation)
This format allows for the simple but important case of using a material nonlinear section model on the element interior.
element forceBeamColumn $eleTag $iNode $jNode $transfTag "HingeRadau $secTagI $LpI $secTagJ $LpJ $secTagInterior" <-
mass $massDens> <-iter $maxIters $tol>
$secTagInterior identifier for previously-defined section object on the element interior (DOES NOT HAVE TO BE ELASTIC, but can be any type of section, including fiber)
MODELING COMMANDS
Beam With Hinges Element command (2nd formulation)
This format allows for the simple but important case of using a material nonlinear section model on the element interior.
element forceBeamColumn $eleTag $iNode $jNode $transfTag "HingeRadau $secTagI $LpI $secTagJ $LpJ $secTagInterior" <-
mass $massDens> <-iter $maxIters $tol>
$secTagInterior identifier for previously-defined section object on the element interior (DOES NOT HAVE TO BE ELASTIC, but can be any type of section, including fiber)
NOTE: The keyword HingeRadau can be changed to one of the following in order to use a different hinge integration approach:
•HingeRadau -- two-point Gauss-Radau applied to the hinge regions over 4LpI and 4LpJ (six element integration points)
•HingeRadauTwo -- two-point Gauss-Radau in the hinge regions applied over LpI and LpJ (six element integration points)
•HingeMidpoint -- midpoint integration over the hinge regions (four element integration points)
•HingeEndpoint -- endpoint integration over the hinge regions (four element integration points)
Phenomenological approach
MODELING COMMANDS
This command is used to construct a zeroLength element object, which is defined by two nodes at the same location. The nodes
are connected by multiple UniaxialMaterial objects to represent the force-deformation relationship for the element.
element zeroLength $eleTag $iNode $jNode -mat $matTag1 $matTag2 ... -dir $dir1 $dir2 ...<-doRayleigh $rFlag> <-orient $x1
$x2 $x3 $yp1 $yp2 $yp3>

$matTag1 $matTag2 ... tags associated with previously-defined UniaxialMaterials
$dir1 $dir2 ... material directions:
1,2,3 - translation along local x,y,z axes, respectively;
4,5,6 - rotation about local x,y,z axes, respectively
$x1 $x2 $x3 vector components in global coordinates defining local x-axis (optional)
$yp1 $yp2 $yp3 vector components in global coordinates defining vector yp which lies in the local x-y plane for the element. (optional)
$rFlag optional, default = 0
rFlag = 1 include rayleigh damping
MODELING COMMANDS
ZeroLengthSection Element command
This command is used to construct a zero length element object, which is defined by two nodes at the same location. The nodes
are connected by a single section object to represent the force-deformation relationship for the element.
element zeroLengthSection $eleTag $iNode $jNode $secTag <-orient $x1 $x2 $x3 $yp1 $yp2 $yp3> <-doRayleigh $rFlag>

$secTag tag associated with previously-defined Section object
rFlag = 0 no Rayleigh damping
rFlag = 1 include Rayleigh damping (default)
MODELING COMMANDS
Two Node Link Element command

This command is used to construct a twoNodeLink element object, which is defined by two nodes. The element can have zero or
non-zero length. This element can have 1 to 6 degrees of freedom, where only the transverse and rotational degrees of freedom
are coupled as long as the element has non-zero length.
element twoNodeLink $eleTag $iNode $jNode -mat $matTags -dir $dirs <-orient <$x1 $x2 $x3> $y1 $y2 $y3> <-pDelta (4
$Mratio)> <-shearDist (2 $sDratios)> <-doRayleigh> <-mass $m>
$matTags tags associated with previously-defined UniaxialMaterial objects
$dirs material directions: 1,2,3 - translations along local x,y,z axes; 4,5,6 - rotations about local x,y,z axes
$y1 $y2 $y3 vector components in global coordinates defining local y-axis (optional)
$Mratios P-Delta moment contribution ratios, size of ratio vector is 2 for 2D-case and 4 for 3D-case
(entries: [My_iNode, My_jNode, Mz_iNode, Mz_jNode]) My_iNode + My_jNode <= 1.0, Mz_iNode + Mz_jNode <= 1.0.
Remaining P-Delta moments are resisted by shear couples. (optional)
$sDratios shear distances from iNode as a fraction of the element length, size of ratio vector is 1 for 2D-case and 2 for 3D-case
(entries: [dy_iNode, dz_iNode] (optional, default = [0.5 0.5])
-doRayleigh to include Rayleigh damping from the element (optional, default = no Rayleigh damping contribution)
$m element mass (optional, default = 0.0)
How to model shear failures?
An RC element may undergo a ductile failure (F) governed by flexure or a brittle failure (S) governed by shear (potentially with a
partial exploitation of ductility capacity (FS))
VR,max S failure
FS failure
VR,min
F failure
Δ
VR,max S failure
FS failure
VR,min
F failure
Δ
ductile failure brittle failure
VR,max S failure
FS failure
VR,min
F failure
Δ
ductile failure brittle failure
In new buildings, shear failures are avoided by applying capacity design rules at the element level.
In existing buildings, shear failures may occur.

If a shear failure can occur, it must be appropriately modelled.
VR,max S failure
FS failure
VR,min
F failure
Δ
PRE-CLASSIFICATION OF THE FAILURE MODE

V
In this case, BEFORE modelling, the user must establish which
members may undergo a shear failure by applying a force-
VR,max S failure based approach.
FS failure
VR,min Vy ≤ VR,min F element (a shear failure is not possible)

F failure
Δ

V
FS failure

F failure
Vy > VR,min S or FS element (the failure of the element
will be brittle)
Δ There is a dependence of the shear strength model adopted!


V
FS failure

F failure
will be brittle)
Δ
Only for S or FS elements, the M-θ envelope which would represent the element response if it was ductile must be modified
envelope of the element if it was ductile PRE-CLASSIFICATION OF THE FAILURE MODE

M maximum
yielding In this case, BEFORE modelling, the user must establish which
based approach.
cracking Vy ≤ VR,min F element (a shear failure is not possible)

collapse
will be brittle)
θ

M maximum
based approach.

collapse
will be brittle)
θs θ
θs Chord rotation at the onset of shear failure: the element starts loosing lateral force capacity

M maximum
based approach.

collapse
will be brittle)
θs θa θ
θa Chord rotation at the onset of axial load failure: the element starts loosing axial force capacity

M maximum
based approach.

collapse
will be brittle)
θs θa θ
θa Chord rotation at the onset of axial load failure: the element starts loosing axial force capacity

M maximum
based approach.

collapse
will be brittle)
θs θa θ
Elwood K.J., Moehle J.P., 2005a. Drift capacity of reinforced concrete columns with light transverse reinforcement. Earthquake Spectra, 21(1), 71-89.
Elwood K.J., Moehle J.P., 2005b. Axial capacity model for shear-damaged columns. ACI Structural Journal, 102(4), 578-587.
EXPLICIT MODELLING OF POTENTIAL SHEAR FAILURES
In this case, all structural members are modelled in order to account for potential shear failures
Elwood K.J., 2004. Modelling failures in existing reinforced concrete columns. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 31, 846-859.
LIMIT STATE MATERIAL
MODELING COMMANDS
Limit State Material command

This command is used to construct a uniaxial hysteretic material object with pinching of force and deformation, damage due to ductility and energy, and degraded
unloading stiffness based on ductility. Failure of the material is defined by the associated Limit Curve.
uniaxialMaterial LimitState $matTag $s1p $e1p $s2p $e2p $s3p $e3p $s1n $e1n $s2n $e2n $s3n $e3n $pinchX $pinchY
$damage1 $damage2 $beta $curveTag $curveType

$s1p $e1p stress and strain (or force & deformation) at first point of the envelope in the positive direction
$s2p $e2p stress and strain (or force & deformation) at second point of the envelope in the positive direction
$s3p $e3p stress and strain (or force & deformation) at third point of the envelope in the positive direction
$s1n $e1n stress and strain (or force & deformation) at first point of the envelope in the negative direction*
$s2n $e2n stress and strain (or force & deformation) at second point of the envelope in the negative direction*
$s3n $e3n stress and strain (or force & deformation) at third point of the envelope in the negative direction*
$pinchX pinching factor for strain (or deformation) during reloading
$pinchY pinching factor for stress (or force) during reloading
$damage1 damage due to ductility: D1(m-1)
$damage2 damage due to energy: D2(Ei/Eult)
$beta power used to determine the degraded unloading stiffness based on ductility, m-b (optional, default=0.0)
$curveTag an integer tag for the Limit Curve defining the limit surface
$curveType an integer defining the type of LimitCurve (0 = no curve,1 = axial curve, all other curves can be any other integer)
MODELING COMMANDS
Limit State Material command

This command is used to construct a uniaxial hysteretic material object with pinching of force and deformation, damage due to ductility and energy, and degraded
unloading stiffness based on ductility. Failure of the material is defined by the associated Limit Curve.
uniaxialMaterial LimitState $matTag $s1p $e1p $s2p $e2p $s3p $e3p $s1n $e1n $s2n $e2n $s3n $e3n $pinchX $pinchY
$damage1 $damage2 $beta $curveTag $curveType

$s1p $e1p stress and strain (or force & deformation) at first point of the envelope in the positive direction
$s2p $e2p stress and strain (or force & deformation) at second point of the envelope in the positive direction
$s3p $e3p stress and strain (or force & deformation) at third point of the envelope in the positive direction
$s1n $e1n stress and strain (or force & deformation) at first point of the envelope in the negative direction*
$s2n $e2n stress and strain (or force & deformation) at second point of the envelope in the negative direction*
$s3n $e3n stress and strain (or force & deformation) at third point of the envelope in the negative direction*
$pinchX pinching factor for strain (or deformation) during reloading
$pinchY pinching factor for stress (or force) during reloading
$damage1 damage due to ductility: D1(m-1)
$damage2 damage due to energy: D2(Ei/Eult)
$beta power used to determine the degraded unloading stiffness based on ductility, m-b (optional, default=0.0)
$curveTag an integer tag for the Limit Curve defining the limit surface
$curveType an integer defining the type of LimitCurve (0 = no curve,1 = axial curve, all other curves can be any other integer)
MODELING COMMANDS
Shear LimitCurve command

This command is used to construct a shear limit curve object that is used to define the point of shear failure for a LimitStateMaterial object. Point of shear failure is
based on empirical drift capacity model from Chapter 2 of PEER 2003/01 report. After shear failure the response of LimitStateMaterial is forced to follow shear limit
curve.
limitCurve Shear $curveTag $eleTag $rho $fc $b $h $d $Fsw $Kdeg $Fres $defType $forType <$ndI $ndJ $dof $perpDirn $delta>
$curveTag unique LimitCurve tag
$eleTag integer element tag for the associated beam-column element
$rho transverse reinforcement ratio <math>(\frac{A_{st}}{bh})</math>
$fc concrete compressive strength (psi)
$b column width (in.)
$h full column depth (in.)
$d effective column depth (in.)
$Fsw floating point value describing the amount of transverse reinforcement
$Kdeg If positive: unloading stiffness of beam-column element if negative: slope of third branch of post-failure backbone
%Fres' floating point value for the residual force capacity of the post-failure backbone
integer flag for type of deformation defining the abscissa of the limit curve 1 = maximum beam-column chord rotations
$defType
2 = drift based on displacment of nodes ndI and ndJ
integer flag for type of force defining the ordinate of the limit curve.
$forType
0 = force in associated limit state material 1 = shear in beam-column element 2 = axial load in beam-column
$ndI nteger node tag for the first associated node(normally node I of $eleTag beam-column element)
Elwood K.J., 2004. Modelling failures in existing reinforced concrete columns.
$ndJ integer node tag for the second associated node(normally node J of $eleTag beam-column element) Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 31, 846-859.
$dof nodal degree of freedom to monitor for drift.

$perpDirn perpendicular global direction from which length is determined to compute drift. See Notes 2.
$delta drift (floating point value) used to shift axial limit curve
MODELING COMMANDS
Axial LimitCurve command

This command is used to construct an axial limit curve object that is used to define the point of axial failure for a LimitStateMaterial object. Point of axial failure based
on model from Chapter 3 of PEER 2003/01 report. After axial failure the response of LimitStateMaterial is forced to follow axial limit curve.
limitCurve Axial $curveTag $eleTag $Fsw $Kdeg $Fres $defType $forType <$ndI $ndJ $dof $perpDirn $delta>
$curveTag unique LimitCurve tag

$eleTag integer element tag for the associated beam-column element
$Fsw floating point value describing the amount of transverse reinforcement
$Kdeg floating point value for the slope of the third branch in the post-failure backbone, assumed to be negative
$Fres floating point value for the residual force capacity of the post-failure backbone
integer flag for type of deformation defining the abscissa of the limit curve
$defType 1 = maximum beam-column chord rotations
2 = drift based on displacment of nodes ndI and ndJ
integer flag for type of force defining the ordinate of the limit curve.
0 = force in associated limit state material
$forType
1 = shear in beam-column element
2 = axial load in beam-column element
$ndI integer node tag for the first associated node(normally node I of $eleTag beam-column element)
$ndJ integer node tag for the second associated node(normally node J of $eleTag beam-column element)
$dof nodal degree of freedom to monitor for drift.
Elwood K.J., 2004. Modelling failures in existing reinforced concrete columns.
$perpDirn perpendicular global direction from which length is determined to compute drift. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 31, 846-859.
$delta drift (floating point value) used to shift axial limit curve
How to model beam-column joints?
F
Bending moment
F
F
Bending moment
F
LV,c
F
LV,c
LV,b
Bending moment
F
LV,c
F
LV,c
LV,b
Bending moment
F
LV,c
F
LV,c
LV,b
Bending moment Shear
F
LV,c
F
LV,c
Vj
LV,b
Bending moment Shear
F
LV,c
F
LV,c
Vj
LV,b
The shear demand acting on the beam-column joint may be very high. This can trigger, especially in unreinforced beam-column
joints, brittle shear failures.
Shear
Vj
Especially for existing buildings, a correct seismic assessment requests modeling the response of beam-column joints.
LV,c
LV,c
LV,b
LV,c
LV,c
LV,b
Usually, for design, the joint panel
is modeled with rigid offsets
However, the joint panel has its own nonlinear response and
deformability
LV,c τ
τ
γ
LV,c
γ
LV,b
Usually, for design, the joint panel
However, the joint panel has its own nonlinear response and
deformability
LV,c τ
τ
γ
LV,c
γ
LV,b
There are different strategies to model the beam-column joint
Usually, for design, the joint panel nonlinearity
1. “Scissors” model
3D view
LV,c
LV,c
LV,b
3D view
LV,c
rigid offsets
LV,c
LV,b
3D view
LV,c Rotational M-θ spring around blue axis
LV,c
LV,b
3D view
LV,c Rotational M-θ spring around blue axis
LV,c
LV,b The nonlinear τ-γ response is transformed in a nonlinear Mj-θj

response assigned to a ZeroLength (or equivalent) element
e.g. for unreinforced BC joints 3D view
Rotational M-θ spring around blue axis
The nonlinear τ-γ response is transformed in a nonlinear Mj-θj

𝜃𝑗 = 𝛾𝑗
response assigned to a ZeroLength (or equivalent) element
De Risi M.T., Ricci P., Verderame G.M., 2016. Modelling exterior unreinforced beam-column joints in seismic analysis of non-ductile RC frames. Earthquake engineering and structural dynamics, 46, 899-923.
2. “Multicomponent” model
Lowes L., Mitra N., Altoontash A., 2004. A beam-column joint model for simulating the earthquake response of reinforced concrete frames. PEER Report 2003/10.
MODELING COMMANDS
BeamColumnJoint Element command
This command is used to construct a two-dimensional beam-column-joint element object. The element may be used with both two-dimensional and three-
dimensional structures; however, load is transferred only in the plane of the element.
element beamColumnJoint $eleTag $Nd1 $Nd2 $Nd3 $Nd4 $Mat1 $Mat2 $Mat3 $Mat4 $Mat5 $Mat6 $Mat7 $Mat8 $Mat9
$Mat10 $Mat11 $Mat12 $Mat13 <$eleHeightFac $eleWidthFac>
$Nd1 $Nd2 $Nd3 $Nd4 four nodes
$Mat1 uniaxial material tag for left bar-slip spring at node 1
$Mat2 uniaxial material tag for right bar-slip spring at node 1
$Mat3 uniaxial material tag for interface-shear spring at node 1
$Mat4 uniaxial material tag for lower bar-slip spring at node 2
$Mat5 uniaxial material tag for upper bar-slip spring at node 2
$Mat7 uniaxial material tag for left bar-slip spring at node 3
$Mat8 uniaxial material tag for right bar-slip spring at node 3
$Mat10 uniaxial material tag for lower bar-slip spring at node 4
$Mat11 uniaxial material tag for upper bar-slip spring at node 4
$Mat13 uniaxial material tag for shear-panel
$eleHeightFac floating point value (as a ratio to the total height of the element) to be considered for determination of the distance in between the tension-compression couples (optional, default: 1.0)
$eleWidthFac floating point value (as a ratio to the total width of the element) to be considered for determination of the distance in between the tension-compression couples (optional, default: 1.0)
Lowes L., Mitra N., Altoontash A., 2004. A beam-column joint model for simulating the earthquake response of reinforced concrete frames. PEER Report 2003/10.
2. “Multicomponent” model
Altoontash A., 2004. Simulation and damage models for performance assessment of reinforced concrete beam-column joints. PhD Dissertation, Stanford University, California, USA.
MODELING COMMANDS
Joint2D Element command
This command is used to construct a two-dimensional beam-column-joint element object. The two dimensional beam-column joint is idealized as a parallelogram
shaped shear panel with adjacent elements connected to its mid-points. The midpoints of the parallelogram are referred to as external nodes. These nodes are the
only analysis components that connect the joint element to the surrounding structure.
element Joint2D $eleTag $Nd1 $Nd2 $Nd3 $Nd4 $NdC <$Mat1 $Mat2 $Mat3 $Mat4> $MatC $LrgDspTag

$Nd1 $Nd2 $Nd3 $Nd4 integer tags indicating four external nodes where the joint element is connected to the adjoining beam-column element
integer tags indicating the central node of beam-column joint (the tag is used to generate the internal node, thus, the node should not exist in the domain or be used
$NdC
by any other node)
$Mat1 uniaxial material tag for interface rotational spring at node 1. Use a zero tag to indicate the case that a beam-column element is rigidly framed to the joint. (optional)
$MatC uniaxial material tag for rotational spring of the central node that describes shear panel behavior
$LrgDspTag an integer indicating the flag for considering large deformations:
0 - for small deformations and constant geometry
1 - for large deformations and time varying geometry
2 - for large deformations ,time varying geometry and length correction
Altoontash A., 2004. Simulation and damage models for performance assessment of reinforced concrete beam-column joints. PhD Dissertation, Stanford University, California, USA.
How to model infill elements?
Unreinforced masonry infill walls in RC frames
The presence of infill walls interacting

with the structural frame significantly
influences the building seismic response
- Vibration period

- Vibration period
- Stiffness/Strength

- Vibration period
- Irregularity

- Vibration period
- Irregularity
The presence of infill walls interacting - Damage

- Vibration period
- Irregularity

with the structural frame significantly - Collapse
- Vibration period
- Irregularity

with the structural frame significantly - Collapse
For a complete and correct assessment of the seismic performance

of buildings, infill walls should be considered in the structural model
IP, OOP and IP/OOP response of URM infill walls
In-plane response of URM infills
Up to first cracking, the infill wall behaves like an elastic orthotropic plate.
IP force
IP displacement
After that, compressive strut(s) form in the infill thickness.
IP force
IP displacement
IP force
IP displacement
These struts exhibit, after the initial elastic response, an hardening and, then, a softening after peak load up to complete
loss of resistance.
IP force
IP displacement
loss of resistance.
The actual shape of the force-displacement envelope and its significant points (namely the maximum strength) also
depend on the infill collapse mechanism
IP force
IP displacement
loss of resistance.
The actual shape of the force-displacement envelope and its significant points (namely the maximum strength) also
depend on the infill collapse mechanism
IP force
Different models available in the literature allow the

assessment of the IP force-displacement response
- Decanini et al., 1986

- Panagiotakos and Fardis, 1996
- De Risi et al., 2018
IP displacement - Liberatore et al., 2018
- etc…
Out-of-plane response of URM infills
After that, compressive thrust(s) form in the infill thickness.
These thrusts exhibit, after the initial elastic response, an hardening and, then, a softening after
peak load up to complete loss of resistance.
OOP force
OOP displacement
N N
confining element dOOP z≠dOOP
confining element
fracture line
c
N
t
type A type B
c/2
fracture line φ φ
lever arm=
=(t–c/2–c/2–z)=(t–c–z)
type A type B
L
t t
fracture line φ φ c/2
z
c
fracture line N
confining element
OOP force
1 1
confining element N N
ARCHING ACTION
OOP displacement
N N
confining element dOOP z≠dOOP
confining element
fracture line
c
N
t
type A type B
c/2
fracture line φ φ
lever arm=
=(t–c/2–c/2–z)=(t–c–z)
type A type B
L
t t
fracture line φ φ c/2
z
c
fracture line N
confining element
OOP force
1 1
confining element N N
ARCHING ACTION
An OOP response model has been proposed in
recent years
OOP displacement
IP/OOP interaction
The IP damage reduces the OOP strength, stiffness and ductility capacity
IP drift [%] OOP drift [%]
Experimental test
IP/OOP interaction
Experimental test
Formulations have been proposed for the assessment
of the IP/OOP interaction effects
1.2
Angel et al. (h/t=33.9)
Calvi and Bolognini (h/t=20.4)
1
DIST-UNINA (h/t=22.9)
0.8
Guidi et al. (h/t=8.8)
R
0.6
0.4
h
0.2 R = min 1.21 − 0.05 min 20.4; ˑ(IDRሻ−0.89 ; 1.00
t
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
IDR [%]
IP/OOP interaction
Experimental test
Formulations have been proposed for the assessment
of the IP/OOP interaction effects
1.2
Angel et al. (h/t=33.9)
1
Calvi and Bolognini (h/t=20.4)
DIST-UNINA (h/t=22.9) HOW CAN WE MODEL THIS
0.8
Guidi et al. (h/t=8.8) EVOLUTIVE AND INTERACTIVE
RESPONSE IN OPENSEES?
R
0.6
0.4
h
0.2 R = min 1.21 − 0.05 min 20.4; ˑ(IDRሻ−0.89 ; 1.00
t
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
IDR [%]
IP/OOP modelling strategy
Introduction of the IP-undamaged infill OOP backbone

IDR = 0
backbone 1
OOP force
OOP displacement
Consider the OOP backbone for the IP-undamaged infill (backbone 1)

Introduction of the IP-undamaged infill OOP backbone

IDR = 0
backbone 1
WHICH COMMAND DO WE NEED?

OOP force
ZeroLength element command
OOP displacement

Introduction of the IP-damaged infill OOP real backbone

IDR = 0
backbone 1
backbone 2
IDR = 0.2%
OOP force
OOP displacement

Consider an OOP backbone for the IP-damaged infill (backbone 2)
Introduction of the IP-damaged infill OOP auxiliary backbone

IDR = 0
backbone 2 (aux) backbone 1
𝑎𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑒
backbone 2
IDR = 0.2%
OOP force
uniaxialMaterial Parallel tagAuxBb#2 tagBb#2 -factors -1

OOP displacement

Consider backbone 2 mirrored with respect to displacement axis (auxiliary backbone 2)
Introduction of the IP-damaged infill OOP auxiliary backbone

IDR = 0
backbone 2
IDR = 0.2%
OOP force
Parallel material command
uniaxialMaterial Parallel tagAuxBb#2 tagBb#2 -factors -1

OOP displacement

The IP-damaged infill OOP backbones are mutually neutralizing

IDR = 0
backbone 2
IDR = 0.2%
OOP force
OOP displacement

Backbone 2 and Auxiliary backbone 2 are mutually-neutralizing
The IP-undamaged infill OOP backbone is active

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑒 IDR = 0
backbone 2
IDR = 0.2%
OOP force
Backbone 1 is the one defining the OOP behaviour of the infill
OOP displacement

Backbone 2 and Auxiliary backbone 2 are mutually-neutralizing
IF IDR DEMAND > 0.2%

nodeDisp command
Removal of the IP-undamaged infill OOP backbone
backbone 2 (aux)
backbone 2
IDR = 0.2%
OOP force
remove command
OOP displacement
If IDR>0.2% backbone 1 is removed…

Removal of the IP-damaged infill OOP auxiliary backbone
IDR = 0.2% backbone 2

OOP force
remove command
OOP displacement

… as well as auxiliary backbone 2
The IP-damaged infill OOP real backbone is active
backbone 2
IDR = 0.2%
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑒
OOP force
OOP displacement

So, if IDR>0.2%, backbone 2 starts defining the OOP behaviour of the infill
The IP-damaged infill OOP real backbone is active
backbone 2
IDR = 0.2%
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑒
OOP force
at collapse, we also remove the entire infill wall

remove command
OOP displacement

So, if IDR>0.2%, backbone 2 starts defining the OOP behaviour of the infill
Hinge
Node
OOP mass
Beam/Column Element
‘Real’ ZeroLength Element
‘Auxiliary’ ZeroLength Element
MODELING COMMANDS
This command is used to construct a parallel material object made up of an arbitrary number of previously-constructed
UniaxialMaterial objects.
uniaxialMaterial Parallel $matTag $tag1 $tag2 ... <-factors $fact1 $fact2 ...>
$tag1 $tag2 ... identification tags of materials making up the material model
$fact1 $fact2 ... factors to create a linear combination of the specified materials. Factors can be negative to subtract one material from an other. (optional, default = 1.0)
example
stress/force/moment uniaxialMaterial Elastic 1 30000
strain/curvature/displacement/rotation
MODELING COMMANDS
This command is used to construct a parallel material object made up of an arbitrary number of previously-constructed
uniaxialMaterial Parallel $matTag $tag1 $tag2 ... <-factors $fact1 $fact2 ...>
$fact1 $fact2 ... factors to create a linear combination of the specified materials. Factors can be negative to subtract one material from an other. (optional, default = 1.0)
example
stress/force/moment uniaxialMaterial Elastic 1 30000
uniaxialMaterial Parallel 2 1 –factors -1
strain/curvature/displacement/rotation
MODELING COMMANDS
Series material command
This command is used to construct a series material object made up of an arbitrary number of previously-constructed
uniaxialMaterial Series $matTag $tag1 $tag2 ...
In a series model, stresses are equal and strains and flexibilities are additive
MODELING COMMANDS
This command is used to construct a zeroLength element object, which is defined by two nodes at the same location. The nodes
are connected by multiple UniaxialMaterial objects to represent the force-deformation relationship for the element.
element zeroLength $eleTag $iNode $jNode -mat $matTag1 $matTag2 ... -dir $dir1 $dir2 ...<-doRayleigh $rFlag> <-orient $x1
$x2 $x3 $yp1 $yp2 $yp3>

$matTag1 $matTag2 ... tags associated with previously-defined UniaxialMaterials
$dir1 $dir2 ... material directions:
1,2,3 - translation along local x,y,z axes, respectively;
4,5,6 - rotation about local x,y,z axes, respectively
rFlag = 1 include rayleigh damping
ANALYSIS COMMANDS
remove command
This commmand is used to remove components from the model.
To remove an element
remove element $eleTag
To remove a node
remove node $nodeTag
To remove a load pattern
remove loadPattern $patternTag
To remove a parameter
remove parameter $paramTag
To remove all recorders
remove recorders
To remove a single point constraint
remove sp $nodeTag $dof
etc…
OUTPUT COMMANDS
nodeDisp command
Returns the current displacement at a specified node.
nodeDisp $nodeTag <$dof>

$nodeTag integer tag identifying node
$dof specific dof at the node (1 through ndf), (optional)
OUTPUT COMMANDS
logFile command
This command saves the warning and error messages that the running script generates from the interpreter to an output file
given by $fileName. By default the file, if it exists prior to running, is overwritten with new data. If the -append option is provided
the new data is appended to the end of the existing file.
logFile $fileName <-append>

$fileName name of file to which output is sent.
Bearing Elements
BEARING ELEMENTS COMMANDS
Elastomeric Bearing (Bouc-Wen) Element command

This command is used to construct an elastomericBearing element object, which is defined by two nodes. The element can have zero length or the appropriate
bearing height. The bearing has unidirectional (2D) or coupled (3D) plasticity properties for the shear deformations, and force-deformation behaviors defined by
UniaxialMaterials in the remaining two (2D) or four (3D) directions. By default (sDratio = 0.5) P-Delta moments are equally distributed to the two end-nodes. To avoid
the introduction of artificial viscous damping in the isolation system (sometimes referred to as "damping leakage in the isolation system"), the bearing element does
not contribute to the Rayleigh damping by default. If the element has non-zero length, the local x-axis is determined from the nodal geometry unless the optional x-
axis vector is specified in which case the nodal geometry is ignored and the user-defined orientation is utilized.
For a two-dimensional problem:

element elastomericBearingBoucWen $eleTag $iNode $jNode $kInit $qd $alpha1 $alpha2 $mu $eta $beta $gamma -P $matTag -Mz $matTag <-
orient $x1 $x2 $x3 $y1 $y2 $y3> <-shearDist $sDratio> <-doRayleigh> <-mass $m>
For a three-dimensional problem:
element elastomericBearingBoucWen $eleTag $iNode $jNode $kInit $qd $alpha1 $alpha2 $mu $eta $beat $gamma -P $matTag -T $matTag -My
$matTag -Mz $matTag <-orient <$x1 $x2 $x3> $y1 $y2 $y3> <-shearDist $sDratio> <-doRayleigh> <-mass $m>

$iNode $jNodeend nodes
$kInit initial elastic stiffness in local shear direction
$qd characteristic strength
$alpha1 post yield stiffness ratio of linear hardening component
$alpha2 post yield stiffness ratio of non-linear hardening component
$mu exponent of non-linear hardening component
$eta yielding exponent (sharpness of hysteresis loop corners) (default = 1.0)
$beta first hysteretic shape parameter (default = 0.5)
$gamma second hysteretic shape parameter (default = 0.5)
-P $matTag tag associated with previously-defined UniaxialMaterial in axial direction
-T $matTag tag associated with previously-defined UniaxialMaterial in torsional direction
-My $matTag tag associated with previously-defined UniaxialMaterial in moment direction around local y-axis
-Mz $matTag tag associated with previously-defined UniaxialMaterial in moment direction around local z-axis
$sDratio shear distance from iNode as a fraction of the element length (optional, default = 0.5)
-doRayleigh to include Rayleigh damping from the bearing (optional, default = no Rayleigh damping contribution)

$qd characteristic strength
$alpha1 post yield stiffness ratio of linear hardening component
$alpha2 post yield stiffness ratio of non-linear hardening component
$mu exponent of non-linear hardening component
$eta yielding exponent (sharpness of hysteresis loop corners) (default = 1.0)
$beta first hysteretic shape parameter (default = 0.5)
$gamma second hysteretic shape parameter (default = 0.5)
Single Friction Pendulum Bearing Element command

This command is used to construct a singleFPBearing element object, which is defined by two nodes. The iNode represents the concave sliding surface and the jNode
represents the articulated slider. The element can have zero length or the appropriate bearing height. The bearing has unidirectional (2D) or coupled (3D) friction
properties (with post-yield stiffening due to the concave sliding surface) for the shear deformations, and force-deformation behaviors defined by UniaxialMaterials in
the remaining two (2D) or four (3D) directions. To capture the uplift behavior of the bearing, the user-specified UniaxialMaterial in the axial direction is modified for
no-tension behavior. By default (sDratio = 0.0) P-Delta moments are entirely transferred to the concave sliding surface (iNode). It is important to note that rotations of
the concave sliding surface (rotations at the iNode) affect the shear behavior of the bearing. To avoid the introduction of artificial viscous damping in the isolation
system (sometimes referred to as "damping leakage in the isolation system"), the bearing element does not contribute to the Rayleigh damping by default. If the
element has non-zero length, the local x-axis is determined from the nodal geometry unless the optional x-axis vector is specified in which case the nodal geometry is
ignored and the user-defined orientation is utilized.

element singleFPBearing $eleTag $iNode $jNode $frnMdlTag $Reff $kInit -P $matTag -Mz $matTag <-orient $x1 $x2 $x3 $y1 $y2 $y3> <-
shearDist $sDratio> <-doRayleigh> <-mass $m> <-iter $maxIter $tol>
element singleFPBearing $eleTag $iNode $jNode $frnMdlTag $Reff $kInit -P $matTag -T $matTag -My $matTag -Mz $matTag <-orient <$x1 $x2
$x3> $y1 $y2 $y3> <-shearDist $sDratio> <-doRayleigh> <-mass $m> <-iter $maxIter $tol>
Single Friction Pendulum Bearing Element command

element singleFPBearing $eleTag $iNode $jNode $frnMdlTag $Reff $kInit -P $matTag -Mz $matTag <-orient $x1 $x2 $x3 $y1 $y2 $y3> <-
shearDist $sDratio> <-doRayleigh> <-mass $m> <-iter $maxIter $tol>
element singleFPBearing $eleTag $iNode $jNode $frnMdlTag $Reff $kInit -P $matTag -T $matTag -My $matTag -Mz $matTag <-orient <$x1 $x2
$x3> $y1 $y2 $y3> <-shearDist $sDratio> <-doRayleigh> <-mass $m> <-iter $maxIter $tol>
$frnMdlTag tag associated with previously-defined FrictionModel
$Reff effective radius of concave sliding surface
$maxIter maximum number of iterations to undertake to satisfy element equilibrium (optional, default = 20)
$tol convergence tolerance to satisfy element equilibrium (optional, default = 1E-8)
Commands for damping
MISC COMMANDS
Rayleigh Damping command

This command is used to assign damping to all previously-defined elements and nodes. When using rayleigh damping in
OpenSees, the damping matrix for an element or node, D is specified as a combination of stiffness and mass-proportional
damping matrices:
D = $alphaM * M + $betaK * Kcurrent +$betaKinit * Kinit + $betaKcomm * KlastCommit
rayleigh $alphaM $betaK $betaKinit $betaKcomm
$alphaM factor applied to elements or nodes mass matrix

$betaK factor applied to elements current stiffness matrix
$betaKinit factor applied to elements initial stiffness matrix
$betaKcomm factor applied to elements committed stiffness matrix

Nonlinear Modeling of RC Structures Using Opensees: University of Naples Federico Ii

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Nonlinear Modeling of RC Structures Using Opensees: University of Naples Federico Ii

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University of Naples Federico II

Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture

Nonlinear modeling of RC structures using OpenSees

June 8th-9th-10th, 2021

COMPLETE OPENSEES MODEL

COMPLETE OPENSEES MODEL

MODELING OBJECTS/DOMAIN ANALYSIS OBJECTS OUTPUT OBJECTS

COMPLETE OPENSEES MODEL

MODELING OBJECTS/DOMAIN ANALYSIS OBJECTS OUTPUT OBJECTS

COMPLETE OPENSEES MODEL

MODELING OBJECTS/DOMAIN ANALYSIS OBJECTS OUTPUT OBJECTS

COMPLETE OPENSEES MODEL

MODELING OBJECTS/DOMAIN ANALYSIS OBJECTS OUTPUT OBJECTS

▪ model ▪ constraints ▪ recorder

COMPLETE OPENSEES MODEL

MODELING OBJECTS/DOMAIN ANALYSIS OBJECTS OUTPUT OBJECTS

▪ model ▪ constraints ▪ recorder

uniaxialMaterial Elastic command

This command is used to construct an elastic uniaxial material object.

uniaxialMaterial Elastic $matTag $E <$eta> <$Eneg>

uniaxialMaterial ElasticPP command

This command is used to construct an elastic perfectly-plastic uniaxial material object.

uniaxialMaterial ElasticPP $matTag $E $epsyP <$epsyN $eps0>

uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 command

uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 $matTag $fpc $epsc0 $fpcu $epsU

uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 command

uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 $matTag $fpc $epsc0 $fpcu $epsU

uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 command

uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 $matTag $fpc $epsc0 $fpcu $epsU

uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 command

uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 $matTag $fpc $epsc0 $fpcu $epsU

Elastic Section command

section Elastic $secTag $E $A $Iz $Iy $G $J <$alphaY $alphaZ>

Section Aggregator command

Elastic Beam Column Element command

This command is used to construct an elasticBeamColumn element object.

Elastic Beam Column Element command

This command is used to construct an elasticBeamColumn element object.

tag of a previously-defined geomTransf object, i.e., of a previously-defined local axis system

Truss Element command

Truss Element command

The cross-section is discretized in fibers

ε strain distribution stress distribution

Based on equilibrium and compatibility ,

ε strain distribution stress distribution

Based on equilibrium and compatibility ,

ε strain distribution stress distribution

Force-Based Beam-Column Element command Based on equilibrium and compatibility ,

ZeroLength Element command

Fiber Section command

Fiber Section command

fiber $yLoc $zLoc $A $matTag

Fiber Section command

layer straight $matTag $numFiber $areaFiber $yStart $zStart $yEnd $zEnd

Fiber Section command

patch rect $matTag $numSubdivY $numSubdivZ $yI $zI $yJ $zJ

Fiber Section command

Fiber Section command

Fiber Section command

uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 2 36 0.002 0 0.012

Fiber Section command

uniaxialMaterial Concrete01 2 36 0.002 0 0.012

Fiber Section command